recent advances in pollution control

1. RECENT ADVANCES IN POLLUTION CONTROL
PG STUDENT:- Dr. AMOL ASKAR
PG TEACHER:- Dr. S. V. AKARTE
Dr. RIMA SAHAY
1

2. Contents Of Seminar
1)Air pollution control
Kyoto protocol
Montreal protocol
Carbon credit
Carbon tax
Carbon free city
Pollution pay principle Rio
summit
Programme / Organisations working for this
2)Soil pollution control
Methods
Programmes
3)Water pollution control
Programmes
Other projects
4)Noise pollution control
05/28/15 2

3. RECENT ADVANCES IN AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL
05/28/15 3

4. KYOTO PROTOCOL
 An international treaty, which extends the
1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to
reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on the premise
that (a) global warming exists and (b) man-
made CO2 emissions have caused it.
 Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11
December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February
2005. There are currently 192 Parties (Canada withdrew
effective December 2012 to the Protocol).
05/28/15 4

5.  Protocol is based on the principle of common but
differentiated responsibilities:
It puts the obligation on developed countries to reduce
current emissions on the basis that they are historically
responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
 The official meeting of all states party to the Kyoto
Protocol is the Conference of the Parties.
It is held every year as part of the United Nations Climate
Change conference
05/28/15 5

6. The first Meetings of Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (MOP)
was held in 2005 in conjunction with the eleventh
Conferences of parties to UNFCCC.
 Also parties to the Convention that are not parties to the
Protocol can participate in Protocol-related meetings as
observers.
The first conference was held in 1995 in Berlin, while the
2014 conference was held in Lima, Peru and will held in
Paris, France in 2015.
05/28/15 6

7. Chronology
 1992 -- UN Conference on the Environment and
Development was held in Rio de Janeiro. It results in the
Framework Convention on Climate Change ("FCCC" or
"UNFCCC) among other agreements.
 1995 -- Parties to the UNFCCC meet in Berlin (the 1st
Conference of Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC) to outline
specific targets on emissions.
 1997 -- In December the parties conclude the Kyoto
Protocol in Kyoto, Japan, in which they agree to the broad
outlines of emissions targets.
05/28/15 7

8.  2002 -- Russia and Canada ratify the Kyoto Protocol to
the UNFCCC bringing the treaty into effect on 16 February
2005.
 2011 -- Canada became the first signatory to announce
its withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol.
 2012 -- On 31 December 2012, the first commitment
period under the Protocol expired.
05/28/15 8

9. 05/28/15 9

10. MONTREAL PROTOCOL
 The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the
Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty
designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the
production of numerous substances that are responsible
for ozone depletion.
 It was agreed on September 16, 1987, and entered into
force on January 1, 1989.
 As a result of the international agreement, the ozone
hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering.
 Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will
return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.
05/28/15

11. Multilateral fund
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), through
the UNEP DTIE Ozon Action Programme.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
United Nations Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO).
World Bank.
Aim-to assist developing country parties to the Montreal
Protocol whose annual per capita consumption and
production of ozone depleting substances (ODS) is less than
0.3 kg to comply with the control measures of the Protocol.
Currently, 147 of the 196 Parties of montreal protocol meet
this criteria.
The year 2012 marked the 25th anniversary of the signing
of the Montreal Protocol.05/28/15 11

12. Due to its widespread adoption and
implementation it has been hailed as an example
of exceptional international co-operation, with
Kofi Annan quoted as saying that "perhaps the
single most successful international agreement to
date has been the Montreal Protocol".
05/28/15 12

13. 05/28/15 13

14. CARBON TAX
 A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content
of fuels. It is a form of carbon pricing
 Carbon taxes offer a potentially cost-effective means
of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
 Many large users of carbon resources in electricity
generation, such as the United States, Russia, and China
were resisting carbon
taxation
05/28/15 14

15. India
 On July 1, 2010 India introduced a nationwide carbon tax of
50 rupees per metric tonne of coal both produced and
imported into India.
In a budget speech on 2014, the finance Minister increased
the Price to 100 rupees per metric tonne.
 A carbon tax is a step towards helping India meet their
voluntary target to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide
released per unit of gross domestic product by 25% from
2005 levels by 2020
 With the new government in India under PM Narendra
Modi, the carbon tax has been further increased from 100Rs
per tonne to 200 Rs per tonne in the Budget 2015-16.
15

