3. 3
Construction Industry account for one-sixth
of the world's fresh water withdrawals, one-
quarter of its wood harvest.
The cement sector alone accounts for 5 % of
global man made CO2 emissions
4. 4
Construction & Demolition (C&D) generate between 10% and 40% of the solid
waste stream in most countries (Kibert et al, 2000). C&D wastes can generally
be used for low-priority works like footpaths, drains, pavements etc.
Most bonding & drying agents in carpets, veneers, particle board, plywood and
paint emit volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) which contribute to greenhouse
gases and global warming.
Pollution and Waste
5. Environmental
impacts
Resource depletion
Physical disruption
Chemical pollution
Other effects;
Social disruption,
undesirable visual
impact.
Social impacts
Loss of open space &
biodiversity
Social Isolation
Increased car
dependency
Decreased air quality
Unhealthy indoor
environment
Economic impacts
To Builders:
Increased compliance
costs & waste disposal
costs
To Owners:
Increased utility &
maintenance costs
To Occupiers:
Loss of well being &
productivity
To Society:
Decreased
environmental quality
6. • According to the World Watch Institute about
40% of the world's total energy usage is
dedicated to the construction and operation of
buildings.
• The building industry consumes 3 billion tons
of raw materials annually, 40% of the total
material flow in the global economy.
• Only about 0.003 % of earth's water is readily
available as fresh water for human use (Miller,
1992). Building materials manufacturing,
construction and operations consumes 16% of
available fresh water annually
• In 1990 the building industry consumed 31%
of Global energy and emitted 1900 Megaton's
of Carbon.
8. 8
‘Continued ability of a society, an ecosystem, or any such
interactive system to function without exhausting key resources
and without adversely affecting the Environment’
Principles:
1.Maximizing the use of renewable and natural resources;
2.Minimizing the use of energy and water;
GREEN BuildingGREEN Building
9. 9
Green building materials offer specific benefits to the building
owner and building occupants:
Reduced maintenance/replacement costs over the life of
the building;
Energy conservation and reduce harmful emissions;
Improved occupant health and productivity;
Lower costs associated with changing space
configurations;
Do not exhaust the existing supplies of finite materials;
Green Buildings MaterialsGreen Buildings Materials
10. 10
Underlining Principle:
Assuming that all stages in the life of a material
right from extraction, manufacture,
transportation to the installation, operation,
maintenance and the recycling and waste
management cause some degree of
Environmental impact which needs to be
evaluated.- This is called Life Cycle Analysis
(LCA) for any material/product.
Choosing Building MaterialsChoosing Building Materials
11. 11
1. CEMENT CONCRETE
Energy Intensive industry
Depletion of natural resources
Green house gas emissions
Characteristics of SustainableCharacteristics of Sustainable
Managed AlternativesManaged Alternatives
15. 15
2. Lime : rha : Sand (1 : 1 : 1)
rha: Rice husk ash - hard protecting coverings of grains of rice (burnt)
16. 16
Our predecessors knew it
better…….
We were much less resource dependent in the past
Looking back to think ahead……………..
17. 17
RAMMED EARTH AND MUD BLOCKSRAMMED EARTH AND MUD BLOCKS
CONSTRUCTION IN BHUTANCONSTRUCTION IN BHUTAN
18. Earthen Construction Technology
A brief History
Tabo Monastery , HP –
India , 996 AD Shey Monastery, Ladakh
17th
Century
Ramasseum, Egypt
Around 1300BCOur Very Own
Auroville-Earth Institute
Aman, Gangtey
22. Technical /Engineering Aspects
Block Production
Material selection
Soil Identification – Top soil and soil with organic matter should not be used.
Grain size distribution - more of sandy is preferred.
