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Framing research question and formulating hypothesis for
1. FRAMING RESEARCH QUESTION AND
FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS FOR
TESTING: CRITICAL STEP IN RESEARCH
Presented by : Dr AMBILI NANUKUTTAN
2nd YEAR POST GRADUATE
1
2. CONTENTS
Why this Article was chosen
Introduction
Research Question Designing
Background Questions
Foreground Questions
PICO 2
3. Selecting
Scheduling
Saving
Research Question and Hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
Conclusion
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4. WHY THIS ARTICLE WAS CHOSEN
In this advancing world with day to day newer
achievements in each and every field , its very difficult to
practice without updating present knowledge or any topic
of interest.
To get updated and to improve knowledge for taking
better decision and action, unknown answers has to be
answered and is done by setting up research question. A
successful research will largely depend on its research
question. 4
5. INTRODUCTION
New advances
Need to update
Conduct research
Depending on various aspects of healthcare
Need for successful research and hypothesis
5
7. http://www.theresearchassistant.com/tutorial/2-1.asp
A Research Question is a statement that identifies the
phenomenon to be studied.
To develop a strong research question :
Know the field and its literature well
Important research questions in the field
Areas that need further exploration
Should lead to greater understanding
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8. Knowledge about any other research already been
conducted in this topic area
Has this study been done before
Is the timing right for this question to be answered
Would funding sources be interested
Is the target community interested
Will the study have a significant impact on the field
8
9. 9
Goel et al. Framing Research Question and
Formulating Hypothesis for Testing: Critical
Step in Research. Ind. J. Youth Adol. Health
2016; 3(1)
Already possess the required knowledge- only
reinforcement is required which is termed as
“cognitive resonance”.
When we do not possess the required knowledge. -
A response is created within ourselves, which is
termed as “cognitive dissonance”
11. McLeod, S. A. (2014). Cognitive Dissonance.
Retrieved from
www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-
dissonance.html
Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving
conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces
a feeling of discomfort leading to an alteration in one of
the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the
discomfort and restore balance etc.
For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they
know that smoking causes cancer (cognition). 11
12. McLeod, S. A. (2014). Cognitive Dissonance.
Retrieved from
www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-
dissonance.html
Forced compliance behavior,
Decision-making,
Effort.
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13. BACKGROUND QUESTIONS
Basic questions
Concerned to the general knowledge about the condition
Should have two components
Question root
Health condition
13
14. WHSL Asking the Clinical Question: Background and
Foreground Questions:A guide to creating a successful
search strategy for EBM searching .UNIVERSITY OF
THE WITWATERSRRAND JOHANNESBURG
Background questions usually concern conditions, and
consist of two parts:
The root question (5WH)
[who, what, when, where, why, how]
Problem
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15. FOREGROUND QUESTIONS
Knowing these will help us in making better decisions
concerning specific situations.
Arise in central issues around the clinical work like about
clinical findings of the patient.
15
16. WHSL Asking the Clinical Question: Background and
Foreground Questions:A guide to creating a successful
search strategy for EBM searching .UNIVERSITY OF
THE WITWATERSRRAND JOHANNESBURG
Foreground Questions
Concern choices, are specific to decision-making, and
are asked by more experienced clinicians who are able
to use the specialized knowledge typical of experts in the
subject field
16
17. WHSL Asking the Clinical Question: Background
and Foreground Questions:A guide to creating a
successful search strategy for EBM searching
.UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRRAND
JOHANNESBURG
What is diabetes mellitus? --B
To what extend does diabetes effects
periodontium? --F
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18. PICO
Population or problem
Intervention/ treatment of interest
Comparison/ control
Outcome
18
19. 19
Example:
P (Problem or
Patient or
Population)
hospital acquired infection
I
(intervention/in
dicator)
hand washing
C (comparison) no hand washing; other solution; masks
O (outcome of
interest)
reduced infection
Guide to locating health evidence.