16.  China
The Chinese Government Ministry of Finance has
proposed to introduce a carbon tax from 2012 or 2013, based
on carbon dioxide output from hydrocarbon fuel sources such
as oil and coal
 South Africa
A tax on emissions has been proposed for South
Africa. Announced by Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan, the tax
will be implemented starting September 1, 2015 on new motor
vehicles.This tax will apply at the time of sale, and will be
related to the amount of CO2 emitted by the vehicle.
 Middle East
No tax on fossil fuel production has been established in
any of the oil or natural gas producing countries as of 2014.
05/28/15 16

17. What is Carbon Credit under the KYOTO
Protocol…
17
A credit for reducing 1
ton of CO2 (Green House
Gases) from the
atmosphere

18. India’s Stance in Carbon
Credits
05/28/15 18

19. India along with China, lead countries in
earning Carbon Credit
05/28/15 19

20. India pocketed Rs 1,500
crores in the year
2005 just by
selling carbon
credits to developed-
country clients.
India has generated 30 million
Carbon credits & 140 million
are in pipeline
05/28/15 20

21. Some of the Leading companies of
India using & selling Carbon Credits…
05/28/15 21
GUJARAT FLOUROCARBONS Ltd.

22. POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE
 It is a principle in the international environmental law
where the polluter pays for damage done to the natural
environment. It is also known as the extended polluter
responsibility.
 Whoever is responsible for damage to the
environment should bear the cost associated with it.
 Its purpose seeks to shift the responsibility in dealing
with waste from governments to the entities producing
it.
05/28/15 22

23. Burden of proof
 A straight forward interpretation of the polluter pays
principle would suggest that if the consumption or
production activities of one group of consumers or
producers have harmful effects on others then the
perpetrators of the harms should be held liable for the
damages.
 A simple example is tax on petrol, when consuming
petrol we create pollution so the tax means the price
will pay more closely reflect the social cost.
05/28/15 23

24. CARBON FREE CITY
 Cities aspiring to be Carbon-free- Masdar City (UAE)
Dongtan (China)
 Malacca also has a stated ambition to become a carbon-free city,
with a Low Carbon Cities programme being piloted in Malaysia as
of 2014
 Masdar city ---
 World's first zero-carbon city is -- Masdar City
 Constructed in the Gulf emirate of Abu Dhabi
 House of 50,000 people.
 Construction began in February 2008
 The desert city is designed to be powered entirely with renewable
energy, including solar power and wind power
05/28/15 24

25.  Dongtan -- developers plan on a fully built city,
with 80,000 residents by 2020.
 Initatives
Transport
 Cars will be banned within the city, instead battery-
powered and auto piloted personal rapid transit systems (PRT)
will be used.
 Visitors to the city must park their cars outside and use
public transit.
 both prototypes there will be ideal conditions to encourage
walking or cycling
Energy
 Eco-cities are self-sufficient in energy.
 meet energy need through solar, wind and biomass sources.
 About 80% of energy will be solar energy, it will be
generated through photovoltaic panels concentrated solar
collectors, and solar thermal tubes.
05/28/15 25

26. RIO SUMMIT 1992
 It is United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Summit, Rio
Conference, and Earth Summit, a major United Nations
Conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
 172 governments participated, with 116 sending their
heads of state or government.
 Some 2,400 representatives of non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) attended.

27. Issues addressed included:
systematic scrutiny of patterns of production —
particularly the production of toxic components, such
as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including
radioactive chemicals
alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil
fuels which are linked to global climate change
new reliance on public transportation systems in order to
reduce vehicle emission
the growing scarcity of water.
05/28/15 27

28. Achievements
The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
Agenda 21
Forest Principles
Important legally binding agreements (Rio Convention)
were opened for signature:
Convention on Biological Diversity
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
05/28/15 28

29. ORGANISATIONS WORKING
INTERNATIONAL
WORLDWIDE POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION
Mission is to improve air pollution control through better technical
communication like seminar, technical journal and website.
WPCA has assembled a group of people and companies who are
experts at some aspect of pollution control.
US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Mission- to protect human health and the environment through
•Develop and enforce regulations
•Give grants
•Study environmental issue
•Sponser partnership
•Publish information
•Teach people about environment
05/28/15 29

30. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Supplies daily weather forecasts, severe storm warnings and
climate monitoring.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
Agency of the United Nations
Authoritative voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth's
atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it produces
and the resulting distribution of water resources.
05/28/15 30

31.  Greenpeace
 Earth System Governance Project (ESGP)
 Global Environment Facility (GEF)
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
 International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN)
 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
 World Nature Organization (WNO)
 Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
05/28/15 31

32. National air quality index
Launched by PM MODI on 6 april during 2 day conference of
Environment and Forest ministers
Activities-
a) will put out real time data about level of pollutants in air
b) will inform people about possible impacts on health.
AQI launched for 10 cities –
Delhi, Agra,
Kanpur, Lucknow ,
Varanasi, Faridabad,
Ahmedabad, Chennai, Bangalore,
Hyderabad .

33. NCR States draw up action plan to tackle air pollution
 Delhi Haryana, UP, Rajsthan work out 3 month plan to fight air
pollution
Strict action against polluting vehicles in delhi
Monitoring of centres which issue PUC certificates
18 Ghaziabad coal based units to be converted to gas
Haryana not to register any non BS IV vehicles in 11 NCR districts
MCD, NDMC to set up bio waste plants.
Helplines in Haryana , UP & Rajsthan to report open burning of
leaves, waste
Strict implementation of ban on crop stubble burning 33

34. INDIA
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
 National air quality monitoring programme started by CPCB in
1990.
 In this programme ,342 stations monitors 127 cities/ towns in 26
states & 4 union territory .
 Objective- To determine status & trends of ambient air quality
To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air
quality standards are violated;
To Identify Non-attainment Cities;
To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary
for developing preventive and corrective
Four air pollutants- 1] Sulphur dioxide , 2] Nitrogen dioxide
3] SPM , 4] RSPM (pm10)
Monitoring parameters- 1] wind speed , 2] wind direction ,
3] humidity, 4] temperature 34

35. Monitoring frequency- for 24 hrs , twice weekly (2 ×
52 weeks) 104 observations in year.
Support -- WHO,CPCB,SPCB,PCC, NEERI
CPCB gives financial and technical support.
Data- generated with probability of variants &
personnel biases, so data not absolute but indicative
of pollution.
05/28/15 35

36. 05/28/15 36

37. Monitoring stations under NAMP(National Air Quality Monitoring Programme) in Maharashtra
Sr. No. Name of City
No. of
stations
Operated by
1. Mumbai 3 NEERI
2. Thane 3 Thane Municipal Corporation
3. Pune 4 University of Pune
4 Nagpur 4 Vishveshrayya National Institute of Technology
3 NEERI
5. Chandrapur 6 Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering, Chandrapur
6. Aurangabad 3 Saraswati Bhuvan College, Aurangabad
7. Dombivali -Ambarnath 2 MPCB
8. Nashik 3 K T H M College, Nashik.
9. Solapur 2 Walchand Institute of Technology.
10. Kolhapur 3 Shivaji University, Kolhapur
11. Tarapur MIDC 3 MPCB
12. Lote MIDC 2 MPCB
13. Taloja MIDC 3 K.B.P.College, Vashi
14. Navi Mumbai (TTC) 3 K.B.P.College, Vashi
15. Amaravati 3 Govt. Eng. College, Amaravati
Total 45
05/28/15 37

38. Monitoring stations under SAMP(State Air Quality Monitoring Programme) in Maharashtra
Sr. No. Name of City No. of stationsOperated by Remarks
1. Ulhasnagar 3 CHM College, Ulhas Nagar
2. Jalna 2 MPCB
3. Pune 1 University of Pune
4. Nashik 1 MPCB
5. Nagpur 1 MPCB
6. Aurangabad 1 MPCB
Total 905/28/15 38

39. Sr. No. Name of City Proposed NAMP Proposed SAMP Total
1.
Mumbai 3 4 7
2.
Pune 1 -- 1
3.
Kalyan-Dombivali -- 2 2
5.
Bhiwandi -- 2 2
6.
Roha -- 2 2
7.
Chandrapur -- 3 3
8.
Akola 1 2 3
9.
Mahad 3 -- 3
10.
Jalgaon -- 3 3
11.
Ahmed- nagar 3 2 5
12.
Sangli -- 3 3
13.
Nanded -- 3 3
14.
Latur -- 3 3
15.
Dhule -- 3 3
Total 11 32 43
05/28/15 40