Gravel (mm) Sand(mm) Silt(mm) Clay(mm)
20 to 2mm 2 – 0.02 0.02 – 0.002 0.002 - 0
24. Proportions
• Cement : Soil (1 : 6)
• Water content = 25 liters for one bag of
cement
• Varying the ratio esp. the cement has the
proportionate cost involved
• The ratio can go up to 1 cement to 10 soil
24
25. Same basic data on CSEB
Properties Values
Dry Compressive Strength @28days
3 – 6Mpa (N/sqmm) ( +10% after 1 year,
20% after 2years)
Wet compressive strength @28days
(3days immersion)
2 – 3 Mpa
Dry bending Strength @28days 0.5 – 1 Mps
Dry Shear Strength @28days 0.4 – 0.6Mpa
Density 1700 to 2000kg/cum
Water absorption @ 28days after 3 days
immersion 8 to 12 % by weight
Energy Consumption 110MJ ( Kiln fired bricks = 539MJ)
26. Comparison with other building blocks
Properties CSEB (HI - 245) Ordinary class III
brick
Concrete hollow
blocks
Size 245x 245 x 95 195 x 95 x 75 390 x 190 x 190
Weight 8kg 3kg 16kg
Compressive
strength (28days)
30 – 60kg/cmsq 35kg/cmsq 45kg/cmsq(approx)
Cost (Nu.) 13 per block ( 1:6
mix ratio)
11 per brick @
Thimphu
38.00 per block @
Thimphu
For a 250mm thick 1msq wall in a load bearing building @ Thimphu
Block Numbers Cost(Nu)
HI - CSEB 40(Approx) 520
Ordinary second class brick 166(approx) 1496.00
Hollow concrete Block 19.5(approx) 741
27. Block production machines
Two Machines in the market
1)HI – CSEB Block machine – Habitech centre, Thailand
2) AURUM PRESS 3000 – Auroville,India
Designer/ manufacturer Auroville Earth institute/ Aureka,
Cost of Press Rs 69,800.00
Cost of Mould ( 1 set) Rs 41,500.00
Max Blocks size 245 x 245 x 95
Compression force 150KN( 15 tones)
Production capacity per
day with 7 workers
500 Blocks (average)
Designer/ manufacturer Habitat centre , Bangkok
Cost of Press 73,500.00 (Nu) 2008 rate
Cost of Mould ( 1 set) -
Max Blocks size 300 x 150 x 95
Production capacity per day
( 6- 7 workers)
500 average
28. Pilot House Construction – SQCA using HI – CSEB 245
• Two storied load bearing structures - serve as model
for the earthquake resistant design features
• Sample Blocks test results
Soil sample source Average Compressive Strength
Proposed construction site (1:8 mix
ratio 22 kg/cmsq
Buddha Dodema site ( 1: 8) 33 kg/cmsq
33. Advantages
1. Use of cheap & locally available materials
2. Job opportunity for local people
3. Biodegradable materials
4. Energy efficiency and eco friendliness 5 – 15 times
less energy consumed than fired brick and around 3
– 8 times less emission
5. Transferable technology
6. Import Reduction
34. Advantages
7. Cost effectiveness
8. Minimum mortar required
9. Keys that interlock with each other provides better
integrity
10. Hollow provisions for laying vertical and horizontal
reinforcements to improve the lateral load resisting
capacity
11. Ease and Fastness in construction
12. Fire resistant
35. Limitations
• Only for low rise structures: maximum 2 storey
• Strength very much dependant on the properties of
soil
• Too much stabilization(cement) will make no economic
sense
• Interlocking features do not provide air tightness.
Minimum gap is formed due to which termite/air
current can pass.
36. Limitations
• Requires minimum mortar between the blocks to maintain
horizontal construction level
• Too much mortar between the blocks jeopardizes the
interlocking feature
• For frame structures, HI-CSEB can be used as filler materials
but the structural members sizes increases due to increase
in the block weight
37. HI-CSEB in Bhutan
• No of private individuals who procured the
machine-2
• Commercial basis- Established in Jemina by 2
firms
38. Way forward
1. Conference on GREEN Construction – Awareness and
exchange of knowledge;
2. Sensitization w/shops & trainings in Green building
practices;
3. Standards and regulations;
R & D required
Formulation of standards and guidelines
39. Conclusion
• Sustainable /economical/eco friendly building
material
• Easy and simple technology
• Creates employment opportunities
• Reduce dependency on import of bricks
• Making housing affordable
Therefore, production and construction with HCSEB
is relevant and it is to be adopted where ever
possible.
