2. 1. Definition Of Learning Difficulties.
2. Types Of Learning Disabilities.
3. The Relationship Between Academic Learning Disabilities &
Non-academic(developmental).
4. The Difference Between Learning Disabilities, Slow Learning
And Under-achievement.
5. How To Recognize Learning Disabilities(Criteria).
6. Language learning disabilities.
7. Causing Factors For Language Learning Disabilities.
8. Some Remedial Methods For Language Learning Disabilities.
9. The Treatment Of Academic Reading Disabilities.
10. Remedial Teaching Strategies.
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5. “Specific learning disability” means a disorder in
one or more of the basic psychological processes
involved in understanding or in using language,
spoken or written, which disorder may manifest
itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think,
speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical
calculations
Federal Definition of
Specific Learning Disabilities
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6. In Federal law, under the Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (IDEA), the term is “specific learning
disability,” one of 13 categories of disability under that
law.
“Learning Disabilities” is an “umbrella” term describing a
number of other, more specific learning disabilities, such
as dyslexia and dysgraphia.
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13. 3- The relationship between
developmental learning difficulties and
academic learning difficulties:-
A major role/ Prominent role.
Cause and effect.
High correlation (90 %).
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14. 4- The Difference Between Learning Disabilities, Slow learning
and Under-achievement:-
Their
behavior
Develop
mental
Problems
Academic
level
Education
IQ
cause
criter
ia
Normal
Hyperactive
Aggressive
Indolence
Dispersion
Limited learn necessary
academic skills,
but at rate and
depth below
average same
age peers.
Continually
Repeats exams in
the weakness
subject
Needs special
education
services Like
the sources
room and
individual
teaching
Average or
above
From 90 to
above
A small cerebral
damage in a
particular part in
the brain.
(Genetic)
LearningDisability
Adaptive failure in
one or more of
daily life skills like:
dealing with
individuals or daily
life situations
Wide clear reduction in
all subjects .
Don’t continue to
university
Continually
Repeats exams
more than once in
most subjects
Inside normal
classrooms with
some
modifications in
the curriculum to
suit his abilities
Less than
average, But
doesn’t reach
mental
retardation
From 70 to 84
An injury or
damage in more
than a part in the
brain that Causes
weakness in some
of the Genetic
mental abilities.
Slowlearning
suffers from
Permanent
depression and
frustration from
the repeated
failure
experiences.
No clear reduction in
all subjects
especially the
ones that need
The presence of
mind
Continually
Repeats exams in
most subjects.
Inside normal
classrooms ,but
his case should
be studied by
the social
worker, needs
some lessons.
Average or
above
From 90 to
above
Neglection that
results from
environmental
and family
problems .
Not genetic or
mental
retardation
Under
Achievement
14
15. 5- Criteria for recognizing learning
disabilities:-
A. Spacing.
B. Elimination (Exclusion).
C. Special Education.
D. Problems associated with maturity.
E. Organic Signs.
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16. 6- language learning difficulties:-
A- Reading disability (dyslexia):
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
defines reading disability or dyslexia as follows: "Dyslexia is
a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically
impairs a person's ability to read. These individuals
typically read at levels significantly lower than expected
despite having normal intelligence. Although the disorder
varies from person to person,
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*definition:
17. Social causes: Low social level
Psychological causes: fear
Mental causes: low ability to perceive and imagine.
Physical causes: auditory and visual weakness
o Other causes.
B- writing disability.
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*causes:
18. There are 28 reading difficulties:
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Pronunciation
(13)
1- word by word reading
2-Wrong pronunciation of phrases
3-wrong pronunciation
4-Omissions
5-Repition
6-Inversions or Reversal
7-not knowing vowel sounds
8-not knowing consonant sounds
9-Substitution
10- Insertions
11-Basic sight words
12-Guessing
13-Moving the lips while reading
recognition
Weakness in
structural
analysis
19. Inability to
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Understanding
1-Inability to
understand text
gestures
2-Inability to make
contractions
3-Weakness in
understanding
4-Inability to
remember
5-Weakness in the
sequence of events
6-Weakness in
remembering written
Difficulties
regarding speed
of reading
1-Low rate of speed
2-Speed at the expense of
accuracy
3-Skimming
4-Inability to co-ordinate
between speed and the
difficulty of the material
Skills of using
dictionaries
and searching
for
information
1-Low skills of
using a
dictionary.
2-Inability to
determine the
right source of
information
20. 7- Causing factors of language learning
disabilities:
1) Organic causes.
2) Environmental causes.
3) Educational causes.
4) Inner psychological reasons.
5) Functional reasons.
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21. 8- Some methods of the treatment of
learning disabilities:
1) Dialogue.
2) Doing some experiments
3) Using scientific discoveries
4) The use of models and maquettes
5) Using pictures
6) Using mazes
7) Using stories
8) Treatment based on the use of realism
9) Search / teach tutoring approach
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22. 9- Treatment of academic reading
difficulties:
I. Functional treatment.
II.General remedial programs:
Treatment methods:
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1-Using sounds.
2-Using prefixes and suffixes.
3-Verbalizing-visualizing.
23. 10- Remedial Teaching Strategies:
a. Individual teaching.
b. Direct teaching.
c. The multiplicity of the senses strategy.
d. Fernald method.
e. Orton- Gill Ingham.
f. Auditory verbal therapy.
g. Writing for reading.
h. Trial and error learning.
i. Skills training model.
j. Skills training model.
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24. Individual Teaching
It means that a teacher teaches one student at one time
or the teacher skill to take into account individual
differences among learners.
It doesn’t mean that the learner has to work alone.
Its purpose is to get closer to the students as possible.
Schools can achieve this strategy by:
Using computers or peers or small groups teaching or
Independent study…..etc.
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25. Directed Teaching/ Mastery
Learning:
It focuses on achieving the learning outcomes by
concentrating on direct skills which is related to the
outcomes.
For example: Multiplication table.
Steps: 1-accurately determine the outcomes.
2-directly measure the students performance.
3-Analysing and arranging the elements.
4-Give enough time.
5-Giving feedback.
6- directing the students to practice till perfection
7- showing students performance data in suitable
charts and diagrams.
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26. Writing for reading Strategy
Modern program.
Through personal experience.
Children find it easy to read a word which they gathered
its letters.
For example: A picture of a train.
Steps of writing for reading strategy(steps-ten units-
Three words).
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