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The future of the pharmaceutical industry
- 1. THE FUTURE OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Aïmane El BOUAZZAOUI Stojana TADIC 5th year of Pharmaceutical Studies Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier University December 2014
- 2. Plan • Past and Present of the Pharmaceutical Industry • Futuristic Look of the Three Levels of the Pharmaceutical Industry • Inner level: Pharmaceutical science/ R&D • Middle level: Pharmaceutical and business environment • Outer level: Healthcare and societal context • Conclusions 2
- 3. Plan • Past and Present of the Pharmaceutical Industry • Futuristic Look of the Three Levels of the Pharmaceutical Industry • Inner level: Pharmaceutical science/ R&D • Middle level: Pharmaceutical and business environment • Outer level: Healthcare and societal context • Conclusions 3
- 4. History of the Pharmaceutical Industry (1) • The roots lie back with the apothecaries and pharmacies that offered traditional/naturally remedies • Origins of modern industry: middle of the 19th century • Two breakthroughs presaged the arrival of the pharmaceutical industry as we know it today: penicillin and insulin 4 Merck 1827 GSK middle XIX c. Pfizer 1849 Eli Lilly 1876 Edward Robinson Squibb 1858 Bayer 1863
- 5. History of the Pharmaceutical Industry (2) • Golden age 1940-1970 • The processes of internationalization begun in 1951 – Pfizer alone opened subsidiaries in nine new countries • In 1977, Tagamet - the first ever “blockbuster” drug, $1billion a year and the Nobel Prize • The “blockbuster” model • Prozac in 1987, Eli Lilly • The first statin in 1987, Merck 5
- 6. Current Pharmaceutical Industry (1) • Comprises hundreds of companies (biotech firms, wholesalers, “Big Pharma”…) • http://www.currentpartnering.com/insight/company-tracker/top-50- pharma/ • http://www.currentpartnering.com/insight/company-tracker/top- bigbiotech/ • US$300 billion market • one-third of all sales revenue goes on marketing - twice what they spend on research and development • 7740 total number of drugs 6 Do pharmacists really know all the drugs in use?
- 7. Current Pharmaceutical Industry (2) • Crisis in R&D productivity • Can the industry still innovate? • Expiring patents 7 http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/pharma-life-sciences/
- 8. Plan • Past and Present of the Pharmaceutical Industry • Futuristic Look of the Three Levels of the Pharmaceutical Industry • Inner level: Pharmaceutical science/ R&D • Middle level: Pharmaceutical and business environment • Outer level: Healthcare and societal context • Conclusions 8
- 9. Inner Level: Pharmaceutical Science • Stem cells/Tissue engineering • Medical devices/Connected devices • Personalized medicine: treatment, diagnostic, prevention 9
- 10. Stem cells/Tissue engineering (1) • stem cells: • Totipotent --> entire organism • Pluripotent --> most tissues of an organism • Multipotent --> specific tissue (skin, blood…) 10
- 11. Christopher Lyles • Adenoid cystic carcinoma (rare form of tracheal cancer) • 1st US patient to get stem cells trachea transplant in November 2010 11
- 12. Christopher Lyles • Cooperation between: • University College London, UK: designing and building the nanocomposite tracheal scaffold • Groups in the USA and Germany producing a specific bioreactor to seed the scaffold with the patient stem cells • Karolinska Institute, Sweden (Pr. Paolo Macchiarini) • Use of bone marrow stem cells • 12 hours procedure • Died 4 months later (March 2011) 12
- 13. • number of stem cells clinical trials (4734 worldwide) • number of embryonic stem cells clinical trials (34 worldwide) 13
- 14. We want to ask ! 14
- 15. With all the elements that you have and your personal beliefs, what do you think about research on embryonic stem cells? 15
- 16. Medical devices/Connected devices (1) • Connected health is a model for healthcare delivery that uses technology to provide healthcare remotely. • 2014 the rise of connected health • Mobile medical applications • Medical device data systems • Software • Wireless technology • Intelligent medicines 16
- 17. Medical devices/Connected devices (2) • Google is aiming to diagnose cancers, impending heart attacks or strokes and other diseases, at a much earlier stage than is currently possible • Pill containing a disease-detecting nanoparticles with a wrist-worn sensor • glucose-measuring contact lenses 17
- 18. Personalized medicine (1) “The term "personalized medicine" is often described as providing "the right patient with the right drug at the right dose at the right time." More broadly, "personalized medicine" may be thought of as the tailoring of medical treatment to the individual characteristics, needs, and preferences of a patient during all stages of care, including prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up.” FDA 18
- 19. Personalized medicine (2) • “Today we live in an era of «one size fits all» medicine with many drugs not working on 50% or more of the population” • Today - oncology space • In near future – other disease areas • Costs and time of genome sequencing • Genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome analyses 19
- 20. Personalized medicine (3) “Pharmacogenomics allows us to identify sources of an individual’s profile of drug response and predict the best possible treatment option for this individual. The use of genomic information has opened new possibilities in drug discovery and development ” FDA 20
- 23. 23 Would you be ready to get you DNA sequenced?
