Teaching and learning in the 21st century

Are our students ready for the newAre our students ready for the new
global economy?global economy?

Are your students:Are your students:
• Critical thinkers?
• Problem solvers?
• Good communicators?
• Good collaborators?
Conclusion
• Good collaborators?
• Information and technology literate?
• Flexible and adaptable?
• Innovative and creative?
• Globally competent?
• Financially literate?

TraditionalTraditional NewNew
Teacher-centered instruction Student-centered learning
Single sense stimulation Multi-sensory stimulation
Single path progression Multi-path progression
Single media Multimedia
Isolated work Collaborative work
Information delivery Information exchange
New Learning EnvironmentNew Learning Environment
Information delivery Information exchange
Passive learning Active/ exploratory/
inquiry- based learning
Factual/literal thinking Critical thinking,
Informed decisions
Reactive response Proactive/planned action
Isolated, artificial context Authentic, real world context

Why Do We Send Our Kids to School?
The Four Question Exercise
The Four Question Exercise

"Prediction is difficult –especially
when it involves the future.”
"Prediction is difficult –especially
when it involves the future.”
Mark Twain
Mark Twain

Imagine you have a child, grandchild,
niece or nephew or any child whom you
love and care about deeply, and this
child is just starting preschool this year.
ScenarioScenario forfor QuestionsQuestions 11 andand 22::
TheThe FourFour QuestionQuestion ExerciseExercise
child is just starting preschool this year.
Then consider the following four
questions, making notes as you go.

1. What will the world be
like in 20 or so years
from now when your
child has left school and
child has left school and
is out in the world?

“Learning is what most adults will do
for a living in the 21stCentury.”
“Learning is what most adults will do
for a living in the 21stCentury.”
Sydney Perleman
Sydney Perleman

2. What skills will your
child need to be
successful in this world
you have imagined
twenty years from now?
twenty years from now?

Scenario for question 3:
Now think about your own life and
the times when you were really
learning, so much and so deeply, that
learning, so much and so deeply, that
you would call these the “peak learning
experiences” of your life.

3. What were the
conditions that made
your high-performance
learning experiences so
powerful?

Checkpoint before answering question 4:
Look over your answers to the first
three questions and think about how
most students currently spend their time
most students currently spend their time
each day in school. Then consider the
final question.

4. What would
learning be like if it
were designed
around your answers
to the first three
to the first three
questions?

“The best way to predict the
future is to invent it.“
“The best way to predict the
future is to invent it.“
Alan Kay
Alan Kay

The Perfect Learning StormThe Perfect Learning Storm
Four powerful forces are converging and
leading us toward new ways of learning for life
in the 21st century:
– Knowledge work
–
– Thinking tools
– Digital lifestyles
– Learning research •21st Century Skills: Learning for Life in Our Times
by Bernie Trilling & Charles Fadel

Knowledge WorkKnowledge Work
• Collaboration with team members
• Create and Innovate new products and
services that solve real world problems
• Attract students to technical fields
• Attract students to technical fields
through corporations investing in
schools.
•21st Century Skills: Learning for Life in Our Times

Thinking ToolsThinking Tools
• Computer microchips continue to double their
processing speed every eighteen months.
• The density of data we can store doubles
every twelve months.
• The amount of information we can transmit
• The amount of information we can transmit
over optical fibers doubles every nine months.

Digital LifestylesDigital Lifestyles
The mental tasks of knowledge work – accessing,
searching, analyzing, storing, managing, creating,
and communicating information and knowledge –
are becoming easier and more efficient as our
digital tools for thinking, learning, communicating,
collaborating, and working, become more powerful,
integrated, connected, and easier to use.

