Sindhi to English grammar Mohamad Habib

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‫ﺳﮑﻮن‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫אﭼﻮ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮאرﻳﻨﺪڙ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻴﮍﻳﻨﺪر‬
‫ﷴ‬ð
‫ڊﺳﻤﺒﺮ‬2005
‫ﻣﺌﻲ‬2006

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‫ﻧﺎﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬:‫ﺳﮑﻮن‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫אﭼﻮ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮאرﻳﻨﺪڙ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻴﮍﻳﻨﺪڙ‬:‫ﺳﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
com.sanaihabib@yahoo
‫אﻟﻴﻜ‬‫ﭘﺒﻠﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﭩﺮאﻧﻚ‬:‫ﺳﻨﮅ‬ ‫آف‬ ‫وאﺋﻴﺲ‬
net.voiceofsindh.www
Voice of Sindh E-Book
net.voiceofsindh.www
tne.editor@voiceofsindh

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‫ﺳﮑﻮن‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫אﭼﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎرف‬
‫ﭘﻬﺮﻳﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎب‬‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺎدي‬)‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ،‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ،‫אﮐﺮ‬(
‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﮐﺮ‬‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬ ،
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬‫ﺣﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫۽‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻴﻤﻴﻨﭧ‬ ،‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ،‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪא‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎب‬‫ﭔﻴﻮ‬:‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﺋﮡ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬
‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎري‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬Uncountable Noun
‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ،
‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫آﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫אﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫۽‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ،‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫درﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫درﺟﺎ‬

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‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻮن‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻮن‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ،‫ﻇﺮف‬
‫ﻇﺮف‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬
‫ﻧﺪא‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬
‫آرﭨﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﭨﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎب‬
‫אﺳﺘﻤﺮאري‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬Present Continuous
‫ﺳﺎدو‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬Present Simple
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬Past Tense
‫אﺳﺘﻤﺮאري‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬Past Continuous
‫زﻣﺎن‬‫ﺣﺎل‬‫ﻗﺮﻳﺐ‬Present Perfect
‫زﻣﺎن‬‫ﺣﺎل‬‫אﺳﺘﻤﺮאري‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﺐ‬Present Perfect Continous
‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬Past Perfect
‫אﺳﺘﻤﺮאري‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬Past Perfect Continous
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬Future Tense
‫ﺷﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ول‬Will or Shall
going to‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬
‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎدي‬ ‫۽‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻤﺮאري‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬
‫אﺳﺘﻤﺮאري‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬Future Continuous
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬Future Perfect

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‫אﺳﺘﻤﺮאري‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬Future Perfect Continuous
‫ﺷﺮﻃﻴﻪ‬Conditional‫ﺟﻤﻼ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﭼﻮﭤﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎب‬
Have‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫روאﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬
Do
Be
Should or ought to
Had Better
Would
Can, Could
May, Might
Must
Active Voice and Passive Voice
Direct and Indirect Speech
‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻮن‬ ‫אﺧﺘﺼﺎري‬ ‫ﭘﻬﺮﻳﻮن‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻮ‬Short Forms
‫ﭔﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻮ‬List of Irregular Verbs
‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻘﻦ‬Key to Exercises

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‫ﺌرف‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻫﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﻓﺎدﻳﺖ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫אﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬.‫ﺗﻤﺎم‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﺳﮑﮡ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫אن‬
‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫אﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺮوري‬‫ذﺧﻴﺮو‬Vocabulary‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﭔﻴﻮ‬ ‫۽‬ ،‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫وٽ‬ ‫אوﻫﺎن‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬‫۾‬‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﭴﺎڻ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺮڻ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫رﮐﻲ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﺪאز‬ ‫درﺳﺖ‬ٰ.‫وאﺿﺢ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻲ‬
‫زور‬ ‫ﮔﮭﮣﻮ‬ ‫۽‬ ،‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ڏﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﭥﻮ‬ ‫زور‬ ‫אﻳﺘﺮو‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﮑﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﭴﻜﻠﻬﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ڏﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﮑﮡ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎورא‬ ‫۽‬.‫ﻣﺮﮘﻮ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬‫ﺋﻲ‬‫ﺳﮑﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬.
‫رﮘﻮ‬ ‫وٽ‬ ‫אﺳﺎن‬ ‫۾‬ ‫אﺻﻞ‬‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬‫ﺟﻴﻜﺎ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫روش‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﮑﮡ‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎم‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻂ‬.‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אوﻫﺎن‬
‫آﻫ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ،‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫אﭼﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮف‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﭘﺮ‬ ،‫آﻫﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺮڻ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻮ‬ ‫אوﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אن‬
‫۾‬ ‫ﭜﻴﭧ‬‫א‬‫وﻫﺎن‬‫وٽ‬‫ﺗ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫رﮘﻮ‬‫אوﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮇﻫﻦ‬‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻮ‬‫ﻃﺮح‬‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن‬
‫وﻳﻨﺪאﺋﻮ‬.‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﭘﭩﺎڙ‬ ‫ﻫﻦ‬‫آﻫﻲ‬‫אوﻫﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬‫ﮑﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬‫ﻛﺮڻ‬ ‫ﻳﺎد‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬‫ذﺧﻴﺮو‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻲ‬ ‫وڌﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬
‫ﮔﮭﺮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﮙﺎﺋﮡ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫وڌאﺋﮡ‬.‫ﮔﮭﮣﻮ‬ ‫ﭤﻮرو‬‫وﻗﺖ‬‫ﭜﻠﻲ‬‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬‫ﻛﺮڻ‬‫ﻫﻨﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﮔﮭ‬ ‫ﻟﮙﺎﺋﮡ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺳﮑﮡ‬‫ﺮﺟﻲ‬.
‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬-‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫ڏﺟﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭟ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬-‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﻴﻮ‬ ‫وﭠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮאد‬ ‫ﺗﺎن‬.‫ﻫﻚ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﺪدي‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻃﺮح‬.‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺮوري‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬
‫ﺗﻴ‬‫ﺌ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺋﻲ‬‫ﭘﮍﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫אوﻫﺎن‬.‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﻦ‬ ،‫ﻟﮙﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אوﻫﺎن‬
‫ﭘﮍﻫﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻨ‬ ‫אﻟﺒﺖ‬‫ﻬﻨ‬‫ﺠﻲ‬‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﭘﻬﺮﻳﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫אوﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫אﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻼح‬Tenses‫ﭘﮍﻫﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺸﻘﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﮘﺎﭘﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬
‫ﭜﻴﭩﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻮאﺑﻦ‬ ‫ڏﻧﻞ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻮِء‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬.‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫אن‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אوﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﭜﻠﻲ‬
‫ﭘﮍﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ،‫אﭼﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺴﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻨ‬‫א‬ ‫ﻫﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎن‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫وﻳﺎ‬ ‫ڏﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫رﻫﻨﺪو‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ڌ‬‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫א‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬‫ﭘﮍﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﻦ‬.
1. Intermediate English Grammar by Raymond Murphy.
2. Essential English grammar by Raymond Murphy.
3. Oxford Practice Grammar by John Eastwood.
4. Oxford Pocket English Grammar by AJ Thomson and AV Martinet.
5. A Practical English Grammar by AV Thomson and AV Martinet.
‫ﺳﻬﻴﮍﻳﻨﺪڙ‬

