1. SCHIZOPHRENIA
Dr. Mansoor Rashid Chaudry
MCPS, MD
Academic Department of Psychiatry &
Behavioral Sciences
King Edward Medical University Lahore

2. Definition
• is a mental disorder characterized by a breakdown of thought
processes and by poor emotional responsiveness
• The schizophrenic disorders are characterized in general by
fundamental and characteristic :
• Distortions of thinking and
• Distortion of perception, and
• Change in Affects (Inappropriate or blunted)
Schizophrenia is defined by
• a group of characteristic positive and negative symptoms
• deterioration in social, occupational, or interpersonal
relationships
• continuous signs of the disturbance for at least 6 months
Clear consciousness and intellectual capacity are usually maintained
although certain cognitive deficits may evolve in the course of
time

3. Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia occurs with regular
frequency nearly everywhere in the
world in 1 % of population and begins
mainly in young age (mostly around 16
to 25 years).

4. Positive and negative symptoms
• Positive symptoms are symptoms that most individuals do not
normally experience but are present in the disorder. It reflects
an excess or distortion of normal functions (i.e experiences
and behaviors that have been added to a person’s normal way
of functioning.
• Negative symptoms are symptoms that are not present or that
are diminished in the affected persons but are normally found
in healthy persons. It reflects a diminution or loss of normal
functions (i.e something that has been taken away from a
person’s normal way of functioning)

5. NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
• Alogia:poverty of speech
• Avolition: lack of motivation-apathy
• Affective flattening
• Anhedonia:inability to experience pleasure-
• Asociality: lack of desire to form relationships
• Attentional impairment
• Affect Change: Blank facial expression/ less facial Variability
• Lack of interest enjoyment in activities
• Low energy/ motivation
• Inability to make / keep friends
• Difficulty initiating activities
• Social isolation

6. POSITIVE SYMPTOMS
• Disturbance of thought processes
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Erratic/ extreme emotions
• Very slow or fast movement catatonia
• Behavioral changes
• Bizarre behavior
• Positive formal thought disorder

7. TYPICAL SYMPTOMS
• Thought disorder
• No speech relevance
• Self talking
• Self laughing
• Decrease sleep
• Aggression, passivity phenomenon
• Self neglect
• Don't meet people
• Running comentary

8. DELUSIONS
• “False believes”
-thought insertion.
-thought withdrawal.
-thought broadcasting.
IDEAS OF REFERENCE:-
To blame
own self.

9. HALLUCINATIONS
• Perception in absence of any stimulus
• Types of hallucinations:-
1. Auditory Hallucinations
2. Visual Hallucinations
3. Tactile Hallucinations
4.Command Hallucinations

10. Etiology of Schizophrenia
• The etiology and pathogenesis of
schizophrenia is not known
• It is accepted, that schizophrenia is
„the group of schizophrenias“ which
origin is multifactorial:
– internal factors – genetic, inborn,
biochemical
– external factors – trauma, infection of
CNS, stress

11. Treatment of Schizophrenia
• The first-line psychiatric treatment for
schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication,which
can reduce the positive symptoms of psychosis in
about 7–14 days.
• The primary treatment of schizophrenia is
antipsychotic medications, often in combination
with psychological and social supports.
• The acute psychotic schizophrenic patients will
respond usually to antipsychotic medication.

12. Schizophrenia does not only exist in
adults but can also in Children