Learning ResearchLearning Research
Five key findings from research in the science
of learning can be used to direct and guide
our efforts to reshape learning:
Authentic learning
Authentic learning
Mental model building
Internal motivation
Multiple intelligences
Social learning

Catching Up or Leading the WayCatching Up or Leading the Way
We thus face a choice of what we want:
• A diversity of talents, of individuals who are
passionate, curious, self-confident, and risk
takers.
• Or a nation of excellent test takers, outstanding
• Or a nation of excellent test takers, outstanding
performers on math and reading tests.
From Catching Up or Leading the Way, by Yong Zhao, 2009

TheThe WorldWorld HasHas ChangedChanged
TheThe PlayingPlaying FieldField HasHasTheThe PlayingPlaying FieldField HasHas
BeenBeen FlattenedFlattened

The World is Getting Flatter!The World is Getting Flatter!
Globalization 1.0 –1492 to 1800
World Shrinks from Size L to M –Countries Competing
[Thanks to Information and Computing Technology]
The World Has Changed
Shrinks from M to S –Multinationals Competing
Globalization 3.0 –2000 to Now
From S to Tiny and Flatter –Individuals Competing

WWHATHAT ISIS FLATTENINGFLATTENING THETHE WORLDWORLD??
How does the “flat world” impact you and your
projects?
How to manage and govern your projects in today’s
world?
world?

IINN THETHE NEWNEW WORLDWORLD::
• A call center in the Philippines answers support
questions from a distributor in England for software
that was designed in California, coded in India and
tested in Ireland.
• Your competition can be a company that has no
physical offices, very low fixed costs, even no full
time employees; just a network of individuals across
the globe who collaborate 24/7 and can execute any
project.

These new players are stepping
onto the playing field legacy free,
meaning that many of them were
so far behind they can leap right
into the new technologies without
having to worry about all the
sunken costs of old systems.
–The World is Flat

From vertical (command and
control) value-creation model
to an
increasingly horizontal (connect
increasingly horizontal (connect
and collaborate) creation
model
- The World is Flat

TheThe Forces that flattened the world:Forces that flattened the world:
“flat world”“flat world”
• Globalization
• Workflow tools
• Outsourcing, in-sourcing
• Off-shoring
• The net, search engines

The 10 World FlattenersThe 10 World Flatteners
11/9/1989: Berlin Wall came down
8/9/1995: Netscape IPO
1.1.
2.2.
Workflow Software Developed3.3.

11/9/1989: Berlin Wall came down
– Worldwide balance of power shifted to free markets
– Each outbreak of freedom stimulated another
outbreak
8/9/1995: Netscape IPO
Sparked the dot com boom and over-investment in
1.1.
2.2.
– Sparked the dot com boom and over-investment in
fiber optic cable (connected the world)
– First commercial browser, invigorated internet use
Workflow Software Developed
– Software and standards developed that allow people
to work together
– Created a global platform that enabled collaboration
3.3.

Open-Sourcing
Out-Sourcing
4.4.
5.5.
Out-Sourcing
Off-Shoring
5.5.
6.6.

4.4.
5.5.
Open-Sourcing
– Self-organizing collaborative communities
– Free code written by individuals and shared openly
Out-Sourcing
– Any service, call center, business support operation, or knowledge
work that can be digitized can be sourced globally
– Opportunity to seek cheapest, smartest, most efficient providers
6.6.
– Opportunity to seek cheapest, smartest, most efficient providers
Off-Shoring
– Companies move entire factory or operation offshore to foreign
country
– Same product produces in same way with cheaper labor, lower taxes,
etc.

7.7. Supply-Chaining
8.8. In-Sourcing

Supply-Chaining
– Wal-Mart pioneered global supply chain
efficiency
– An item is purchased in Wichita, KS and another
one is instantly produced in Beijing
7.7.
In-Sourcing
– Logistics giants take control of customer supply
chains
– UPS provides internal logistics support for other
companies
8.8.

Informing
Steroids
9.9.
10.10.
Steroids10.10.

Informing
– Search engines (Google, Yahoo!, etc)
provide universal access to information
– Individuals empowered to find
information
9.9.
information
Steroids
– Wireless, VoIP, file sharing that enhance
the collaboration tools
– Digital, mobile, virtual and personal
technologies explode
10.10.