40. Recent Advances in Soil
Pollution Control
05/28/15 41

41. Land-farming
 Is a bioremediation treatment process that is performed in the
upper soil zone or in biotreatment cells.
 Contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges are incorporated
into the soil surface and periodically turned over (tilled) to aerate
the mixture.
 This technique has been used for years in the management
and disposal of oily sludge and other petroleum refinery wastes
05/28/15 42

42. Bio-remediation
 Is a waste management technique that involves the use of
organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated
site.
 According to the EPA,
bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally
occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less
toxic or non toxic substances”.
 Technologies can be generally classified as in situ or ex situ.
 Some examples of bioremediation related technologies are
Phytoremediation, Bioventing
Bioleaching Landfarming,
Bioreactor Composting,
Bioaugmentation Rhizofiltration and
Biostimulation.
05/28/15 43

43.
PHYTO-REMEDITION
 Consists of mitigating pollutant concentrations in
contaminated soils, water, or air, with plants able to contain,
degrade or eliminate metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives,
crude oil and its derivatives, and various other contaminants
from the media that contain them.
Phytoremediation may be applied wherever the soil or
static water environment has become polluted or is suffering
ongoing chronic pollution.
05/28/15 44

44. e.g 1) The restoration of abandoned metal mine
workings,
2) Reducing the impact of contaminants in soils,
water, or air.
3) Contaminants such as metals, pesticides,
solvents, explosives, and crude oil and its
derivatives, have been mitigated in
phytoremediation projects worldwide.
 Many plants such as mustard plants, alpine
pennycress, hemp, and pigweed have proven to be
successful at hyper accumulating contaminants at toxic
waste sites
05/28/15 45

45. BIO-AUGMENTATION
 Bacterial cultures are added to speed up the rate of
degradation of a contaminant.
 Where soil and groundwater are contaminated with
chlorinated ethenes, tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene)
bioaugmentation is used to ensure that the in
situ microorganisms can completely degrade these contaminants
to ethylene and chloride, which are non-toxic
 Bio-augmentation is commonly used in municipal wastewater
treatment to restart activated sludge bioreactors.
05/28/15 46

46.  Most cultures available contain a research based consortium
of Microbial cultures, containing all necessary microorganisms
B.licheniformis, B. thurengensis,
P. polymyxa, B.sterothemophilus,
Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp.,
Flavobacterium Pseudomonas,
Streptomyces, Saccaromyces,
05/28/15 47

47. BIO-STIMULATION
 Involves the modification of the environment to stimulate
existing bacteria capable of bioremediation.
 This can be done by addition of various forms of rate limiting
nutrients and electron acceptors, such as phosphorus, nitrogen,
oxygen, or carbon (e.g. in the form of molasses).
 Additives are usually added to the subsurface through injection
wells, although injection well technology for biostimulation purposes is
still emerging.
 Biostimulation can be enhanced by bioaugmentation
05/28/15 48

48. MYCO-REMEDIATION
• The process of using fungi to degrade or sequester contaminants in
the environment.
• Primary roles of fungi in the ecosystem is decomposition, which is
performed by the mycelium
• Some fungi are hyper accumulators, capable of absorbing and
concentrating heavy metals in the mushroom fruit bodies.
•In 2007 this method was used in San Francisco. Oil had contaminated
the shoreline after a cargo ship spilled 58,000 gallons of heavy fuel oil.
An experiment was designed that collected and layered with
oyster mushrooms and straw: the mushrooms broke down the oil and
after several weeks the resulting soil was clean enough to be used for
roadside landscaping
05/28/15 49

49. • In experiment conducted in conjunction with Dr. S. A. Thomas,
(a major contributor in the bioremediation industry), a plot
of soil contaminated with diesel was inoculated with mycelia
of oyster mushrooms;
• After four weeks, more than 95% of many of the PAH
(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) had been reduced to non-
toxic components in mycelial-inoculated plants
Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus)
05/28/15 50