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‫ﭘﻬﺮﻳﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎب‬:‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺎدي‬)‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ،‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ،‫אﮐﺮ‬(
‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﮐﺮ‬Letter:‫آوאز‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫آوאزن‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺠﻦ‬ ‫آﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻮڙڻ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫وאرو‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻮ‬ٰ‫وאري‬ ‫ﻟﮑﺖ‬
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﻳﻮ‬ ‫אﮐﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ‬.
‫۾‬ ‫ﭔﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮅي‬52‫ﺗﻌﺪאد‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻦ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ‫۽‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﮐﺮ‬26‫آﻫﻲ‬.‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬Letter‫ﭼﺌﺒﻮ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬.‫ﭤﻲ‬ ‫ڏﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭟ‬ ‫وﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אن‬.
‘A letter is the basic sign, which a language is composed of.” or
“A letter is a written symbol of a particular sound.” or
“A letter is a conventional mark, primarily used to express a sound of speech.”
‫آﻫ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﮑﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬ ‫آوאزن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪو‬ ‫ﭼﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﭤﻲ‬ ‫وאﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫אوﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎن‬ ‫وﺿﺎﺣﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﭥﻴﻦ‬‫ﻦ‬،
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ڌאرﻳﻨﺪא‬ ‫روپ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﮔﮇﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬.‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﮔﮇﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻮِء‬.‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﭔﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻦ‬:
)1(‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬Consonants‫؛‬)2(‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬Vowels.
1.‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬Consonants:‫אﻫ‬‫روכ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻠﻜﻲ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﭨﻜﻲ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫אﭼﺎرﻳﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫آوאز‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫آوאزن‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻦ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﭘﺎڻ‬ ‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭤﺌﻲ‬Consonants‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﻳﻮ‬.
“Consonants are the result of audible friction or stopping of the breath in some part of the mouth or
throat.”
‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫אﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮅي‬49‫א‬‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫אﻟﻔﺎﺑﻴﭧ‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬ ‫ﮐﺮ‬19‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬ ‫אﮐﺮ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬2)Y‫۽‬
W(‫ﺻﺮف‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ڏﻳﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬‫ﭘﺮ‬ ،‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬Vowels‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬.‫ﺟﮇﻫﻦ‬y‫ﻳﺎ‬
w‫ﭘﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬Syllable‫ﺟﻴﺌﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪא‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﮇﻫﻦ‬ ،‫אﭼﻦ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺷﺮوع‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬What, who, yet‫۾‬.
)‫ﺟ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﮍي‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻛﻮ‬ ‫אﭼﺎرﺟﻨﺪڙ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺖ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﭘﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻮ‬Syllable‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﺳﮇﻳﻮ‬(.
2.‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬Vowels:‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫روכ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﭨﻚ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫رﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫وאت‬ ‫אﭼﺎرﻳﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫آوאز‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬
‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫آوאزن‬ ‫אﻫﮍن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﭤﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫אﺣﺴﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻠﻜﻮ‬Vowels‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬.
“If the mouth passage is left so open as not to cause audible friction and voiced breath is sent through it,
we have a vowel.”
‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫אﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮅي‬‫ﺎ‬‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫۽‬ ،‫و‬ ،‫אﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫אﮐﺮ‬ ‫ﭨﻲ‬) .‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫زﺑﺮ‬ ،‫زﻳﺮ‬.(‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬
‫אﮐﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬a, e, i, o, u‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬Vowels‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫آﻫﻦ‬y‫۽‬w‫ﻛﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬Vowels‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﻢ‬.
)‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﮇﻫﻦ‬Syllable‫ﻫﺠﻦ‬ ‫آﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺷﺮوع‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬.‫ﺟﻴﺌﻦ‬two, my‫۾‬(
‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﮭﺮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮڻ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻴﻦ‬ ‫ذﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﻪ‬ ‫אﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻲ‬Word‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪو‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼپ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﭔﻨﻬﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻲ‬.
‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬Word:‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﭔﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭔﻪ‬.

8. ‫ن‬ ‫ر‬ ‫را‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬www.voiceofsindh.net
8
Word is a meaningful spoken sound or its written symbol.
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬:You, He, Class, Course, Learn, Come
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫אﻳﻨﺪﻳﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫אڏאوت‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎرت‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺮن‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬.‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎرت‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﭔﻮﻟﻲ‬
،‫ﻟﮑﮡ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ڍﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﺧﺎم‬ ‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﺳﺮن‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫۽‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﺧﺎم‬ ‫ﭔﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺮون‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬ ‫ڏאن‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﺋﮡ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻛﺮڻ‬ ‫وﻳﺎ‬‫ﮇ‬‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬.
‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﻲ‬ ‫ورﻧﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﮘﺎﭘﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﮍي‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻲ‬:‫ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎن‬ ‫אﺳﺘﺎد‬ ‫۽‬ ‫دوﺳﺖ‬ ‫אﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﺎن‬
‫ذﺧﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻲ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ڏﻳﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﮑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬ ‫زور‬ ‫ﺳﭵﻮ‬Vocabulary‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪو‬ ‫وﻫﻢ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﭤ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻮد‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ذﺧﻴﺮو‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﭴﺎڻ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪن‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬‫وﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻲ‬.‫אﺑﺘﮍ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻮِء‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ،‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫رﮐﻦ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﺮس‬ ‫ﭼﮝﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪن‬ ‫۽‬ ‫אﺻﻮﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﮢﻬﻮ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺘﺮא‬
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪא‬ ‫وאﻧﺠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺮڻ‬ ‫ﭔﻮﻟﻬﻪ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرאﺋﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﮑﮡ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻤﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﮐﻮٽ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬.‫אﻧﻬﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺬאر‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺧﻠﻮص‬ ‫אﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫دوﺳﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬‫ش‬‫א‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪאﺳﻴﻦ‬‫زور‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫آﻫﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫آﻫﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﮭﺮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻚ‬ ،‫ﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺮف‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺳﮑﮡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪن‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮي‬ ‫ﺻﺮف‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﮇوﮔﮇ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﭡﻮ‬ ‫ذﺧﻴﺮو‬‫א‬‫رﻫ‬‫ﻦ‬.‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻂ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺷﺮوع‬.‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ڊپ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫אن‬
‫ﻛﺠﻲ‬.‫وﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫אﭼﻲ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺠﮫ‬ ‫ﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﻠﻲ‬ ‫אﮘﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﮀﻮ‬.
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬Sentence:
‫אڳ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺌﻦ‬‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻦ‬ ‫אﺧﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﮇﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫وﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﭔﮅאﻳﻮ‬ ‫۾‬.‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮ‬
‫אﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬‫آﻫﻲ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬”‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬‫ﻮ‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪو‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮍ‬ ‫אﻫﮍو‬.‫ﭘﻮي‬ ‫ﭘﺮوڙ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﮅ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻬﻦ‬.“‫אﺳﻴﻦ‬
‫وﭠﻨ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﺎرو‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﻛﺮڻ‬ ‫وאﺿﺢ‬ ‫وڌﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﮑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﺋﻴﻨﺪي‬‫آﻫﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﺪא‬.‫אﻧﻬﻲ‬
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﻨﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫אﻇﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫وאﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮍ‬ ‫אﻫﮍو‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬.
“A group of words, which make complete sense, is called a Sentence. Every sentence has a verb.”
“A group of words chosen and arranged, so as to present a complete thought is called sentence.”
‫ﺣﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﭔﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬Parts‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪא‬.‫ﺗﮇﻫﻦ‬ ،‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﮑﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﮇﻫﻦ‬:
)1(‫آﻫﻲ؛‬ ‫ﮐﮣﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺷﻲِء‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﮢﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫אن‬
)2(‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭔﮅאﺋﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﺋﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮه‬ ‫ﺷﻲِء‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﮢﻬﻮ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻲ‬.
‫ﺣﺼﻮ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ،‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻲِء‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﮢﻬﻮ‬‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬Subject
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺒﻮ‬.‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ،‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻮ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪא‬
Predicate‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭠﺠﻲ‬.
We must have a subject to speak about and we say or predicate something about that subject.

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A B
1. The duke of Wellington owned a large estate.
2. The poor woodcutter lost his axe.
3. This book belongs to me.
4. The boy laughed.
5. The boy, with a smile on his face ran down the street.
6. I can do these exercises.
7. The work man is unhappy.
‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﺪول‬ ‫ﻣﭥﺌﻴﻦ‬A‫ﺣﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬ ‫۽‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫وאرא‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻲ‬B،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫۾‬‫אن‬‫ﮐﻲ‬‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪא‬Predicate
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﺟﻲ‬.
‫ﺷﺮو‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬‫ع‬‫۾‬‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪא‬ ‫ﭘﻮِء‬ ‫۽‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪو‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫אﻛﺜﺮ‬Predicate.‫ﭘﻮِء‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪא‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪو‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬.‫ﺟﻴﺌﻦ‬:
Down went the Aslam Khan.
Sweet are the uses of Adversity.
‫۽‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬ ،‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﮇﻫﻦ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪא‬ ‫۽‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪو‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﮔﮭﮣﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬Complement‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪ‬‫א‬‫آﻫ‬‫ﻦ‬.
‫وڌא‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬Enlargement:‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫אﻳﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﮔﮇﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﮍא‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﮇ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬.‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺒﻮ‬ ‫وڌא‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬.‫אﻧﮉرﻻﺋﻴﻦ‬Underline‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻞ‬‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﺑﺎ‬ ‫وڌא‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬.
1. An honest man is liked by all. 2. Barking dogs seldom bite. 3. A man of virtue (a virtuous man) will
never tell a lie. 4. My brother’s book is lost. 5. Her lips began to burn. 6. The king himself was present.
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬Object:‫ﺟ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮ‬ ‫אﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﭥﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫وאرو‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﻦ‬
‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬.‫אﻫﮍא‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﮍא‬‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪא‬‫ﻫﺌﮡ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫وﺿﺎﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮڻ‬‫ﻔﻌﻮل‬
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﮕﮭﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮאِء‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬.‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬‫ي‬Transitive Verb‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺒﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪي‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪو‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫وﺿﺎﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻤﻞ‬Object
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭠﺒﻮ‬.
1. Birds build nests. 2. All know her. 3. We should pity the poor. 4. The Rajputs love fighting. 5. The boys tried to
climb the tree.
‫وڌא‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬Enlargement of Object:‫وڌא‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﮣﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﮔﮇ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﭘﺎڻ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫وאرא‬.

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1. The king caught a large tiger.
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﭨﺎﺋﻴﮕﺮ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬‫آ‬‫۽‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬Large‫وڌא‬ ‫אﻧﺠﻮ‬Enlargement‫آﻫﻲ‬.
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﮅא‬ ‫אڻ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﮅא‬Direct or Indirect Objects:
‫ﺳﮅو‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﭤﺌﻲ‬ ‫אﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺌﻮن‬ ‫ﺳﮅو‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻬﻦ‬‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬Direct Object‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬.‫ﺟﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﮅو‬ ‫אڻ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻞ‬ ‫אﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﮅو‬ ‫אڻ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻦ‬Indirect Object‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﺟﻲ‬.
SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT
1. Ahmed gave Nadeem a CD.
2. I’ll send my cousin a postcard.
3. We bought all the children an ice cream.
‫ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻴﻤﻴﻨﭧ‬Complement:‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﮍא‬‫وري‬‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫אﻇﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮت‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬
‫ﺟﻲ‬‫ﮔﮭﺮج‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﭤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻻزﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫אﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫ي‬Intransitive Verb‫ﭼﺌﻮن‬ ‫ﭤﺎ‬.‫ﺑ‬،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻻزﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬ ‫ﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻬﺮﺣﺎل‬
‫ﭔﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫وﺿﺎﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮت‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬‫ﭤﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻮي‬ ‫ﺿﺮورت‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬.‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫אﻫﮍن‬
‫ﮐﻲ‬Complement‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭠﻴﻮ‬.
Subject Verb Complement
1. The Piano is heavy.
2. It was a big problem.
3. Umed Ali is a teacher.
‫ﻋﻼوه‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫אن‬‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪي‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻲ‬Transitive Verb‫ﭘﮡ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﻛﺮڻ‬ ‫وאﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﺤﺎل‬‫ڻ‬Complement‫ﺟﺎ‬
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪא‬ ‫ﮔﮭﺮﺟﺎﺋﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.
Subject Verb Object Complement
1. They made him king.
2. The Judge found him innocent.
3. The sad news plunged her into the deepest grief.
‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬Kinds of Sentence:
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬) .‫ﭼﺎر‬ ‫ﻛﻲ‬‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫ﭴﺎﮢﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬.(‫ﭤﻲ‬ ‫ڏﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭟ‬ ‫وﺿﺎﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬.

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1.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬Assertive or Declarative Sentence:‫ﺻﺮف‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻛﺎري‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻛﺎري‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن‬Assertive Sentence‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﺟﻲ‬.
A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called an Assertive or Declarative sentence.
Those which simply affirm or deny something are called Assertive or Declarative Sentences.
Example:
1. The sun rises in the east. (Affirmative)
2. He does not eat meat. (Negative).
2.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫אﻣﺮي‬Imperative Sentence:‫ﺟﻤ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬‫ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻠﻮ‬Order or Command‫ﻋﺮض‬ ،Request‫ﺻﻼح‬ ،
Advice‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫۽‬ ،Prohibition‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭠﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﻣﺮي‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﻦ‬ ،‫ڏﻳﮑﺎري‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ٰ.
A sentence that expresses a command or entreaty or request is called Imperative Sentence. Or
Those which express some command, request or prohibition are called Imperative Sentences.
Example:
1. Be quiet. (Order or Command)
2. Please excuse me this time. (Request or entreaty)
3. Don’t depend upon him. (Prohibition)
3.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮאﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻲ‬Interrogative sentence:‫ﻛﺮڻ‬ ‫ﺳﻮאل‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬‫אن‬ ،‫אﭼﻲ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﭘﮁﮡ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫אﺳﺘ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻮאﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬‫ﻔﻬ‬‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭠﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺎﻣﻲ‬.
A sentence that asks question is called Interrogative Sentence.
1. How do you do?
2. Have you finished your work?
3. Is she eating an apple?
4.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﺒﻲ‬Exclamatory Sentence:‫ﺧﻮﺷ‬ ،‫ﻏﻢ‬ ،‫ﺗﻌﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬‫אوﭼﺘﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﭘﺎرאﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﭧ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫دﻋﺎ‬ ،‫ﻲ‬
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﻦ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫אﻇﻬﺎر‬.
A sentence that expresses strong feelings is called Exclamatory.
1. What a beautiful night it is!
2. How tiresome grammar is!
3. How kind of you!

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5.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﻮאﻫﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺪאﺋﻴﻪ‬Optative Sentence:‫אﻇﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫دﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﺎ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮאﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﻮאﻫﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺪאﺋﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬.
Those which express some wishes are called Optative Sentence.
1. Almighty Allah save the king!
2. May you live the long!
‫ﻧﻮٽ‬:،‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫وﭸﻦ‬ ‫ﭴﺎﮢﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﭼﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻦ‬ ‫אﻛﺜﺮ‬‫۾‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬Opatative Sentence‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬
Exclamatory Sentence‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺠﮭﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬.

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‫ﭔﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎب‬
‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﺋﮡ‬Parts of Speech
‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬‫ﻛﻢ‬‫אﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬‫ر‬‫ﻛﻦ‬،‫ﭤﺎ‬‫אﻧ‬‫ﻬﻲ‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻮ‬ ‫ورﻫﺎﻳﻮ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻦ‬ ‫אﭠﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬.
‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﺋﮡ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮅي‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻦ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬Parts of Speech‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﺟﻲ‬.‫ﻫﻴﭟ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬
‫ڏ‬‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬.
1.‫אﺳﻢ‬Noun‫؛‬2.‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬Pronoun3.‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬Adjective4.‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬Verb5.‫ﻇﺮف‬Adverb6.‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬Preposition
7.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬Conjunction8.‫ﻧﺪא‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬Interjection.
‫ﻫ‬‫ﺮﻫﻚ‬‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬‫رﻫﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬.
1.‫אﺳﻢ‬Noun
‫ﻧﺎﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ٰ.‫ﻣﺎﮢﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫אﭼﻦ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﭤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺎل‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻲِء‬ ،‫ﺟﺎِء‬ ،
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬.
“Noun is the name of a person, place, thing or idea.” Or
“Noun is a naming word.” Or
“The words, most frequently used, are those by which we identify some one or some thing. A noun names
a person, a place, a thing or an idea.”
Example
Person: Aslam, Malook, Nazir, Shopkeeper, teacher, Man, Girl, Child.
Place: Quetta, Hala, Asia, Europe, Garden, Hospital.
Idea: Grief, Happiness, Sorrow, courage.
‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻮ‬ ‫ورﻫﺎﻳﻮ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺠﻦ‬ ‫وري‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬.
1.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Common Noun2.‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Proper Noun3.‫ذאت‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Abstract Noun4.‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Collective Noun
5.‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Material Noun
Common Noun: Cow, Dog, Boy, Girls, Man, Animal.
Proper Noun: God, Hala Old, Aslam, Lahore.
Abstract Noun: Truth, Honesty, Justice, Courage, Grief.