- 24. Plan • Past and Present of the Pharmaceutical Industry • Futuristic Look of the Three Levels of the Pharmaceutical Industry • Inner level: Pharmaceutical science/ R&D • Middle level: Pharmaceutical and business environment • Outer level: Healthcare and societal context • Conclusions 24
- 25. Middle circle/Pharmaceutical and business environment • Today’s “high risk/high gain” model is unlikely to be sustainable • New business models • Cooperation between companies: • pharmaceutical and life science companies • internet-related • academic partnership • public authorities • merge between « drug » companies and « devices » companies • Drug + Service 25
- 26. Plan • Past and Present of the Pharmaceutical Industry • Futuristic Look of the Three Levels of the Pharmaceutical Industry • Inner level: Pharmaceutical science/ R&D • Middle level: Pharmaceutical and business environment • Outer level: Healthcare and societal context • Conclusions 26
- 27. Outer circle/ Healthcare social context • Image of pharmaceutical industry / public trust • Ex. drug scandals, raise of traditional medicine, • Transparency • ‘Patient power’ : advisory committees , patients associations (decision making) • Informed and demanding patients • Patients become more like consumers • Price health insurance 27
- 28. Plan • Past and Present of the Pharmaceutical Industry • Futuristic Look of the Three Levels of the Pharmaceutical Industry • Inner level: Pharmaceutical science/ R&D • Middle level: Pharmaceutical and business environment • Outer level: Healthcare and societal context • Conclusions 28
- 29. Conclusions (1) • “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” WHO • Health is a basic need • Missions and visions of pharmaceutical industry vs public image/trust • New business model 29
- 30. Conclusions (2) Difficult to predict what we might be doing in the future! « I couldn’t tell you I have no fears, I generally have a lot of hopes » Professor Dame Nancy Rothwell President and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Manchester Director of pharmaceuticals company AstraZeneca 30
- 31. Thank you for your attention ! 31
Notes de l'éditeur
- AEB
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- AEB The roots of the pharmaceutical industry lie back with the apothecaries and pharmacies that offered traditional/naturally occuring remedies: Medicinal herbs - Digitalis to stimulate heart muscle, Quinine for malaria, Pecacuanha for dysentery, Mercury to treat syphilis Merck 1827, alkaloids GSk : middle of 19 century Pfizer was founded in 1849, as demand for painkillers and antiseptics rocketed³ Ellie lilly: 1876 Edward Robinson Squibb 1858 Bayer was founded in 1863 as a dye maker and synthesis of aspirin in 1895 by Bayer Origins of modern industry: second half of the 19th century; Two breakthroughs presaged the arrival of the pharma industry as we know it today: insuline, peniciline
- ST Golden age 1940-1970 (contraceptive pill, diazepam, monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), haloperidol, oncology medicines , ACE inhibitors, paracetamol /acetaminophen, ibuprofen ) The processes of internationalisation begun in 1951 – Pfizer alone opened subsidiaries in nine new countries In 1977, Tagamet, an ulcer medication, became the first ever “blockbuster” drug, earning its manufacturers more than $1 billion a year and its creators the Nobel Prize. This marked a new departure as companies competed to be the developer of the next big blockbuster, and many achieved great success. Eli Lilly released Prozac, in 1987, once again revolutionising mental health practice. The first statin was also approved in 1987, manufactured by Merck (MSD). Chemical synthesis of artificial dyes proved to be therapeutically useful. Large-scale industrial production of insulin. Industrial-scale production of penicillin that boosted the development of biopharmaceutical industry.