50.  In 2002, the International Union of Soil Sciences
proposed December 5 to be "World Soil Day" to celebrate
the importance of soil in our lives.
 Under the framework of the GSP, the sixty-eighth
session of the United Nations General Assembly in
December 2013 designated December 5th as the World
Soil Day and declared 2015 as the “International Year of
Soils” with the aim to raise awareness on the importance
of soils for ecosystem functions and food security
05/28/15 51

51. Monitoring of soil
 Done by Central Soil Material Research Station [CSMRS] ,Delhi
 GOI -- in 2014-15 introduced scheme of Soil Health Card For
every farmer and also mobile soil testing laboratories.
Soil Health Card Scheme–
Concerning the deteriorating the soil health which leads to
sub-optimal utilization of farming resources.
The government will initiate to provide every farmer a soil
health card in a mission mode.
A sum of Rs. 100 crore is allotted.
An additional Rs. 56 crores have been allocated to set up 100
mobile soil testing laboratories across the country.
05/28/15 52

52. Recent Advances in Water
Pollution Control
05/28/15 53

53. Water quality monitoring programme
National water quality programme
 CPCB + SPCBs/PCCs established a nationwide network of water
quality monitoring comprising 2500 stations in 28 States and 6 Union
Territories.
 Done on monthly or quarterly basis in surface waters and on half
yearly basis in case of ground water.
 Network covers 445 Rivers,154 Lakes, 12 Tanks, 78 Ponds, 41
Creeks, 25 canals, 45 Drains, 10 water treatment plants and 807
Wells.
 Among the 2500 stations, 1275 are on rivers, 190 on lakes, 45 on
drains, 41 on canals, 12 on tank, 41 on creeks/seawater, 79 on pond
and 807 are groundwater stations
05/28/15 54

54. State water quality programme
 MPCB is executing GEMS/MINARS projects under National
Water Quality Monitoring Program (NWMP) funded by CPCB.
 At present MPCB monitors 48 Surface water and 25 Ground
Water locations. Total 73 Stations.
 Network covers 45 Rivers, 3 Creeks and 25 ground water
locations. Monitoring at these stations is done as per the Uniform
Protocol for water quality monitoring prescribed by MoEF and CPCB.
 GEMS (Global Environmental Monitoring System) project- 5
Rivers
 Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System
(MINARS) project- 40 Rivers, 3 Creeks 25 ground water stations
05/28/15 55

55. Presently the inland water quality-monitoring network is
operated under a three-tier programme
 i.e. Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS),
Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS)
and
Yamuna Action Plan (YAP).
Water samples are being analysed for 28 parameters consisting of
9 core parameters, 19 other physico-chemical and bacteriological
parameters apart from the field observations.
 Besides this, 9 trace metals and 15 pesticides are also analysed in
selected samples.
05/28/15 56

56. 05/28/15 57

57. Organisation working with projects:
Ganga Rejuvenate programme by Ministry of Water Resources ,
River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation.
Swachcha Bharat abhiyan (Clean India Movement ) by Ministry Of
Urban Development.
Total sanitation campaign in Maharashtra
Sant Gadgebaba Swachata Abhiyan by state of ministry of rural
water supply in Maharashtra
National environmental engineering & research institute (NEERI),
Nagpur
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI),Mumbai.
05/28/15 58

58. National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA)
NRGBA was established by the Central Government of India, on 20
February 2009 under Section 3 (3) of the Environment Protection Act,
1986.
 Declared Ganges as the "National River" of India.
 Chairs are -- Prime Minister of India and Chief Ministers of states
through which the Ganges flows.
 IN 2011, the World Bank "approved $1 billion in funding for the
National Ganga River Basin Authority.
 Centre has confidence that by 2020 the polluted River Ganga will
be cleaned and Rs 15,000 crore will spent .
 Objective --
To ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation
of the river Ganga by adopting a holistic approach with the river basin
as the unit of planning.
05/28/15 59

59. 05/28/15 60

60. IMAGES OF DEPT
05/28/15 61

61. Clean INDIA Mission
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ( स्वच्छ भारत अभिभयान) is a national
campaign by the Government of India, covering 4041 statutory
towns, to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country.
This campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at
Rajghat, New Delhi, where Prime Minister Narendra Modi himself
cleaned the road.
 It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million government
employees and school and college students of India participated in
this event
05/28/15 62