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Collective Noun: Army, Class, Crowd, Herd, Flock, Swarm, etc.
Material Noun: Silver, Wood, Iron, Lead etc.
‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Functions of Noun
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭡﻴﺎن‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬:
1.‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬Subject‫א‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪو‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺮ‬.
1. Aslam arrived. 2. Saleem is eating an apple. 3. Karachi is a large city. 5. Honesty is bet policy.
2.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬‫۾‬‫ﻓﻌﻠﻦ‬ ‫آﻳﻞ‬Be, Become, and Seem‫ﭜﺮא‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬Complement‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬.
1. Nadeem is an actor. 2. Lakhadinoo is a teacher.
3.‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫آﻳﻞ‬(object)‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﭤﻲ‬.
1. I saw Bashir. 2. I purchased the books.
4.‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫آﻳﻞ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬(Preposition)‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬.
I spoke to Nasim. 2. I went to School.
‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Number of Noun
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﭔﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬:1.‫وאﺣﺪ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Singular2.‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Plural.
1.‫אﻛﻴﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫وאﺣﺪ‬ٰ.‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬‫ن‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺒﻮ‬ ‫وאﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫ﭘﻮي‬ ‫ﭘﺮوڙ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺌﮡ‬ ‫אﻛﻴﻠﻲ‬.
Axe, book, fan, table, man, women, leafExample:
2.‫ﮔﮭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ٰ‫ﮣﺎ‬.‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫ﭘﻮي‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺮت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﮭﮣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪن‬ ‫ﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ،‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬Plural
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪو‬.
Example: Axes, books, fans, tables, men, women, leaves
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺪא‬ ‫آﻧﺪא‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫אﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭡﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫وאﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬:
1.‫۾‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﮭﮣﻦ‬s‫ﮘﻨﮃي‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ،.
Day – Days; dog – dogs; house – houses.
‫ﻧﻮٽ‬:‫א‬ ‫آﺧﺮي‬ ‫ﻟﮙﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫رﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎد‬‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺲ‬‫ٿ‬ ،‫ف‬ ،‫ٽ‬ ،‫כ‬ ،‫پ‬‫س‬ ‫ﭘﻮِء‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬s‫وﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫אﭼﺎرﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬
‫ز‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﻳﺲ‬ ‫آﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﭔﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬z‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫אﭼﺎرﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬.
2.‫ﭘﭵﺎﮢﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬o, ch, sh, ss‫ﻳﺎ‬x‫۾‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬es‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻮڙﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻲ‬.
Tomato – tomatoes; brush – brushes; box – boxes; church – churches; kiss – kisses.
‫ﻣﺨﻔﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﭔﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﭔﻴﻦ‬Abbreviations‫אﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﭵﺎﮢﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ،o‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﭤﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬
‫ﭠﻬﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﮘﻨﮃڻ‬ ‫אﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺻﺮف‬.

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Dynamo – Dynamos; kimono – kimonos, piano – pianos; kilo –kilos; photo – photos
3.‫ﭘﭵﺎﮢﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬y‫وא‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫אڳ‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫ِء‬(Consonant)‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﮍي‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫آﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬y‫ﻫﭩﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ies‫ﭠﺎﻫﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﮙﺎﺋﮡ‬.
baby – babies; country – countries; fly – flies; lady – ladies; city –cities; army – armies; story –stories; duty –
duties etc.
‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫אڳ‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫وאِء‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﺮ‬ ‫אﻟﺒﺖ‬(Vowel)‫رﮘﻮ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫אﻫﮍي‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬s‫ﮘﻨﮃﺑﻲ‬.
chimney – chimneys; boy – boys; day – days; donkey – donkeys; guy – guys; toy – toys; storey – storeys; pay
– pays; play – pays, etc.
4.‫ﻫﻴﭡﻴﻦ‬12‫ﭘﭵﺎﮢﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻤﻦ‬f‫ﻳﺎ‬fe‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫ﭤﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬f‫ﻳﺎ‬fe،‫ﻫﭩﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ves‫ﮘﻨﮃﺑﻮ‬.
calf – calves; half – halves; knife – knives; leaf – leaves; life – lives; loaf – loaves; leaf – leaves; self – selves;
sheaf – sheaves; shelf – shelves; thief – thieves; wife – wives; wolf – wolves.
‫אﺳﻤﻦ‬Hoof, scarf, wharf‫ﭠﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﮡ‬s‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭤﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﮕﮭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﮘﻨﮃي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬f‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎِء‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ves‫ﺳﮕﻬﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﮙﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﭤﻲ‬.
‫ﺟﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﭔﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوه‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫אﺳﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﭥﻴﻦ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬f‫ﻳﺎ‬fe‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﺧﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬s‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﮘﻨﮃڻ‬.
cliff – cliffs; handkerchief – handkerchiefs; safe – safes; strife – strives.
5.‫ﺟ‬ ‫אﺳﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬ ‫آﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺎ‬Vowels‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬.
foot – feet; louse – lice; mouse – mice; woman – woman; goose – geese; man – men; tooth –teeth; ox – oxen,
child – children
6.‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫رﻫﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﺳﺎﮘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮرن‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬.‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺌﻦ‬fish‫ﮔ‬‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﮭﮣﻮ‬fish،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫رﻫﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪي‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫وאري‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ورب‬ ‫ﭘﻮِء‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫אن‬ ‫אﻟﺒﺖ‬.‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻮڙي‬ ‫وאﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭡﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻼوه‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫אن‬
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫رﻫﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﺳﺎﮘﻴﺎ‬.
dear, sheep, swine, grouse, trout, salmon
7.‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬Collective Noun‫ﻫﻴﺌﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ،Form‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎظ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬‫ﺪد‬‫وאﺣﺪ‬‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪא‬‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ،
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬:
Cattle, people, vermin, poultry, gentry
‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬people‫ﺟﻮﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻮم‬ ‫אﮔﺮ‬ٰpeoples‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪو‬.
Asia is inhabited by many peoples.
8.‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪא‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎظ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺖ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬ٰ‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪא‬ ‫وאﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎظ‬‫؛‬
News, mumps, rickets, shingles, billiards, darts, draughts, bowls, dominoes.
9.‫آﻫﻦ؛‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﻴﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪن‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻻﻃﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬

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crisis – crises; phenomenon – phenomena; radius – radii; erratum – errata; memorandum – memoranda; terminus
– termini; oasis – oases; tempo – tempi(tempos.
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪن‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ‫ﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬:
dogma – dogmas, gymnasium – gymnasiums; formula – formulas (formulae is used by Scientists)
10.‫אﺳﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﭔﭩﻦ‬Compound Nouns‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﻦ‬ ‫درج‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭟ‬ ‫אﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬:
‫אﻟﻒ‬(‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫آﺧﺮي‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻦ‬:
boy-friend – boy-friends; break-in – break-ins; travel agent – travel agents.
)‫ب‬(‫۾‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬man‫ﻳﺎ‬woman‫ﺑﻨﺎﺋﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﭔﻨﻬﻲ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪو‬ ‫آﻳﻞ‬ ‫אﮘﻴﺎن‬:
Man driver – men drivers; man servant – men servants.
)‫ت‬(‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫אﻛﺜﺮ‬:
foot-man – footmen; passer-by – passers-by; hanger-on – hangers-on; looker-on – lookers-on, step-son – step-sons;
man-of-war – men of war; washer-man – washer-men; son-in-law – sons-in-law; court martial – courts martial;
spend-thrift – spend-thrifts; knight-errant – knight-errants; Editor-in-chief – Editors-in-chief; Commander-in-chief –
Commanders-in-chief.
)‫ج‬(‫ﺟﻦ‬‫ﭘﭵﺎﮢﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﭔﭩﻦ‬man‫۾‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫ﭤﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬Vowel‫ﭠﺎﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫آﮢﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫۾‬.
kinsman –kinsmen; statesman – statesmen
)‫ث‬(‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫אﮐﺮ‬ ‫وאري‬ ‫ﭘﮁﺎڙي‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻔﻔﻦ‬s‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﮘﻨﮃي‬:
MPA- MPAs; MNA – MNAs; VIP – VIPs
11.‫אﭤﻦ‬ ‫رﻫﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺳﺎﮘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫وאري‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪא‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫אﻧﮕﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬.
score, dozen, hundred, thousand, million, brace, pair, couple, stone, piece, hundred weight.
Twenty score men laid down their arms.
This radio set cost me three hundred rupees.
I bought tow dozen organs.
He weighed ten stone.
Twenty hundred weight make one ton.
Four pice make one anna.
12.‫۾‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬ics،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪي‬ ‫آﻳﻞ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎڻ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪא‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎظ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺖ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬ ‫۽‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫وאري‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬:

