3. MEGHAN TRAINOR
• Analyse the key signifiers in the three imagers in front of you.
• Question: What messages about femininity and gender does this performer
embody?
4. MALE GAZE
• Laura Mulvey believes that women are placed in the media to be
looked at.
• She calls this ‘the gaze’.
• This can be both:
• Voyeuristic – The notion of looking and gaining pleasure
from seeing these beautiful objects
• Fetishistic – A more highly sexualised desire to have
something, women are placed as objects of desire.
• Therefore ‘The Gaze’ can be voyeuristic and fetishistic – turning
women into a fetish (object) that is beautiful and celebrated for
her looks but considered as an object.
5. DISMEMBERMENT
• A theory developed by Jean Kilbourne who said that
dismemberment is used in print advertising to:
• highlight one part of a woman’s body while ignoring all
the other parts of her body.
• employ female body parts for the purpose of selling a
product.
• leave many women feeling that their entire body is
spoiled on account of one less than perfect feature.
6. LILY ALLEN – HARD OUT HERE
• How can we apply Mulvey’s and Kilbourne’s ideas to a study of women in music video?
• As you watch the following video make a note of how the audience is positioned as either
male or female. And how we are encouraged to ‘look’ both voyeuristically and
fetishistically?
• Does the gaze shift sides in parts? Why is this interesting? Do we have a ‘female gaze’
emerging?
• How is the female body dismembered and for what purpose?
8. DEBATE
• Is Lily Allen challenging / subverting / adhering to the male
gaze?
• How did it position you as the audience?
• Does it reinforce or challenge (or maybe both) objectification?
9. GENDER AS A CONSTRUCT - BUTLER
• Judith Butler says gender is a role we play and we choose to
conform or resist.
• She says there are some set rules that are constructed
through the media but we can choose to actively resist these
through performativity.
• Sees gender as a PERFORMANCE.
• Gender is socially constructed.
Can you think of any celebrity or musician that actively resists the dominant ideological
perspective on gender or who is gender fluid?