62. Objective
 This campaign aims to accomplish the vision of a 'Clean India' by 2
October 2019, the 150th birthday of Mahatma Gandhi
 Specific Objectives are:
 Elimination of open defecation
 Conversion of insanitary toilets to pour flush toilets
 Eradication of manual scavenging
 100% collection and scientific processing / disposal / reuse /
recycling of municipal solid waste
 A behavioural change in people regarding healthy sanitation
practices
 Generation of awareness among citizens about sanitation and its
linkages with public health
 Supporting urban local bodies in designing, executing and
operating waste disposal systems
 Facilitating private-sector participation in capital expenditure and
operation and maintenance costs for sanitary facilities
05/28/15 63

63. Rajiv Gandhi Environment Award for Clean
Technology
 Award given to industrial units that make a significant
contribution towards the development of new, or the
innovative modification of existing, technologies or
adoption and use of clean technologies and practices that
substantially reduce or prevent environmental pollution.
 The award consist of a cash prize of Rupees Two lakh,
trophy and citation.
05/28/15 64

64.  There is a scheme of National Awards for the Prevention of
Pollution in which 23 awards are given each year, one in each of the
identified eighteen categories of highly polluting industries
Sugar, Fertilizer,
Cement, Fermentation and distilleries,
Aluminium, Petro-chemicals, Thermal
power, Caustic soda, Oil refinery,
Sulphuric acid, Copper
smelting, Zinc smelting, Iron
and steel, Tanneries, pulp
and paper, Dye and dye intermediates,
pesticides, Pharmaceuticals
5 awards in the small-scale category.
Tanneries, Pulp and Paper
Dye and Dye Intermediates Pesticides
Pharmaceuticals
05/28/15 65

65. RECENT ADVANCES IN NOISE POLLUTION
CONTROL
05/28/15 66

66. Roadways noise
 Roadway noise can be reduced by the
Use of noise barriers,
Limitation of vehicle speeds,
Alteration of roadway surface texture,
Limitation of heavy vehicles, and
Tire design
Noise barrier (a/k/a sound wall, sound berm, sound barrier,
or acoustical barrier)
Is an exterior structure designed to protect inhabitants of
sensitive land use areas from noise pollution.
Noise barriers are the most effective method of
mitigating roadway, railway, and industrial noise sources
05/28/15 67

67. Benefits -
 Lessened sleep disturbance,
 Improved ability to enjoy outdoor life,
 Reduced speech interference,
 Stress reduction,
 Reduced risk of hearing impairment, and a Reduction in the
elevated blood pressure created by noise (that improves
cardiovascular health ).
05/28/15 68

68. Sound tube in Melbourne, Australia,
05/28/15 69

69. Noise abatement wall, Netherlands
05/28/15 70

70.  Aircraft noise abatement
• By using quieter jet engines.
• Altering flight paths and time of day runway has
benefitted residents near airports.
• Residential sound proofing.
Residential sound proofing
• Insulation of home near airports
• Done at San Francisco International Airport,
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport,
John Wayne International Airport and
San Jose International Airport in
California.
05/28/15 71

71.  Use of quiter engines
Modern high-bypass turbofan engines, are quieter than
the turbojets and low-bypass turbofans
Noise-reducing chevrons on a Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 turbofan
engine
Night flying restrictions
 At Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted airports in London, UK
and Frankfurt Airport in Germany, apply to reduce noise exposure
at night.05/28/15 72

72. Buy Quiet?
Buy Quiet is a prevention initiative which:
Encourages companies to purchase or rent quieter machinery and
tools to reduce worker noise exposure.
Provides information on equipment noise levels, so companies can
buy quieter products that make the workplace safer.
Encourages manufacturers to design quieter equipment by creating
a demand for quieter products.
05/28/15 73

73. Benefits of Buy Quiet
Reducing the risk of hearing loss.
Reducing the long-term costs of audiometric testing,
personal protective equipment, and workers
compensation. Conservative estimates provide $100 per
dBA of savings when purchasing the quieter product
Helping companies comply with OSHA and other noise
regulation requirements.
Reducing the impact of noise on the community
05/28/15 74

74. Buy Quiet Partners and Promoters
 New York City Department of Environmental Protection – In
2007 released a products and vendor guidance sheet to help
contractors comply with the New York City Noise Regulations.
 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) – In 2009
implemented a Buy Quiet program
 International Institute for Noise Control Engineering – In 2011 held
the symposium ‘Inducing Buy Quiet Purchasing Attitudes Through
Simplified Product Noise Ratings’.
05/28/15 75