A New Age is HereA New Age is Here

A Monumental ShiftA Monumental Shift

From the Agriculture AgeFrom the Agriculture Age
to the Conceptual Ageto the Conceptual Age
Affluence,
Technology,
Globalization
Information Age
(knowledge
worker)
Conceptual Age
(creators and
empathizers)
18th century 19th century 20th century 21st century
Agricultural Age
(farmers)
Industrial Age
(factory workers)
worker)
ASCD Allen Parish 2010; Rye and Herold

““When I was growing up my parentsWhen I was growing up my parents
used to say to me, ‘Tom finish yourused to say to me, ‘Tom finish your
dinnerdinner ––people in China and India arepeople in China and India are
starving.’ My advice tostarving.’ My advice to
[students now] is ‘Finish your[students now] is ‘Finish your
[students now] is ‘Finish your[students now] is ‘Finish your
homeworkhomework –– peoplepeople
in China and India are starvingin China and India are starving
for your jobs”.for your jobs”.
Tom Friedman

We’ve gone from:
Brawn-power to

We’ve gone from:
Brawn-power to Brain-power

We’ve gone from:
Horse-power to

We’ve gone from:
Horse-power to Hertz-power
• Learning
• Knowledge-creation
• Innovation
• Innovation
Are the central pursuits of our Knowledge Age, and
the only real edge in a highly competitive global
economy.

EDUCATION’S ROLE IN THE 21EDUCATION’S ROLE IN THE 21STST CENTURYCENTURY
• Contributing to Work and Society
• Fulfilling Personal Talents
• Fulfilling Civic Responsibilities• Fulfilling Civic Responsibilities
• Carrying forward tradition and values

3Rs
(Reading, ‘Riting, &
(Reading, ‘Riting, &
‘Rithmetic)

3Rs X 7Cs =
3Rs X 7Cs =

3Rs X 7Cs =
3Rs X 7Cs =
21st Century Learning

More C’s?: Curiosity, Caring, Confidence, Citizenship, Conscience, …?

P21 Skills FrameworkP21 Skills Framework

2010 Critical Skills Survey2010 Critical Skills Survey
American Management Association, in conjunction
with *P21, surveyed 2,115 managers and other
executives about the needs of the
21st century workforce.
21st century workforce.
*Partnership for 21st century Skills

How are the seven Cs recognizedHow are the seven Cs recognized
within organizations?within organizations?
Has your organization identified these skills as priorities for employee
development, talent management, and succession planning?
Skill Agree/Strongly Agree
Critical Thinking 73.3%
Communication Skills 79.2%
Collaborative/team building 72.3%
Creativity and innovation 66.6%

What has changed in business today?What has changed in business today?
How do you believe your organization will view these skills and
competencies in the next 3-5 years?
Will become less important 0.6%
Will become less important 0.6%
Will remain the same 22.5%
Will become more important 75.7%
No opinion 1.1%
Source: AMA/P21 2010 Critical Skills Survey, released April 2010

What has changed in business today?What has changed in business today?
As the economy improves, how important are the following
skills and competencies in helping grow your organization?
Critical Thinking 97.1%
Communication Skills 95.3%
Collaboration/team building 92.0%
Creativity and Innovation 93.1%

Is the workforce prepared?Is the workforce prepared?
How would you compare the skills levels of the experienced
workers versus the recent graduates within your organization?
Above Average/ Highest Ability
Above Average/ Highest Ability
Experienced workers 58.5%
Recent Graduates 30.1%

Preparing the next generationPreparing the next generation
Do you agree that fusing the three Rs (reading,
writing, and arithmetic) with the 7Cs ensures 21st
century readiness for students today?
Agree/Strongly Agree 79.5%
Agree/Strongly Agree 79.5%

Headlines in the news…Headlines in the news…

“Schools are stuck in the 20th
century. Students have rushed
into the 21st. How can schools
catch up and provide students
with a relevant education?”
with a relevant education?”
Marc Prensky

Retool Instruction,Retool Instruction,
or America will fail.or America will fail.
or America will fail.or America will fail.

We are currentlyWe are currently
preparing students forstudents for
jobs that don’t yetjobs that don’t yet
jobs that don’t yetjobs that don’t yet
exist . . .exist . . .

InIn ChinaChina last year B.S.’s inlast year B.S.’s in
engineering represented 46% ofengineering represented 46% of
all university degrees;all university degrees;
all university degrees;all university degrees;
In America, it was 5%.In America, it was 5%.

“What needs to change about“What needs to change about
our curriculum when ourour curriculum when our
students have the ability tostudents have the ability to
students have the ability tostudents have the ability to
reach audiences far beyondreach audiences far beyond
our classroom walls?”our classroom walls?”

P21 MembersP21 Members

One of education`s chief roles is toOne of education`s chief roles is to
prepare future workers andprepare future workers and citizenscitizens toto
deal with the challengesdeal with the challenges
ofof their times.their times.
ofof their times.their times.

