Presentation by Lalisa Duguma at the ICRAF side event on agroforestry and REDD+ at the Paris COP21

1. Agroforestry and REDD+ in Africa: Poten6als,
challenges and the way forward
Lalisa A. Duguma, PhD
World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) &
ASB Partnership for Tropical Forest Margins
Email: l.duguma@cgiar.org

2. Outline
— Deforestation and forest degradation in Africa
— Major drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in
Africa
— What is the contribution of Agroforestry in achieving
REDD+ objectives?
◦ Agroforestry for minimizing the extent of Deforestation
◦ Agroforestry for tackling issues of forest degradation
— What enabling factors need to be in place to benefit
from the potentials of AF?
— Summary
1

3. Forest cover dynamics in Africa
2
Forest cover (2015) – 624
M ha
Primary Forest (2015) –
135 M ha
Planted forest (2015) – 16
M ha
Net annual forest loss
(2010-2015) – 2.8 M ha
Net annual natural forest
loss (2010-2015) – 3.1 M ha
Net annual planted forest
growth (2015) – 0.2 M ha
Stock Change
Source: FRA 2015

4. Deforestation fronts in Africa
3
Source: WWF Living Forest Report 2015

5. Drivers of deforestation and forest
Degradation
4
Source: WWF Living Forest Report 2015

6. The Potentials of AF
Major drivers of
deforestation
Potentials of AF Enabling factors to be in
place
Small-scale agriculture
(slash and burn agriculture)
Diversify income sources
from fruit trees and
commodity crops;
AF based sustainable
intensification pathways
Investment and technical
support
Unsustainable logging Onfarm timber (e.g.
Cameroon)
Tree and land tenure,
Market access,
Appropriate taxation systems
Livestock rearing Fodder and sustainable
agropastoral systems
Technical support,
Investment
Charcoal and fuelwood Smallscale woodlots and
onfarm timber as supply
sources
Right tree species for the
right places,
Farm management techniques
Mining Agroforestry based
mining area reclamation
(e.g. in China)
Policy support,
5

7. — “Green fertilizers increased the average yield by up to 1.6 tonnes per
hectare over these smallholder farmers’ practices.”
— “At the estimated rate of maize consumption of 1.5 kilograms per
person per day, the incremental maize yield provided by green
fertilizers contributes the equivalent of 6 months’ worth of additional
maize for a farm family of six or 7 months’ worth for a farm family of
five.”
— “The probability of increasing maize yield over continuously cropped,
unfertilized fields by more than 1 tonne per hectare was 30–63% with
green fertilizers.”
6
Gudeta et al (2009)

8. 7
Tanzania:The Miombo woodlands could be severely threatened if AF and other
traditional fodder management systems were not implemented at regional scale in
Shinyanga. ~ 400,000 ha of restored landscape
© Mathew Mpanda

9. Degraded grazing land
Restored area using Ngitili and
other complementary AF
practices

10. on Niger Farmlands
9
Niger: If FMNR was not adopted, most remnant forests in Niger would have been
depleted severely!
© Dennis Garrity
Garrity (2015)

11. 10
Malawi: If onfarm trees are not there these wood ready for sale to help farmers cope
with crop failure should have come from forests.
© ICRAF

12. Promising national moves in
promoting AF
Article 69. (1) (b) “The
State shall work to
achieve and maintain a
tree cover of at least ten
per cent of the land area
of Kenya” (Constitution
of Kenya 2010)
11
Kenya
Commitment to
restore close to 15
million ha of degraded
forest and land (Bonn
challenge, etc.)
Ethiopia India
The only country
with a national
agroforestry policy!

13. Hence, agroforestry could be a
useful practical mechanism to
divert the pressure on African
forests.
12
But we have serious issues
that need to be addressed!

14. 1. Starting capital and recurrent
costs
a) Small-scale woodlot
-50000
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
Year0
Year1
Year2
Year3
Year4
Year5
Year6
Year7
Year8
Year9
Year10
Year11
Year12
Year13
Year14
ETB
Expenditure (ETB.ha-1)
Revenue (ETB.ha-1)
Net cashflow (ETB.ha-1)
b) Homestead tree and shrub growing
10000
15000
20000 Expenditure (ETB.ha-1)
Revenue (ETB.ha-1)
Net cashflow (ETB.ha-1)
13
Duguma (2013) Financial analysis of
AF systems.Agroforestry systems
How do we cover the red zones so
that farmers are not exposed?

15. The challenges: starting capital or
initial investment
119
-10000
-5000
0
5000
Year0
Year1
Year2
Year3
Year4
Year5
Year6
Year7
Year8
Year9
Year10
Year11
Year12
Year13
Year14
ETB
c) Boundary tree and shrub growing
-4000
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
Year0
Year1
Year2
Year3
Year4
Year5
Year6
Year7
Year8
Year9
Year10
Year11
Year12
Year13
Year14
ETB
Expenditure (ETB.km-1)
Revenue (ETB.km-1)
Net cashflow (ETB.km-1)
Figure 2a-c. The annual expenditure, revenue and net cash flow structures of the three agroforestry
practices in the study area over 15 years time period.
14
Duguma (2013) Financial analysis of AF
systems.Agroforestry systems

16. 2. Insecure Land and Tree Tenure
15
If farmers do not have the secure right to land, investments in perennial
crops is not sustainable. See Hansen et al (2005) for more.

17. 3. Lack of proper value for tree
products [The middlemen effect]
Often farmers who do not have good market
access loose a lot to the middlemen who benefit
from the farmers efforts. E.g.
◦ Coffee in East Africa (Pinard and Aithal 2008)
◦ Timber all across tropical and subtropical parts of
Africa
◦ Cocoa
16

18. 4. Constraining regulatory
mechanisms
— Taxation systems for tree products
— Demands for complicated standards that
farmers may even not understand well.
17

19. Issues of concern
— Population growth:
— Urbanization: is the migration of the
youth going to create labor shortage in
rural areas?
— Sustainable consumption – if what is
produced is not consumed properly, we
create
18

20. Thank You!