2. Definitions
• The authority of an independent state to govern itself, eg: to
make an apply laws, to impose and collect taxes, to make war
and peace and to form treaties with foreign states
State Sovereignty
• A broad term covering any crime that is punishable by a state
but that has international origins or consequences or a crime
recognised by the international community as punishable
International Crime
• A most serious crime of concern to the international community
as a whole, recognised by the international community as
requiring punishment
Crimes Against the
International
Community
• Crime that occurs across international borders, either actually
or potentiallyTransnational Crime
3. Categories of International
Crime
Can be divided into 2 main categories:
Crimes against the International Community
Crimes outlined in international agreements, or part of
international customary law
Transnational Crime
Crimes that are committed in more than one country
4. Genocide War Crimes Piracy (at sea)
Hijacking of aircraft Slave trading
Crimes against the international community
There is no one list of Crimes that fit this category, but most nations agree
that the following are crimes against the international community
5. Specific Cases
Darfur
Began in 2003
ICC issued warrant for
arrest of President Omar
Bashir
Rwanda
1994
1,000,000 Rwandans killed
in 100 days
mass
slaughter of Tutsi and
moderate Hutu by Hutu
majority
First conviction in
2012
Thomas Lubango
from the DRC
Very large trials –
lengthy and
expensive
Genocide International Criminal Court
7. Specific Cases
“Deceptive recruitment” of
at least two Thai women;
possibly preparing to bring
more women from
Thailand to Australia.
Initially pleading not guilty
Dobie changed his plea to
guilty and was sentenced
for 5 years imprisonment.
The first person in
Australia to be convicted
for trafficking offences.
Recruited six women from
Malaysia to work at a brothel.
The women, who knew little to no
English, were not permitted to
leave the brothel premises
without permission until their
“debts“ were repaid and were
made to work up to 20 hours a
day.
Threatening violence and
deportation, Wong forced the
women to take medication to
prevent them menstruating and
perform unusual sex acts
Found guilty; sentenced to six
years
R v Dobie (2009) R v Chee Mei Wong (2013)
8. Problem:
When a crime has been committed
in multiple countries, where do we
hold the trial?
11. Sign international agreements
Geneva
Conventions
Rome Statute 1998
Parlermo Protocol
2000
Mutual Assistance in
Criminal Matters Act
1987
Extradition Act 1988
34 bilateral treaties
London Scheme
(129 nations all
together)
About crimes against the
international community
Extradition Treaties & Mutual
Assistance agreements
12. Ratify these international
agreements
Geneva Conventions Act 1957
ICC Act 2002
ICC (Consequential Amendments) Act 2002
Crimes Legislation Amendment (Slavery,
Slavery-like Conditions and People Trafficking
Act) 2013
Pass domestic law which supports these agreements
13. Fund law enforcement agencies to
deal with international crime
Australian Federal Police
Australian Crime Commission
Australian Border Force
Attorney-General’s Department
The Courts
14. International
measures
The UN
cannot create
nor enforce
legally binding
laws
There is no
“international
parliament”
There is no
“international
police force”
15. Most serious International Crimes:
Crimes against humanity
180 million victims
of genocide since
WWII
Almost no
prosecutions
Much progress in
prosecuting those
involved
Rwanda
Bosnia
Darfur
Is it enough?
1945-1990 1990-present
16. System of international criminal
justice
• ICTY
• ICTR
Ad hoc
Tribunals
• Since 2002
• Deals with current and future
crimes against humanity
International
Criminal
Court
17. International Criminal Tribunal for
the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
Created by a UN Security Council Resolution in
1993
Jurisdiction over breaches of the Geneva
Conventions and international customary law
committed in the former Yugoslavia since 1991
Slobodan Milosevic – arrested 2001; trial began in
2002, died in 2006
Radovan Karadzic – arrested 2008; still on trial
Ratko Mladic – arrested 2011; on trial since 2012
http://www.icty.org/sections/TheCases/KeyFiguresofthe
Cases
18. “The Tribunal
was the first
court to
undertake the
prosecution and
adjudication of
the gravest
international
crimes since the
post-World War
II Nuremberg
and Tokyo trials.
Over the past
two decades, it
has irreversibly
changed the
landscape of
international
criminal and
humanitarian
law.”
19. Is this enough?
House of
good and
evil
ED CAESAR
THE
AUSTRALIA
N
SEPTEMBE
R 08, 2012
“The question that is often asked of the
tribunal is this: justice for whom? Do the
victims of heinous crimes committed in the
Balkan wars feel that justice has been
done because a judgment is handed down
far away? Is it enough that these trials take
place, that facts are established, and
victims' voices heard?”
“Justice is never perfect... The ICTY might
be slow, and bureaucratic - but it has
transformed butchers and gods back into
men.”
20. International Criminal Tribunal for
Rwanda (ICTR)
Created in 1994
Jurisdiction over the 1994 Rwanda genocide
Expected to formally close in 2015
Kambanda (1998) – only Head of State to plead
guilty to genocide; life imprisonment
Surprise acquittals of government officials by the
“Appeals chamber” in 2009 & 2013 lead to large
scale protests
Has cost over $1.7 billion (traditional Rwandan
Gacaca courts have put 2mil ppl to trial for
$40mil)
21.
22. International Criminal Court
Created by the
Rome Statute in
1998, to avoid
having to create ad
hoc Tribunals each
time there is an
issue.
In the Hague, in the
Netherlands
27. Issues with effectiveness
Accusations of war
crimes against both
sides.
Case must be referred
to the ICC by the
UNSC – which means
the agreement of 5
permanent members
(incl. China, Russia &
US)
Since 2012, Palestine
has been able to sign
up to Rome Statute…
But this could threaten
peace negotiations.