1. PREPARED BY
AKSHAY JANI (116380307521)
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2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
WE ARE IMMENSLY GREATFUL TO OUR LECTURER AND PROJECT
GUIDE, MR.HIREN V MER, FOR HER INVALUABLE GUIDANCE
WHICH GAVE US A DEEP INSIGHT ON THE SUBJECT. WITH HER
KEEN INTEREST AND CONSTANT MORAL BOOSTING, WE ARE ABLE
TO IMPLEMENT THE PROJECT SATISFACTORILY.
WE EXPRESS OUR VERY SINCERE THANKS TO COMPUTER
ENGINEERING DEPT. FOR PROVIDING ADEQUATE FACILITIES TO
COMPLETE OUR PROJECT.
WE ARE AGAIN CORDIALLY THANKFUL TO OUR C&E DEPARTMENT
STAFF, FRIENDS AND OTHER PEOPLE WHO HAVE DIRECTLY OR
INDIRECTLY HELPED US IN COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT.
LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST, WE ARE ALSO THANKFUL TO OUR
FAMILY MEMBERS WHO ENGOURAGED AND SUPPORTED US
ROUND THE CLOCK FOR THIS PROJECT.
Akshay Jani

3. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that AKSHAY JANI Student of computer Engineering,
bearing Enrollment No: 116380307521 have satisfactorily completed
his/her Seminar work as a part of course curriculum in Diploma
Engineering semester III having a report title “ THREE LEVEL ANSI
SPARC ARCHITECTURE ”.
MR.HIREN V MER
Lecturer, computer Dept.
PIETDS-2nd
Shift, Limda.
PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER ENGG. DEPARTMENT
LIMDA, VAGHODIA, VADODARA

4. The model provides the basis for understanding some
of the functionality of a DBMS.
In 1975 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Standards Planning and Requirement Committee
(SPARC) recognized the need for three level
architecture.

5. Three Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture-I
Three level architecture
consist of:
1) External Level
2) Conceptual Level
3) Internal Level

6. External Level
The users view of the database. This level describes that
part of the database that is relevant to each user.
The external level consists of a number of different
external views of the database.
Different views may have different representation of
same data.

7. External Level-II
For example, one user may view dates in the form (day,
month, year), while another may view dates as (year,
month, day).
Some views might include derived or calculated data.
(Example DOB  Age)

8. Conceptual Level
The middle level in the three level architecture is the
conceptual level.
This level is “community view” of data , includes a
description of all available data
The conceptual level provides both the mapping and
the desired independence between the external and
internal levels.

9. Conceptual Level (cont…)
The conceptual level represents:
1. All entities, their attributes and their relationships.
2. The constraints on the data.
3. Security and integrity information.

10. Conceptual Level (cont…)
The conceptual level supports each external view, in
that any data available to a user must be contained in or
derivable from the conceptual level.
However this level must not contain any storage-
dependent details.

11. External and conceptual layers

12. Internal Level
•The physical representation of the database on the
computer. This level describes how the data is stored in
the database.
•It covers the data structure and file organizations used
to store data on storage devices.

13. Internal Level-I
The internal level is concerned:
Storage space allocation for data and indexes.
Record descriptions for storage (with stored sizes for
data items).
Record placement.
Data compression and data encryption techniques.

14. •Representation of data at different levels of data base
Architecture and at the physical level at bottom.

15. Database Schemas
The overall description of the database is called the
database schema.
The schema is specified during the database design
process and is not expected to change frequently.
There are three different types of schema in the
database. These are defined according to three level of
architecture.

16. External Schema
At the highest level we have multiple external
schemas (also called subschemas) that correspond to
different views of data.

17. Conceptual Schema
At the conceptual level we have conceptual schema,
which describe all the entities, attributes and
relationships together with integrity constraints.

18. Internal Schema
At lowest level we have internal schema which is the
complete description of internal model.
Containing the definition of stored record, the
methods of representation, the data fields and indexes or
hashing scheme.
There is only one conceptual schema and one internal
schema per database.

19. Mappings
The DBMS is responsible for mapping between these
three types of schema.
It must also check schemas for consistency.
Each external schema is derivable from the conceptual
schema and it must use the information in the
conceptual schema to map between each external
schema and the internal schema

20. Mappings-I
The conceptual schema
related to the internal schema
through a conceptual/internal
mapping.
External schema is related to
the conceptual schema by the
external/conceptual mapping.
Physical level is managed by
OS under direction of DBMS.
Stored Record Interface B/w
Int. & Physical Level, provided
by OS to DBMS

21. Data Independence
A major objective for three-level architecture is to
provide data independence.
Which means that upper levels are unaffected by
changes to lower levels.
Two kinds of data independence:
(1)Logical Data Independence
(2)Physical Data Independence

22. Logical Data Independence
Logical data independence refers to the immunity
(protection) of the external schemas to changes in the
conceptual schema.
Changes to the conceptual schema such as the
addition or removal of new entities, attributes or
relationships should be possible without having to
change existing external schemas or having rewrite the
application programs.

23. Physical Data Independence
Physical data independence refers to the immunity of
the conceptual schema to changes in the internal
schema.
Changes to the internal schema such as using
different file organizations or storage structures, using
different storage devices, modifying indexes or hashing
algorithms should be possible without having to change
the conceptual or external schema.

24. Appendix
We are specially thanks to………
MR.HIREN V MER
Lecturer
In computer dept,
Piet(ds) 2nd
shift.
MR.BHARAT V CHAWDA
Author of DBMS book

25. THANK YOU…..
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