- ST The global pharmaceuticals market is worth US$300 billion a year. Companies currently spend one-third of all sales revenue on marketing their products - roughly twice what they spend on research and development.
- ST Over the past years R&D returns have steadily declined
- AEB
- Chemotherapy and raditherapy weren’t effective
- Patient was discharged 2 weeks after surgery Cost aproximatively 500 000 $ Paolo Macchiarini
- On top: number of stem cells clinical trials (4734 worldwide) Botom: number of embryonic clinical trials (34 worldwide)
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- AEB
- ST Pill with a sensor on it (puls, blood cholesterol) send a msg to your smartphone or to your physicien Drug delivery systems (pump insulin for a year) Connected Health refers to electronic methods of health care delivery that allow users to deliver and receive care outside of traditional health care settings. Examples include mobile medical apps, medical device data systems, software, and wireless technology.
- ST Google X, stylized as Google[x],[1] is a semi-secret facility run by Google dedicated to making major technological advancements. Google contact lenses that monitor glucose in tears give you the ability to explore the body at a molecular and cellular level slight changes in the person's biochemistry
- ST Today in oncology space but more can be done across other disease areas The rise of personalized medecine is supported by a rapid decline in the costs of genome sequencing Comprehension of the cell as a global entity Different genomic levels ( genome, …)
- AEB DNA: Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick (1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) Human Genom Project (1990-2003)
- So now I’m going to talk about the previous point. A few minutes ago, Stojana talked about 4 major points regarding personalized medicine. What were they? I’m going to give an example for two of those points. This a story of a girl name Angie. Her mother died several years ago from breast cancer at a very young age. One day, she decided that she wanted to now if she inherited genes from her mother that would increase her risk of developing the same type of cancer. Quick word on BRCA1/2: human tumor suppressors genes, producing tumor suppressor proteins that help repair damaged DNA. If the BRCA1/2 mutation, then damaged DNA is not repaired properly and this increases the risk of breat cancer. (up to an 80% risk of breast cancer) Breast cancer: 12% of women in the general population. 50% of women who inherit a harmful BRCA1/2 mutation will develop breast cancer by age 70 So Angie decides to meet her oncogenetic doctor and to have her DNA sequenced. She ended up having both mutations and choose to have a double mastectomy. End of the story… But what if? What if she didn’t do anything? She might never has had breast cancer. Let’s say she did have breast cancer. Then, her oncologist decides to run a blood test to see if her cancer is sensitive to hormonotherapy. She is a lucky girl, her cancer is sensitive to hormonotherapy. So her oncologist decides to treat her with Tamoxifen. This same oncologist who is a realy good oncologist decides to run an other DNA test to see if Angie has mutations in the genes implicated in the metabolisation of the drug. He finds out that Angie has a mutation in the CYP 2D6 molecule. Unfortunately for Angie, who isn’t that lucky, this mutation slows the transformation of tamoxifen into Endoxifen witch is the active drug. The result being a decrease of Angie’s survival chances
- ST
- ST Demographic changes interdisciplinary education and transnational programmes Biology and engineering will join forces
- ST
- AEB
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- ST et AEB Since the origins of modern pharmaceutical industry, drugs have played a major part in increasing life expectancy Strong belief that they are going to continue to save lives and to make difference in the human life Drugs have played a major part in increasing life expectancy Though drugs have helped increasing life expectancy over the past century, there is a gap wider and wider between tha pharmaceutical industry and its image necessitating a change in the business model. Furthermore
- ST et AEB