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acoustics, athletics, ethics, ethics, hysterics, mathematics, physics, politics
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪא‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫وאﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻨﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻦ‬ ‫אﻟﺒﺖ‬.
Mathematics is an exact science.
13.‫آﻫﻦ؛‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪא‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬
Arms (weapons), particulars, damages (compensation); premises (quarters), earnings, riches, savings, goods/wares,
greens (vegetables); spirits (alcohol); grounds, stairs, outskirts, surroundings, pains (trouble/effort), valuables.
14.‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫رﻫﻨﺪא‬ ‫وאﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬:
Advice, knowledge, baggage, furniture, information, luggage, rubbish
‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﺷﻤﺎري‬Uncountable Noun
‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﺷﻤﺎري‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﮕﮭﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﮘﮣﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻲ‬Uncountable Nouns‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﻮ‬‫ﭤﻮ‬.،‫ڌאﺗﻮ‬
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﺷﻤﺎري‬ ‫ذאت‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﻣﺎدא‬.‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭡﻴﺎن‬Uncountable Nouns‫آﻫﻦ‬:
experience, horror, pit, beauty, fear, information, relief, courage, help, knowledge, suspicion, death, hope, mercy,
work, bread, cream, gold, paper, tea, beer, dust, ice, sand, water, cloth, gin, jam, soap, wine, coffee, glass, oil, stone,
wood, baggage, damage, luggage, weather, shopping, parking, furniture, etc.
Uncountable nouns used in sentences.
1. I eat rice every day. I like rice.
2. There’s sand in my shoes.
3. Akber was listening to (some) music.
4. Have you got any money?
5. It wasn’t your fault. It was bad luck.
6. There is no electricity in this house.
7. We haven’t got enough water.
8. Can I have some water?
9. Shall we sit on the grass?
10. The money is quite safe.
11. I love music.
Uncountable Nouns‫آرﭨﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪא‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫وאﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﮔﮭﮣﻮ‬a/an‫ﺳﻮאِء‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬‫ﺋﻲ‬‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻮ‬.‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﮔﮭﮣﻮ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬some،any،no،a little‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﭘﻮِء‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮه‬.‫אﺳﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﭔﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
bit،piece،slice،Drop‫وﻏﻴﺮه‬+of‫אﺳﺘﻌ‬ ‫ﮔﮇ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺎل‬.‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬:

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a bit of news, a grain of sand, a pot of jam, a cake of soap, a pane of glass, a sheet of paper, a drop of oil, a piece
of advice, a carton of orange juice, a tine of paint, a bottle of water, a box/packet of cereal, a jar of jam, a tube of
toothpaste, a glass of water, a cup of coffee, a kilo of cheese, five metres of cable, twenty litters of petrol, half a
pound of butter, a piece of wood, a piece/slice of bread, a piece/sheet of paper, a bar of chocolate, a loaf of bread
etc.
Sentences:
1. We had some fun.
2. That won’t be any fun.
3. There was only a little bread left.
4. Would you like some butter?
5. Can I give you some advice?
6. We got some information from the tourist office.
7. That’s wonderful news!
‫ﺷﻤﺎري‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪא‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﺷﻤﺎري‬ ‫ﻛﻲ‬ٰCountable‫ﺑﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬
‫وﻳﻨﺪא‬.‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻮ‬ ‫ڏﻳﮑﺎرﻳﻮ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮن‬ ‫ﭔﻨﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫אﺳﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻦ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﭨﻴﺒﻞ‬ ‫ڏﻧﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭟ‬.
Countable Uncountable
1. I bought a paper. (= a newspaper) 1. I need some paper to write on.
2. I’ll have a glass of orange juice, please. 2. I bought a piece of glass for the window.
3. Have you got an iron? (for clothes) 3. The bridge is made of iron.
4. I switched all the lights on. 4. There’s more light by the window.
5. I’ve been to France many times. 5. I can’t stop. I haven’t got time.
6. The journey was a great experience. 6. He has enough experience for the job.
7. I run a small business. (= a company) 7. I enjoy doing business. (=buying and selling)
8. We finally found a space in the car park. 8. There are hundreds of satellites out in space.
9. I’m peeling the potatoes. 9. Would you like some potato?

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10. Nadeem was eating an apple. 10. Is there apple in this salad?
11. There is a hair on your shirt. 11. I must brush my hair.
12.Rugby is a sport. ( = a particular sport) 12. Do you like sport? ( = sport in general)
13. We heard a sudden noise outside. 13. Constant noise can make you ill.
‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Gender
‫ﻣ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﭔﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺮف‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﭔﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮅي‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻣﺎدي‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﻧﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺚ‬‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪو‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬‫آ‬‫ﻫﻲ‬.‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﮇﻫﻦ‬
‫ﭨﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻲ‬ ‫۾‬‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬ ‫۽‬‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻦ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﻦ‬.
1.‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮرن‬ ‫ﻧﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮدن‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬Masculine Gender‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﺟﻲ‬.
Man, Boy, bachelor, lion, her, king, father, brother
2.‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻮرﺗﻦ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮرن‬ ‫ﻣﺎدي‬Feminine Gender‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﺟﻲ‬.
Woman, girl, spinster, lioness, heroine, queen, mother, sister
3.‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫אﻫﮍي‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺠﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺠﮭﮍא‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮڙي‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻻ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬Common
Gender‫ﭼﺌﺠ‬‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﻲ‬.
mouse, singer, bird, child, cousin, servant, friend, pupil, person, student, orphan, relation, deer, sheep, calf, neighbour,
spouse, teenager, infant, baby, parent, dancer
4.‫ﺟﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫אﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﻲ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻻ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮن‬
‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬Neuter Gender‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻮن‬.
book, table, tree, pen, stone, cupboard, desk, water
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬Case
‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ‬ ‫אﻧﺪر‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮאد‬ ‫ﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬.‫ﭘﻨﺠﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﭔﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻦ‬.‫אﺣﻮא‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ڏﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭟ‬ ‫ل‬.
1.‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ،‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬Nominative Case‫ﭼﺌﺒﻮ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬.
“Any Noun (or Pronoun) that is the subject of a verb is said to be in the nominative case.”
Examples
The Sepoy arrested the thief. (Who arrested? – The sepoy).

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The pot was broken by Naeem. (What was broken? – the pot)
He bought a silver watch. ( who bought? – He)
‫ﻧﻮٽ‬:‫آڏو‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫אﺳﺎن‬who‫۽‬what‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﮕﮭﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫آﮢﻲ‬.
2.‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬)‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬(‫ﻫﻴ‬ ‫אﻧﺘﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭟ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬Accusative (objective) case‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬.
Any Noun (or Pronoun) that is the object of verb or governed by a preposition is said to be in the objective (or
accusative) case.
The sepoy arrested the thief. (Whom did sepoy arrest: - the Thief)
He bought a silver watch. (What did he buy? – a silver watch)
‫ﻧﻮٽ‬:‫אﮘﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﻟﻬﮡ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫وאرو‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬whom‫۽‬what‫ﻛﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮאل‬ ‫آﮢﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬.
‫وאر‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻮאب‬‫و‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻨﺪو‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬.
3.‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬)‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬(‫אﺳ‬ ‫وאري‬ ‫ﭜﺮ‬ ‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﮘﺎﭘﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ڏﻳﮑﺎرﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻢ‬
‫אﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬Possessive case‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪي‬.
A noun (or Pronoun) used to show possession is said to be in the possessive case or genitive case.
1. This is Saleem’s book.
2. Is that your brother’s bat?
3. My uncle’s house is far from here.
‫آڏو‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫אﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﻟﻬﮡ‬ ‫אﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬whose‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﺟﻮאب‬ ‫آﮢﻲ‬.
Whose book is this? Saleem’s.
Whose bat is that? Your brother’s
Whose house is farm from here? Your Uncle’s.
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ،‫ﺟﺎ‬ ،‫ﺟﻲ‬ ،‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﭔﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮅي‬ِof‫ﺟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ڏﻳﮑﺎرﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬‫آﻫﻲ‬.
‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫אﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬Formation of Possessive/Genitive case
1.‫۾‬ ‫ﭘﭵﺎﮢﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ،‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫وאﺣﺪ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬s‫۾‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪي‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬`s)‫אﭘﺎﺳﭩﺮאﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬Apostrophe `‫۽‬
‫אﻳﺲ‬(‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﺒﻲ‬ ‫אﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﮘﻨﮃي‬.
a man’s job; the people’s choice; men’s work; the crew’s quarters’ a woman’s intuition; the horse’s mouth, the
butcher’s shop; the bull’s horns, a child’s voice; women’s clothes; the children’s room; Russia’s exports.
2.‫۾‬ ‫אڳ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬‫ﺋﻲ‬s‫אﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﮙﻞ‬‫ﻬﻦ‬‫אﻧ‬ ،‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫אﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬‫ﻬﻦ‬‫۾‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬
‫אﭘﺎﺳﭩﺮאﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺮف‬‘‫ﮘﻨﮃﺑﻲ‬.