OUR COUNTRY IS COMPETING IN AOUR COUNTRY IS COMPETING IN A
GLOBAL ECONOMY THATGLOBAL ECONOMY THAT
DEMANDS INNOVATION;DEMANDS INNOVATION;
OUROUR EDUCATION SYSTEM MUSTEDUCATION SYSTEM MUST
OUROUR EDUCATION SYSTEM MUSTEDUCATION SYSTEM MUST
KEEP UP.KEEP UP.

As one person put it,As one person put it,
“Learning is what most“Learning is what most
adults will do in theadults will do in the
adults will do in theadults will do in the
21st Century.”21st Century.”

OurOur StudentsStudents HaveHave ChangedChanged
DigitalDigital NativesNatives vs. Digitalvs. Digital
ImmigrantsImmigrantsImmigrantsImmigrants

“Children are native to“Children are native to
cyberspace, and we, as adults,cyberspace, and we, as adults,
areare immigrantsimmigrants.”.”
Our Students Have Changed
areare immigrantsimmigrants.”.”
Douglas Rushkoff

Our students areOur students are
Digital Natives.Digital Natives.
- Mark Prensky

The great myth is that these “digital natives”The great myth is that these “digital natives”
know more about this new informationknow more about this new information
environment than we doenvironment than we do.. But here’s the realityBut here’s the reality::
they may be experts inthey may be experts in entertainingentertaining themselvesthemselves
online, but they know almost nothing aboutonline, but they know almost nothing about
educating themselves onlineeducating themselves online..
educating themselves onlineeducating themselves online..
Michael Wesch
Professor of Digital Ethnography
Kansas State University

LearningLearning
ThenThen && NowNow

It is not about the technology, but about
learning…
… It is about the tools that will help us improve
learning…
…the tools that give us the ability to connect,
collaborate and communicate with others
collaborate and communicate with others
around the world.

. . . will use technologies that haven’t been invented
to do jobs that don’t exist, YET.
. . . networked
. . . multi-tasker
. . . digitally literate
Century Learner . . .Century Learner . . .
. . . craves interactivity
. . . strong visual-spatial skills
. . . tethered to the internet
. . . wants to learn things that matter
. . . wants to be challenged to reach own conclusions

Instruction for Century SkillsInstruction for Century Skills
Relevant to student outside the classroom
Student is highly engaged
Student has a choice and voice in his/her learning
Student takes ownership for own learning
Includes higher order thinking - creativity and
innovation
Learning tasks elicit evidence of learning

LearningLearning
Then Now

With which do you identify more?With which do you identify more?

POP QUIZPOP QUIZ
POP QUIZPOP QUIZ
(Boomer to Zoomer quiz)

WhyWhy areare 2121stst centurycentury skillsskills
importantimportant??
importantimportant??

Today’s education facesToday’s education faces
irrelevance unless weirrelevance unless we
bridge the gap betweenbridge the gap between
bridge the gap betweenbridge the gap between
how students live and howhow students live and how
students learn.students learn.

Digital NativesDigital Natives
NetNet--GenersGeners
NetizensNetizens
HomoHomo--ZappiensZappiens
HomoHomo--ZappiensZappiens

Are you teaching studentsAre you teaching students
who are for the most part,who are for the most part,
Digital ImmigrantsDigital Immigrants
Digital ImmigrantsDigital Immigrants
or Digital Natives?or Digital Natives?

How they want to learnHow they want to learn
Through engaged
doing, creating and
sharing
Around things they
care about
With others in
frequent social
interactions
From media that
provide rapid
Through switching
between multiple
From random access
explorations of
feedback media information
Through tackling
complexity one level
at a time
Through creative
problem-solving and
answer-finding
Through play and
games, and by creating
ways for others to learn
what they have learned

Role of ICTRole of ICT
Phase 1-
Learning from
technology
History of Use of
ICT-for-Learning
technology

Role of ICTRole of ICTPhase 1-
Learning from
technology
Phase 2-
Learning about
technology

Role of ICTRole of ICTPhase 1-
Learning from
technology
Phase 2-
Learning about
technology
Phase 3-
Learning with
technology
Key Idea- Ultimate goal
of ICT use is when it’s
used as a tool for
THINKING and
LEARNING