75. Other organisations
CPWR –The centre for construction research and
training
American tinnitus association
Honeywell international initiative, Toolbox training:
construction
Great plains centre for agricultural health
The laborers health and safety fund of north america
05/28/15 76

76. References
1) Kyoto Protocol. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol (cited 12 April 2015).
2) Montreal protocol. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol (cited 14 April
2015)
3) Carbon tax. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tax#Footnotes (cited 11 April 2015)
4)Carbon credit. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credit (cited 14 April 2015).
5)Polluter pays principle. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle (cited 12
April 2015).
6)Zero carbon city. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-carbon_city (cited 13 April 2015).
7)UN Conference On Environment And Development.
http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html (cited 10 April 2015).
8)Earth Summit. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit (cited 10 April 2015).
9)http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?
documentid=78&articleid=1163
10)List of environmental organisations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_organizations (cited 15 April 2015).
05/28/15 77

77. 11) NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME. http://cpcb.nic.in/air.php (cited
14 April 2015).
12)AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK. http://mpcb.gov.in/air
%20quality/air_quality.php (cited 14 April 2015).
13)NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS IN MAHARASHTRA
(NAMP). http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/NAMPstations2012.pdf (cited 14 April 2015)
14)STATE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS IN MAHARASHTRA (SAMP).
http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/SAMPSTATIONS2012.pdf (cited 14 April 2015).
15)Air Quality - Strengthening of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring.
http://mpcb.gov.in/envtdata/airstrengthing.php (cited 15 April 2015).
16)Worldwide Pollution Control Association. http://www.wpca.info/ (cited 16 April 2015)
17)Indian Pollution Control Association. http://www.ipcaworld.co.in/ (cited 16 April 2015)
18)NWMP Station Details (GEMS/MINARS) (Surface Water).
http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/NWMP.pdf (cited 15 April 2015)
19)Surface water locations under SWMP . http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/SWMP.pdf
(cited 15 April 2015).
20)Water Quality-Maps of Environmental Monitoring Network of Maharashtra.
http://mpcb.gov.in/envtdata/mapsofwq.php (cited 15 April 2015)
05/28/15 78

78. 21) Water Quality Criteria. http://cpcb.nic.in/Water_Quality_Criteria.php (cited 16 April
2015).
22) Ministry of Environment and Forest Government of India.
http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/ngrba/index.html (cited 13 April 2015)
23) National Ganga River Basin Authority.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ganga_River_Basin_Authority (cited 13 April
2015).
24) “NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY’ (NGRBA): OBJECTIVES, APPROACH AND
FUNCTIONS". http://cpcb.nic.in/ngrba/about.html (cited 13 April 2015)
25) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Abhiyan (cited
14 April 2015).
26) Bioremediation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation (cited 16 April 2015)
27) Bioaugmentation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaugmentation (cited 16 April 2015).
28) LandFarming. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfarming (cited 13 April 2015).
05/28/15 79

79. 29)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaugmentation
30)http://www.asm.org/index.php/scientists-in-k-12-outreach/classroom-
activities/23-education/k-12-teachers/8212-the-role-of-microorganisms-in-the-
ecosystem
31)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostimulation
32)“Phytoremediation Website” — Includes reviews, conference announcements,
lists of companies doing phytoremediation, and bibliographies.
33)“An Overview of Phytoremediation of Lead and Mercury” June 6 2000. The
Hazardous Waste Clean-Up Information Web Site.
34)“Enhanced phytoextraction of arsenic from contaminated soil using sunflower”
September 22 2004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
35)“Phytoextraction”, February 2000. Brookhaven National Laboratory 2000.
36)“Phytoextraction of Metals from Contaminated Soil” April 18, 2001. M.M. Lasat
37)July 2002. Donald Bren School of Environment Science & Management.
38)“Phytoremediation” October 1997. Department of Civil Environmental
Engineering.
39)“Phytoremediation” June 2001, Todd Zynda.
40)“Phytoremediation of Lead in Residential Soilsin Dorchester, MA” May, 2002.
Amy Donovan Palmer, Boston Public Health Commission.05/28/15 80

80. 05/28/15 81