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a girls’ school; the students’ hostel; the eagels’ nest, the Smiths’ car
3.‫۾‬ ‫ﭘﭵﺎﮢﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬s‫ﮘﻨﮃﺑﻲ‬ ‫אﭘﺎﺳﭩﺮאﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺮف‬ ‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫آﻳﻞ‬.
The Phythagoras’s Theorem; Archimedes’ Law’ Sophocles’ plays.
4.‫ﻧﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﭔﻴﺎ‬‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪي‬ ‫אﻳﺲ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ،‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫אﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬`s‫ﺳﮕﮭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﮣﻲ‬ ‫אﭘﺎﺳﭩﺮאﻓﻲ‬ ‫رﮘﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﭤﻲ‬.
Mr. Jones’s (or Mr. Jones’ house); Yeats’s (or Yeats’) poems.
5.‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬Compounds‫۾‬ ‫ﭘﮁﺎڙي‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫آﺧﺮي‬ ‫۾‬`s‫ﮘﻨﮃﺑﻲ‬.
My brother-in-law’s guitar
‫ﻛ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﭥﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺠﮭﻦ‬‫ﺒﻮ‬.
Henry the Eighth’s wives; the Prices Wales’s helicopter
6.‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻔﻔﻦ‬`s‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﮘﻨﺪﺑﻲ‬.
The PM’s Secretary; the MPA’s brief case,; the VIP’s escort.
‫ﻧﻮٽ‬:‫ﺗﻪ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫אﺻﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﮇﻫﻦ‬Possessed‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻫﭩﻲ‬ ‫آرﭨﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫אﮘﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﻲِء‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﮢﻬﻮ‬.
The daughter of the politician = the politician’s daughter.
the intervention of America = America’s intervention;
the plays of Shakespeare = Shakespeare’s plays.
‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫אﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﻦ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺪאرن‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﮑﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫אﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬.‫ﻋﻼوه؛‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫אن‬
1.‫ﭔﻴﮍﻳﻦ‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺎزن‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬:the ship’s bell; Yacht’s mast
2.‫ﻻِء‬ ‫אﻇﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ‬:
a week’s holiday; today’s paper; tomorrow’s weather; in two years’ time; ten minutes’ break; two hours’ delay.
a ten minute delay‫۽‬a two-hour delay‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬:
We have ten minutes’ break / a ten-minute break.
3.‫رﻗﻢ‬+money‫אﻇﻬﺎرن‬ ‫ﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﺟﻬﮍن‬expressions‫۾‬:
$1’s worth of stamps; ten dollars’ worth of ice cream.
4.For+noun+sake‫ﻻِء‬ ‫אﻇﻬﺎرن‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬:
for heaven’s sake; for goodness’ sake

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5.‫۾‬ ‫אﻇﻬﺎرن‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﭔﻴﻦ‬:
a stone’s throw; journey’s end; the water’s edge.
‫ﻧﻮٽ‬:‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ڏﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮀﮇي‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﭔﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪڙ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻧﭙﻮِء‬ ‫אﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﮇﻫﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺮ‬omit‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺎ‬:
You can buy it at the Chemist’s.
He is going to the Dentist’s.
We had lunch at Bill’s.
We met at Ann’s.
‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﭥﻴﻦ‬‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪڙ‬ ‫ﭘﻮِء‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫אﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬shop،surgery‫۽‬ ،house/home‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﮀﻮ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫وﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﮀﮇﻳﺎ‬
‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻮ‬ ‫وאﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮאِء‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬.
‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺎِء‬ ‫אﻳﺲ‬ ‫وאري‬ ‫אﭘﺎﺳﺘﺮאﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺠﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﺳﺎﻫﻮאرא‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﮇﻫﻦ‬+‫אﺳﻢ‬(of+Noun)‫ﺳﺎن‬
‫ﻛﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬.
The leg of the table (not the table’s leg)
The cover of the book (no the book’s cover)
‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫رﻫﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻮري‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل‬
of+noun‫ﻛﺠﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬.
4.‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺪא‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫אﭼﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎب‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﮇ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬Vocative Case‫ﻳﺎ‬Address of
Nominative‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﻳﻮ‬.
The Vocative case (Nominative of Address) is the case of the person or thing addressed.
Listen to me, Ahmed.
O death, where is thy sting?
Where are you wandering, Sattar!
5.‫אﭼ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﭤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﮅא‬ ‫אڻ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ‫ﻦ‬Dative Case‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﻳﻮ‬.
A noun or Pronoun is in the Dative Case when it forms the Indirect Object of a Verb.
Example:
1. Aziz gave Dani a ball.
2. I bought Ummama a doll.
3. Fetch the boy a book.

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4. She made Aneesa a new dress.
2.‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬Pronoun
‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫אﭼﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪرאن‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎِء‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬.
“Pronoun is a word used in place of Noun.” Or
“A pronoun is a word used in place of noun to avoid its (noun’s) repetition.” Or
Pro means for. Therefore Pronoun means for noun.
Example:
Ahmed is a little boy. Ahmed is very clever. Everybody likes Ahmed.
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫آﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺎر‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫وאرو‬ ‫אﺣﻤﺪ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﭥﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺑﭽﮡ‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫ورﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אن‬‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ‬ ‫אﻳﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬
‫آﻫﻦ‬.‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺎِء‬ ‫אﺣﻤﺪ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭡﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻛﺮﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻏﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬.
Ahmed is a little boy. He is very clever. Everybody likes him.
Some pronouns: he, him, she, her, his, they, you, I, me, we,
‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬7‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬:
1.‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬Personal pronoun:I, you, he, it, they, we, me, him, her, his, it, us, them
2.‫ﺿ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮכ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﺮ‬Reflexive Pronoun:myself, yourself, himself, ourselves, herself, itself, themselves, oneself
3.‫אﺷﺎرو‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬Demonstrative Pronoun:This, those, these, that
4.‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬Distributive Pronoun:Each, either, neither
5.‫ﻣﺒﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬Indefinite Pronoun:All, one, many, some, any
6.‫ﻣﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬‫ﻮل‬Relative Pronoun:who, whose, whom, which, that
7.‫אﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬Interrogative Pronoun:who, what, whose, which
‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬Personal Pronoun
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫אﻳﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪرאن‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻦ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﻣﺎﮢﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬.
“The pronouns, which stand for the names of person or thing, are called Personal Pronoun.”
‫ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫ﭼﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪرאن‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﺋﻴﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻣﺎﮢﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬First Person
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻧﺪא‬.
“A pronoun referring to the person speaking, is First Person.”

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Example: I, me, we, us, mine, our, ours
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﭹﺎﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪرאن‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪس‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﭔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻮﻗﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬Second Person‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻧﺪא‬.
“A pronoun referring to the person spoken to is Second Person.”
Example: You, your, yours.
‫ﺟﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺪرאن‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻲِء‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫دؤرאن‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﮇﻫﻦ‬‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫وﭸﻦ‬ ‫ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﺋﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻏﺎﺋﺐ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬Third Person Singular‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬.
“A pronoun referring to the person or thing spoken of, is Third Person.”
Example: He, She, it, they, its, his, her, him, their, them.
Person Number Gender Nominative Case Possessive Case Objective Case
Singular Common I My Mine Me
First
Plural Common We Our Ours Us
Singular Common Thou Thy Thine Thee
Second
Plural Common You Your Yours You
Masculine He His His Him
Feminine She Her Hers HerSingular
Neuter It Its Its It
Third
Plural Common They Their Theirs Them
‫ﻧﻮٽ‬:‫ﭘﻬﺮﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ،‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪي‬ ‫אﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫אﭼﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﮇ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﭨﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﮇﻫﻦ‬Second
Person‫ﭘﻮِء‬ ،Third Person‫۾‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫۽‬First Person‫رﮐﺒﻮ‬.
You, he and I will go to Murree tomorrow.
‫ﭘﻬﺮﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﮢﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ڏوه‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬First Person‫א‬‫ﻳﻨﺪو‬.
I and he called Salim names.
We and you stole eggs.