Framing the Research Question– Does hand washing among
healthcare workers reduce hospital acquired infections?
20. Guide to locating health evidence.
Foreground questions needs to be framed by –
Identifying the PICO (T)
(T)= time factor, type of study (optional)
20
21. Users guide to the Medical Literature-Manual for
evidence based clinical practice.
Types of Clinical Questions
Therapy
Harm
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis
Prognosis
21
23. 23
FINER
F: Feasibility
Sufficient resources in terms of time, staff, and funding
Use of appropriate study design Manageable in scope
Adequate sample size Trained research staff
I: Interesting
Interesting as a researcher or collaborator Investigator’s
motivation to make it interesting
N: Novel
Thorough literature search New findings or extension of
previous findings Guidance from mentors and experts
E: Ethical
Following ethical guidelines Regulatory approval from
Institutional Review Board
R: Relevant
Influence on clinical practice Furthering research and
health policy
Aslam S ,Emmanuel P.Formulating a researchable
question: A critical step for facilitating good clinical
research. Indian J Sex Transm Dis. 2010 Jan-Jun; 31(1):
47–50.
25. SAVING
Unsaved questions become unanswered questions.
So we must record the questions for later retrieval
and searching.
25
26. RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS
Well-defined research question will lead the
researcher to select an appropriate study design
and methodology.
Hypothesis can be defined as a logically
conjectured estimation or association between two
or more variables expressed in the form of a
testable statement.
26
27. Oral health epidemiology. Principles and practice-
Amit Chattopadhyay
Research hypotheses:
Specific
Clear
Sequential sets of questions addressed
27
29. Oral health epidemiology. Principles and practice-
Amit Chattopadhyay
Hypothesis Generating
The recognition that the study was not
designed for testing the involved questions in post hoc
analysis.
Indicates that they can be used only as
indicators of potentially new information.
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31. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
Null Hypothesis:
When a hypothesis is stated negatively, it is called a null
hypothesis
“no difference,” “no association” hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis:
It is the hypothesis that describes the researcher’s
statement that there exists a difference
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32. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS - BOOKLET
H1: Alternative Hypothesis
we are attempting to demonstrate
(or support)
Attributive - Descriptive
Associative - Predictive
Causal - Causal(Understanding)
32
34. Banerjee et al.Hypothesis testing, type I and type
II errors.Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jul-Dec; 18(2):
127–131.
Types of hypotheses
Null and alternative hypotheses
One- and two-tailed alternative hypotheses
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36. CONCLUSION
For getting specific and correct answer to a
specific question, it is necessary to have a good research
question. To design a good research question, PICO criteria
is used and for selecting a question, FINER criteria is used.
Scheduling and saving questions are also important to save
time and other resources.
36
37. REFERENCES
http://www.theresearchassistant.com/tutorial/2-
1.asp
Goel et al. Framing Research Question and
Formulating Hypothesis for Testing: Critical
Step in Research. Ind. J. Youth Adol. Health
2016; 3(1)
http://www.nonjudgmentday.org/judgment-card-
gallery--blog/a-guide-to-cognitive-resonance
37
38. McLeod, S. A. (2014). Cognitive Dissonance.
Retrieved from
www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-
dissonance.html
WHSL Asking the Clinical Question: Background
and Foreground Questions:A guide to creating a
successful search strategy for EBM searching
.UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRRAND
JOHANNESBURG
Guide to locating health evidence.
Users guide to the Medical Literature-Manual for
evidence based clinical practice.
38
39. Aslam S ,Emmanuel P.Formulating a
researchable question: A critical step for
facilitating good clinical research. Indian J Sex
Transm Dis. 2010 Jan-Jun; 31(1): 47–50.
www.studylecturenotes.com
http://www.managementstudyguide.com/select-
the-correct-hypothesis-test.htm
Oral health epidemiology. Principles and
practice- Amit Chattopadhyay
Research hypotheses - booklet
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