The Five Cs of Learning Theory
Context – Authentic Learning
Construction – Mental model building
New Learning TheoryNew Learning Theory
Construction – Mental model building
Caring- Intrinsic Motivation
Competence – Multiple Intelligences
Community – Leaning socilally in graups

Old ICT : Information and
Communication Technologies
New ICT: Innovation, Collaboration,
ICT from Old to NewICT from Old to New
Transformation

TheThe NewNew LearningLearning CurveCurve
TheThe NewNew LearningLearning CurveCurve

Common patterns of learning with technology
have emerged. Pattern above represents
curve found in Developed Countries.

Pattern above represents curve in Developing Countries.

“The principle goal of education in the schools
should be creating men and women who are
capable of doing new things, not simply
repeating what other generations have done.”
Jean Piaget
“In times of drastic change, it is
the learners who inherit
the future.“
Eric Hoffer

SchoolsSchools HaveHave ChangedChanged
FromFrom ““HolesHoles toto WholesWholes””
InIn EducationEducationInIn EducationEducation

Top things new jobs require
• Technological Fluency 81%
• Communications
Collaboration
The World Has ChangedThe World Has Changed
Schools Have Changed
• Collaboration
• Ability to solve complex problems
• Creativity
• Analytical and thinking skills
David Thornburg

The Education System Hasn’tThe Education System Hasn’t
5050 minutes
66 hours
66 hours
180180 days

Relationship between time and
achievement
• Time is fixed and achievement
is variable
is variable
• Make achievement fixed and
time variable

The Tech Integration Continuum
– Technology is an add on
– Word processing essays
– Using the Internet to find plans
– Web quests
– Web quests
– Teacher created lessons
– Student initiated education

Students Expect ItStudents Expect It
• 27 hours in front of computers at home,
and 24 hours in front of TV
• At school, the average amount of
• At school, the average amount of
technology time is 15 minutes a week.

Students Expect ItStudents Expect It
“We have technology in our
blood.”
High School Student, U.S. Department of Education’s National
High School Student, U.S. Department of Education’s National
Technology Plan 2004

What Happens If We Don’t?What Happens If We Don’t?
• If our curriculum continues to be about information,
kids don’t need us.
• If it’s about personal development, they need us.
Kids used to come to us experience rich and
Kids used to come to us experience rich and
information poor; now they come to us information
rich, and experience poor.

• If we don’t respond to our customers they are
going to go somewhere else
–Time and place have become irrelevant
• If we don’t respond to our customers
• If we don’t respond to our customers
advanced jobs will continue to leave

“20 years ago there were 17
workers for every recipient of
Social Security benefits; today
Social Security benefits; today
the ratio is 3 to 1. In fifteen
years it will be down to 2 to 1.”
David Hollister, 12/5/04, 2004 EPFP Leadership Forum,
Miami Beach

China, Russia and India have added 3 billion
new members to the world economy. If only
10% of them are highly educated then they
will have 300 million skilled people, more than
will have 300 million skilled people, more than
the work force of the United States.
Susan Patrick
Director of Education Technology
US Department of Education, 4/7/05

What Happens When We Do?What Happens When We Do?
● School is more relevant
● Students are more engaged
● Dropout rates decline
● Learning is transformed

“The central issue to creating change is never
just strategy, structure, culture, or systems.
The core of the matter is always
about changing behavior of people…
about changing behavior of people…
how they see and think about
what is new or proposed...”
John Kotter
The Heart of Change

…And ultimately we…And ultimately we
become what we think about… Andbecome what we think about… And
this is also true forthis is also true for
organizations…because…organizations…because…

… organizations don’t… organizations don’t
change. People change and thenchange. People change and then
they change the organization,they change the organization,
institution, their community, theinstitution, their community, the
institution, their community, theinstitution, their community, the
world!world!

What is this phenomena called Change?What is this phenomena called Change?
• To make a difference
• To give and receive reciprocally –
change places
• To exchange for or replace for another
• To exchange for or replace for another
• To lay aside
• To give a totally different form or
appearance
• To transform
• To become different

Don’Don’ t like itt like it RRevolutionaryevolutionary
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Responding to ChangeResponding to Change
129
5% Don’t like change at all. “Don’t like it one bit.
65% Comfortable with progressive nature of change
20% Enthusiastically embrace change of all kinds
10% On the frenetic edge… “Change is me!”