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3.‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬Adjective
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ‫ڏﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ،‫אوﮔﮣﻦ‬ ،‫ﮔﮣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬.‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ڏﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪد‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺠﮭﮡ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن‬ ‫وﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬.
“A word which adds something to the meaning of noun or pronoun is called Adjective.” Or
“A word used with a noun to describe or point out the person, animal, place or thing, which the noun names or to
tell the number, quantity is called an Adjective.” Or
“Adjectives are words which qualify or describe things, persons, or places.” Or
“Adjectives are describing words.”
Example:
1. Imran Khan is a fast bowler.
2. He is a clever boy
3. Your voice is sweet.
‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬Kinds of Adjectives
1.‫אﺷﺎرو‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬Demonstrative Adjective:this, that, those, these
2.‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬Distributive Adjective:each, every, either, neither
3.‫ﻣﻘﺪאر‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬Quantitative Adjective:some, any, no, little, few, many, much, one twenty
4.‫ﺻﻔ‬‫אﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم‬ ‫ﺖ‬Interrogative Adjective:which, what, whose
5.‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬Possessive Adjective:my, your, his, her, its, our, their
6.‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬Adjective of Quality:clever, fat, golden, good, heavy
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﮁﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻮאل‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭡﻴﺎن‬ ‫אﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﻛﺮڻ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬:
1. What kind? 2. Which one? 3. How many?
A white car went on this road three minutes ago.
‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻦ‬white،this‫۽‬ ،three‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺘﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬.‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎر‬ ‫אﮀﻲ‬what kind‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ڏﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﭴﺎڻ‬ ‫ﺳﻮאل‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬.‫روڊ‬ ‫ﻫﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﻟﻬﮡ‬Which one‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﻣﻨﭩﻦ‬ ‫۽‬How many‫ﻛﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮאل‬ ‫وאرو‬.
‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫אوﻫﺎﻧﮑ‬‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﻦ‬ ،‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻦ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﭔﮅאﻳﻮ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫אڳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﮐﻲ‬‫ﻗﺴﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻮ‬ ‫ورﻫﺎﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ڏﭠﻮ‬ ‫אوﻫﺎن‬‫ﺗﻪ‬‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫وري‬‫ﺑﻪ‬

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‫ﭤﺎ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻦ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬.‫אﻫﮍن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫رﻫﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ﻣﮑﻴﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫אوﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬‫وאﺿﺢ‬ ‫ق‬
‫ﻛﺠﻲ‬.
‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬
This is my book. These are your friends. 3. That is his car. 4. Those are our cows.
‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
This book is very interesting. These pencils are mine. That boy is naughty. Those flowers are yours.
‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬
Each of the boys won a prize. Neither of the charges is just. Either of you can stay.
‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
Each boy won the prize. 2. Neither statement is true. 3. Either road leads to the station.
‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬
Which of these books do you prefer? 2. Which is your brother? 4. What is she singing? Whose is this?
‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
Which pen do you prefer? 2. Which way shall we take? 3. What song are you singing? 4. Whose pen is this?
‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬
This book is mine. Those books are yours. That book is hers. This book is his. This book is ours. This book is
theirs.
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﻔﺖ‬
This is my book. Those are your books. That is her book. This is his book. This is our book. This is their book.
‫درﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬Degrees of Adjectives
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫درﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﭨﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﭜﻴﭧ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬:
1. Positive Degree. 2. Comparative Degree. 3. Superlative Degree.
1.‫אﻫﻮ‬‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭜﻴﭧ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬Positive Degree‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬.
“The simple form of Adjective is called the Positive Degree.”
Example: Rich, Tall, heavy, merry, fat, Tired, good etc.
2.‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﭜﻴﭧ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Comparative Degree
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬.

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“When comparing two objects and saying that one possesses a certain quality in greater degree than the other, we
use the Comparative Degree.”
Example: Richer, taller, bolder, heavier, merrier, fatter, redder, more tired, better
3.‫ﺟﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﺪد‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬‫ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﻮ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﭜﻴﭧ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫אﺳﻤﻦ‬ ‫وڌﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫ﻫﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻚ‬ ‫ﺎن‬
Superlative Degree‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﺟﻲ‬.
“The superlative form of the adjective is used when comparing more than two objects.”
Example: Richest, Tallest, boldest, heaviest, merriest, fattest, reddest, most tired, best.
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫درﺟﻦ‬Formation of Degree
1.‫ﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﮍي‬Syllable‫۾‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫وאرن‬er‫۽‬est‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻮאر‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻲ‬‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬Comparative Degree‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫۽‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﻮ‬Superlative Degree‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﺒﻴﻮن‬.
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Rich Richer Richest
Brave Braver Bravest
Big Bigger Biggest
Bright Brighter Brightest
2.‫ﭘﺪن‬ ‫وڌﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫ﭨﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭨﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬Syllables‫آڏو‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫ﻫﺠﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬more‫۽‬most‫ﻟﮙﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻮאر‬Comparative‫۽‬Superlative‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﺟﻮڙﻳﺎ‬ ‫درﺟﺎ‬.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Interested More interested Most Interested
Frightening More frightening Most frightening
3.‫ﭘﺪن‬ ‫ﭔﻦ‬Two syllables‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫وאرن‬Comparative‫ﻳﺎ‬Superlative‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬ ‫ڏﻧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﭥﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬‫آﻧﺪא‬ ‫ﻢ‬
‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺪא‬.‫آﻫ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫آﻧﺪو‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻮ‬ ‫ﭔﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﻮن‬ ‫אﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬‫ﻲ‬.
Doubtful More doubtful Most doubtful
obscure More obscure Most obscure
4.‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬Comparative‫ﻳﺎ‬Superlative‫ﻛﻮﻧﻬﻲ‬ ‫אﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮر‬ ‫ﻛﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬.
bad worse worst
good better best
little less least

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many/much more most
old elder eldest
old older oldest
‫ﻧﻮٽ‬:‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫رﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎد‬Comparative‫ﮐﺎﻧﭙﻮِء‬than‫۽‬Superlative‫אڳ‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬the‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻮ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬.
4.‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬Verb
‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬‫ﻲ‬‫وﺳﻴﻠ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬‫ﭼ‬‫ﺳﮕﮭﺠ‬ ‫ﺌﻲ‬‫ﭤﻴﮡ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﺳﻬﮡ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮڻ‬ ،‫ﻫﺌﮡ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﮭﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫ﻧﻜﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ٰ.
“A verb is a word, which states something about a person or thing.” Or
“A verb which describes and narrates something is called verb.” Or
“Verb is a doing word.” Or
“A verb is may tell us: (1) what a person or thing does. Example: Nasim laughs. (2) What is done to a
person or thing? Example: The window is broken. (3) What a person or thing is. Example: I feel sorry. He
is grieved.”
‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫رﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎد‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺴﻴﺘﺎﺋﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫אﮢﭙﻮرو‬ ‫אوﺳﻴﺘﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬‫אﭼﻲ‬ ‫ﻪ‬.‫ﻫﻜﮍو‬ ‫ﺻﺮف‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﮇﻫﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫ﺋﻲ‬‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬‫ﺟﻲ‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻧﺪو‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫وאﺳﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن‬.‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺌﻦ‬:‫و‬ ،‫وڃ‬ ،‫אچ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻪ‬‫وﻏﻴﺮه‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻬﻪ‬ ،‫ڊوڙ‬ ،.
‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
1.‫ﻻزﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬Intransitive Verb2.‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪي‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬Transitive
‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫۽‬ ،‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪڙ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻻﮘﺎﭘﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬‫درﻛﺎر‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬
‫ﮔﮭﺮج‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻻزﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫אﻫﮍي‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬Intransitive Verb‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﻳﻮ‬.
“A verb that does not take objects is called Intransitive.” Or
“A verb is an intransitive when it expresses a simple action without reference to an object.”
He talked nicely. The train arrived late. Shahid laughed.
2.‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪي‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬Transitive Verb
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻦ‬ ‫אﻫﮍن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻬﭽﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫אﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﮙﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪي‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﭼﻴﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻔ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﻛﺮڻ‬ ‫وאﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫אﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﭔﻴﻦ‬‫ﻌﻮل‬
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫وﭸﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪي‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫رﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﮭﺮج‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫درﻛﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬.
“Transitive is derived from a Latin word, which means going over or passing over. Verbs that take objects
are called transitive verbs.”
The rat bit the dog. The dog killed the cat.

