Optical fibre transmission

INTRODUCTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

NEED FOR OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

CONTD.. TRANSMISSION CHANNEL FREQUENCE OF OPERATION Coaxial cable 1 MHz to 100 MHz Microwave 1 GHz to 100 GHz Optical fibers 100 THz to 1000 THz TRANSMISSION CHANNEL CARRYING CAPACITY Coaxial cable 13000 channels Microwave terrestrial link 20000 channels Satellite link 100,000 channels Optical fibers 300,000 channels

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION θ 1 θ 1 θ 1 θ 2 θ 1 θ 2 θ 1=incident angle /reflected angle θ 2=refracted angle θ 2

HOW OPTICAL FIBER CONDUCTS LIGHT n1 core n2 cladding n2 cladding n1 core α C θ 1C

OPTICAL SOURCES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

LIGHT EMMITING DIODE V FB LED R ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT OF A LED ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

BASIC MECHANISM IN OPTICAL SOURCES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

LASERS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],E 2 E 1 ABSORPTION SPONTANEOUS EMISSION STIMULATED EMISSION h ν 12 h ν 12 h ν 12 h ν 12(in phase)

LIGHT AMPLIFICATION AND POSITIVE FEEDBACK MIRROR MIRROR 2 MIRROR 1 ENERGY ENERGY

POPULATION INVERSION VALENCE BAND CONDUCTION BAND ENERGY EXTERNAL ENERGY

PHOTODETECTOR ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

PIN PHOTODETECTOR ,[object Object],[object Object],p i Hole electron R L LOAD REGISTER BIAS VOLTAGE n n PHOTODIODE h ν photon I

PRINCIPLE OF PHOTODETECTOR ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

CONTD.. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTODIODE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

DIFFICULTIES FACED BY OPTICAL FIBERS ,[object Object],[object Object]

ATTENUATION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

CONTD.. λ (nm) 500 1000 1500 2000 0.1 1 10 Attenuation(dB/km) RAYLEIGH SCATTERING INFRARED ABSORPTION ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION

CONTD.. LOSS λ (nm) ABSORPTION LOSS PEAKS SCATTERING LOSS

DISPERSION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

CHROMATIC DISPERSION DISPERSION PARAMETER D( λ ) D mat ( λ ) D( λ ) D wg ( λ ) λ (nm) 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

CONTD. 1310 1500 1 1 2 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

COPING WITH CHROMATIC DISPERSION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

PULSE SPREADING COMPENSATION BY USING DCF DISPERSION COMPENATING FIBER CONVENSIONAL FIBER LD PD

POLARISATION MODE DISPERSION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

CONTD.. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

AREAS TO BE IMPROVED IN OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATI ON ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

REFERENCES ,[object Object],[object Object]

Thank You - Engineers Way ,[object Object]

Optical fibre transmission

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Optical fibre transmission