So why is education fallingSo why is education falling
short in preparing studentsshort in preparing students
130
short in preparing studentsshort in preparing students
forfor centurycentury work?work?

What can schools do?What can schools do?
131
What can schools do?What can schools do?

2121st Centuryst Century Learning:Learning:
WhatWhat does it involve?does it involve?
1. Emphasize core subjects*
2. Emphasize learning skills*
3. Use 21st Century tools to develop
3. Use 21st Century tools to develop
learning skills (computers, internet,
other technology)

2121st Century Learning: What does it involve?st Century Learning: What does it involve?
1. Emphasize core subjects*
2. Emphasize learning skills*
3. Use 21st Century tools to develop learning
skills (computers, internet, other technology)
4. Teach and learn in a 21st Century context
(relevance to students’ life, authentic learning
experiences, bring world into classroom, go
experiences, bring world into classroom, go
out into the world)
5. Teach and learn 21st Century content*
6. Use 21st Century assessment that measures
21st Century skills
(classroom assessments and standardized
tests)
* see Framework, next slide

Core Subjects and
21st Century
Themes
Life and Career
Skills
P21 Skills FrameworkP21 Skills Framework
134
Learning and
Innovation Skills
Information, Media
and Technology
Skills

• English
• Reading/Lang Arts
• World Languages
• Arts
• Mathematics
• Economics
Core SubjectsCore Subjects
21st Century Themes21st Century Themes
(21st Century Content)
• Global Awareness
• Financial, Economic, Business and
Entrepreneurial Literacy
• Civic Literacy
• Health Literacy
• Science
• Geography
• History
• Government
• Civics

Learning andLearning and
Innovation SkillsInnovation Skills
• Creativity and Innovation
Skills (ISTE 1)
• Critical Thinking and Problem
Solving Skills
(ISTE 4)
• Communication and
Information, Media &Information, Media &
Technology SkillsTechnology Skills
• Information Literacy (ISTE 3)
• Media Literacy
• ICT Literacy (Information,
Communications, and Technology)
136
• Communication and
Collaboration Skills
(ISTE 2)
ISTE 5 - Digital
Citizenship
ISTE 6 -
Technology
operations and
concepts

Life and Career SkillsLife and Career Skills
• Flexibility and Adaptability
• Initiative and Self Direction
• Social and Cross-Cultural Skills
• Productivity and Accountability
• Leadership and Responsibility
• Leadership and Responsibility

OneOne School’sSchool’s ProposalProposal forfor ChangeChange
AA ParadigmParadigm ShiftShift:: FromFrom PassivePassive toto
ActiveActive LearningLearning

One School’s Proposal for Change
More C’s?: Curiosity, Caring, Confidence, Citizenship, Conscience, …?

Critical Thinking –and- Doing
• Define problems in complex, overlapping, ill-defined
domains
• Use available tools & expertise for research and analysis
• Design promising solutions and courses of action
7C’s7C’s DefinedDefined
Creativity
• Come up with new solutions to old problems
• Discover new principles and invent new
products
• Create new ways to manage complex processes
and diverse teams of people

Collaboration
• Team with others using multiple talents to
solve complex problems
• Team with others to create complex tools,
services, and products
services, and products
Cross-cultural Understanding
• Bridge differing ethnic, social, organizational,
political, and content knowledge

Communication
• Craft effective communications in a
variety of media for a variety of
audiences
Communication
• Craft effective communications in a
variety of media for a variety of
audiences
Computing
• Effective use of electronic information and
knowledge tools
• Comfort in using a variety of computer based
tools to accomplish the tasks of everyday life

Career & Learning Self-Reliance
• Ability to manage change (career changes,
Career & Learning Self-Reliance
shifts in projects) and the learning needs
that accompany those changes.
shifts in projects) and the learning needs
that accompany those changes.

ICTICT formform OldOld toto NewNew
NewNew ICTICT::
IInnovation
CCollaboration and
OldOld ICTICT::
IInformation
CCommunication
CCollaboration and
TTransformation
CCommunication
TTechnologies

Teaching and learning in the 21st century

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