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‫ﻣﻌﺎون‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬Auxiliary Verbs
‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬‫۾‬‫ﻓﻌﻠ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬ ‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬‫ﻲ‬‫۽‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻛﺎري‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮאِء‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬
‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫ﺳﻮאﻟﻴﻪ‬Tenses‫آﻫ‬ ‫אﻳﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬‫ﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻌﺎون‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻨﮑﻲ‬
Auxiliary Verbs‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﺳﮇﻳﻮ‬.
I have a knife. (have=possess).
I have lost my knife.
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻬﺮﺋﻴﻦ‬have‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫آﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ‬ٰ.‫ﻫﺌﮡ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﺎ‬Possession.‫אﻫﮍي‬
‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬Principal Verb‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻧﺪא‬.‫אﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺑﺎب‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫אﺣﻮאل‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ورب‬ ‫ﻣﮑﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺌﻮ‬.
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬have‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬lost‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻮ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻬﺎڙﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬.‫אﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺪدﮔﺎر‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫ﭨﻴﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻓﻴﻜﭧ‬.‫ﻣﻌﺎون‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫אﻫﮍي‬ ‫אﻧﺠﻲ‬Auxiliary verb
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﺟﻲ‬.
‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬have‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪא‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎون‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﭔﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوه‬ ‫ﮐﺎن‬‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ،:May, will, shall, do,
be
‫ڏ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭟ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻮن‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬‫ﭤﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﺟﻦ‬:
1. May: may, might 2. Be: is, am, are, was, were, been, being 3. Will: will, would 4. Shall: shall, should 5. Do: do,
did, does 6. Have: has, have, had.
‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻮن‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬Forms of Verb
‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﭔﮅאﻳﻮ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫אڳ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אوﻫﺎن‬Tense‫אﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫אﻇﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺪو‬.‫ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻮن‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫وאﺳﻄﻲ‬ ‫אن‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫رﻫﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﺋﻴﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻮن‬.‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻮن‬ ‫ﭼﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻮن‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫אﻫﮍي‬.
1. Present 2. Past tense 3. Past participle 4. Present Participle.
1.‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫אﻣﺮ‬Present:‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﭘﻬﺮﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬Infinitive‫ﺟﻴﻜﺎ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬To‫אﮘﻴﺎ‬‫ن‬‫ڏﻳﮡ‬‫ﭠﻬﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬to go, to come, to write‫ﻣﺎن‬to‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫אﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭠﻬﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﭩﺎﺋﻲ‬Present‫ﺳﮇﺑﻮ‬.
‫ﻫﻲ‬‫۾‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫۽‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬Will‫۽‬Shall‫ﺳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪي‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﮔﮇ‬.
2.‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬Past Tense:‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﭔﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫אﭼ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫אﻇﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﻦ‬ ،‫ﻲ‬Past
Tense‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﺟﻲ‬.went, came, wrote
3.‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Past Participle:‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫אﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬Have‫ﮔﮇي‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬.gone, come, written
4.‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬Present Participle:‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﻦ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻤﺮאري‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬‫אﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ِء‬Be‫ﮔﮇ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬.‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻞ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫رﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎد‬
Gerund‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺒﻮ‬.going, coming, writing
I am writing. (Present participle); Your writing is illegible. (Gerund).

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‫ﭠﺎﻫﮡ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻮن‬:
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫ﮔﮭﮣﻮ‬‫۾‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫وאري‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫وאري‬ed‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭠﻬﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﮡ‬.‫ﺟﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬d, ed, t‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫ﭠﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﮡ‬Regular Verb‫ﻳﺎ‬Weak Verb‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﺟﻲ‬.
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮ‬ ‫אڍאﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﭔﻪ‬‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫وאري‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫وאوﻟﻦ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫אﺻﻮﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﭔﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﻠﻲ‬‫ي‬‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬
Irregular Verb‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﮇﺟﻲ‬.‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻲ‬2)‫ﻧﻤﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻮ‬(‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﻦ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﺌﻲ‬ ‫ڏﻧﻲ‬ ‫۾‬‫ڏﺳﻮ‬.
5.‫ﻇﺮف‬Adverb
‫ﻓﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬‫وﺿﺎﺣﺖ‬ ‫وڌﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻛﻦ‬،‫ﻛﻴﺌﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﭔﮅאﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،
‫ﭤﻴﻮ‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮه‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﮍي‬ ،‫ﻛﭥﻲ‬.‫آﻫﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻧﺪא‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬ ‫אﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬.
‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬Adverb‫ﭼﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻻِء‬‫ﭔ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﻮ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬Add‫۽‬Verb‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﮍﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎن‬.‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫אﺋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫אن‬
‫ﻫﺌﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﺪدي‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﮍي‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﺪدي‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬.
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ‬‫۾‬‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫אﻫﺎ‬ ‫وﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻦ‬”‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬ ‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺟ‬ ،‫وﻗﺖ‬ ،‫ﻗﺪر‬ ،‫رﻳﺖ‬ ‫ڏﻳﮑﺎرﻳﻦ؛‬ ‫ﻻﮘﺎﭘﻮ‬‫ڏ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫אﻗﺮאر‬ ‫ﺗﻮڙي‬ ‫אﻧﻜﺎر‬ ،‫ﺎِء‬ٰ‫ﻳ‬‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ،‫ﮑﺎرﻳﻦ‬.“‫ﭔﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻇﺮف‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﻨﮑﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮي‬ ‫אﺿﺎﻓﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻧﺴﻮאِء‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻈﻦ‬
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬.
An Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Adverb is a modifying word.
An Adverb is a word that qualifies a verb, an adjective or another verb. It tells when, where, how, how
much or how often an action occurs.
Adverbs give us more information about verbs.
They describe verbs by telling us more about the action of the verb.
They may also describe adjectives or other adverbs.
Many adverbs end in –ly. Many do no not. Some words are sometimes adverbs, at other times they are
prepositions or adjectives. To identify an adverb you have to understand its function in the sentence.
Example: Razia arrived late.
‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬Late‫ﭤﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﮀﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮڏﻳﮑﺎري‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬what happened
The Director visited the school yesterday.
‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬yesterday‫ﭤﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ڏﻳﮑﺎري‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬when happened
We kept the furniture inside.
‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬inside‫ﻇﺮف‬‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﭥﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭔﮅאﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻮ‬ ،‫آﻫﻲ‬Where the action happened

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He picked up glasses carefully.
‫ﻇﺮف‬carefully‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺌﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ڏﻳﮑﺎري‬How the action took place
How often does she practice daily?
‫ﻇﺮف‬daily‫ﭜﻴﺮא‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺘﺮא‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﮇﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ڏﻳﮑﺎري‬‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻮ‬How often an action happened
A word which is used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or anther adverb, is called
Adverb.
1. He worked the sum quickly.
2. This flower is very beautiful.
3. She pronounced the word quite correctly.
4. Nazir is running fast.
‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬Kinds of Adverb
1.‫رﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﻧﺪאز‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬Adverb of Manner:bravely, quickly, fast, well, happily, hard
2.‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬Adverb of Place:by, down, here, near, there, up
3.‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬Adverb of Time:now. still, then, today, yet
4.‫ﻇﺮف‬‫ﻣﻘﺪאر‬Adverb of Frequency:always, never, occasionally, often, twice
5.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬Adverb of sentence:certainly, definitely, luckily, surely
6.‫ﻗﺪر‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬Adverb of Degree:fairly, hardly, rather, quite, too, very
7.‫אﺳﺘﻬﻔﺎم‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻮאل‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬Interrogative:when? where? why?
8.‫ﻣﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬Relative:when, where, why
‫ﻇﺮف؟‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬ ‫وري‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﭤﻴﻨﺪא‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ،‫آﻫﻦ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﮫ‬.‫ﻏﻮر‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻦ‬ ‫ڏﻧﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭟ‬
‫رﮐﻮ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ذﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬ ‫۽‬ ،‫ڏﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬.
Used as Adverbs Used as Adjectives
Come back soon. the back door
You can dial Rome direct. The most direct route
The train went fast. a fast train

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They worked hard. (energetically) The work is hard
An ill made road You look ill/well.
Turn right here. the right answer
She went straight home a straight line
He led us wrong. This is the wrong way.
6.‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬Preposition
‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﮘﺎﭘﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪس‬ ،‫אﭼﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﮍא‬
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﻧﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ،‫ڏﻳﮑﺎرﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺟﺎِء‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫אﻫﻮ‬Position‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ،‫ﭤﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬
‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭼﺌﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬.
“A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the
sentence.”
“Prepositions most often help show relation of time, place, manner or kind.”
Time: After, Before, During, since, until.
Place: About, below, near, above, across, beside, on, down, at, between, over, against, beyond, through,
around, into, under, behind, inside, up.
Manner or kind: By, for, like, of, with.
‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫אﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫۾‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬‫אﮘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬‫ن‬‫آﻫ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺎ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬‫ﻦ‬.‫ﭔﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﺮف‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬
‫آﻫ‬ ‫ﮘﻨﮃﻳﻨﺪو‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎن‬‫ﻲ‬.
There is a boy in the garden.
The cat jumped off a chair.
He is fond of coffee.
‫ﺧﺒﺮدאري‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫۾‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي‬‫ﭤﻮ‬ ‫ﭘﻮي‬ ‫ﻛﺮﮢﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬.‫ﻟﻔﻈ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬‫ﻦ‬)‫אﺳﻢ‬،،‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬(‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬ ‫ﮐﻲ‬ ‫אن‬ ‫אﭼﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮر‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ٰ‫آﻫﻲ‬ ‫ڏﻳﻨﺪو‬.‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Abide by= You must abide by your promise.
Abound with: This house abounds with rats.
Abound in= Her conversation abounds in good things.
7.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬Conjunction