Anthropology is the study of human societies and cultures, both past and present. The document outlines the major areas of anthropology, including the meaning and origins of anthropology; areas of interest such as language, culture, biology and society; divisions including socio-cultural, physical, archaeological, and linguistic anthropology; and the importance of anthropology in daily life. Anthropologists take a holistic approach to understand human experiences through techniques like ethnography, participant observation, archaeology, and comparisons with other species.
social pharmacy d-pharm 1st year by Pragati K. Mahajan
Anthropology.pptx
1. Our topic:
Anthropology.
OUR MAJOR FOCUS WILL BE ON THE FOLLOWING:
1. THE MEANING OF ANTHROPOLOGY
2. THE ORIGIN OF ANTHROPOLOGY
3. MAJOR AREAS OF INTEREST IN ANTHROPOLOGY
4. DIFFERENT DIVISIONS OR TYPES OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
5. ITS IMPORTANCE IN DAILY LIFE.
2. Meaning of Anthropology
“Anthro” means Human beings
“logy” means the study of something.
Therefore, we can define Anthropology as the study of human
beings.
Being particular and specific, we an define can define Anthropology
as “the scientific study of the origins of humans, of the variations
that they have adopted over time and also of the relation of humans
with humans of similar as well as distinguishing culture.”
3. Origin of Anthropology
Anthropology has been derived from the word, Anthropos,
which is a Greek term
it has in origin in late 18 and early 19 century.
4. Areas which are focused in
anthropology
It concerns:
Past, present and future of humans
The language,
Culture,
Biology
Society
5. Divisions or types of
Anthropology
Socio-cultural anthropology
Physical anthropology
Archaeological anthropology
Linguistic anthropology
Applied anthropology
7. Study of ways in which people live together.
Under various social and cultural conditions.
Exploring the dimensions of human societies.
Understanding of human behavior.
Interaction of social institutions and diversities among
them.
9. Answer
Socio Cultural Anthropology studies behavior of
contemporary human beings in particular culture.
Provides insight to the social and political issues.
How these issues are affecting the world.
Study of Anthropology is important because it makes
us more aware and sensitive.
We become able to behave positively in our culture.
We may became able to bring changes in order to
resolve social and political issues.
10. Physical Anthropology
aka Biological Anthropology
Comparative study of
humankind’s physical
attributes
Comparison of Homo sapiens
Among today’s breeding
populations (“races”)
With apes and monkeys
(primatology)
With fossil hominids
(paleoanthropology)
11. Physical
Anthropology:
Biological Capacity
for Culture
How can we speak a language?
We have a brain structure for speech
production and reception
Certain parts of the brain control our oral
tract: tongue, vocal cords, lungs
How about our tool making and use?
Upper part of the motor cortex in brain
(lower left) controls our ability to make
and use tools
Prehensile fingers, hands, and arms
also enable tool making and use
Even ability to stand on our two feet and
walk, also use our hands for so many
purposes
12. Physical
Anthropology as
Science
Science is a body of
knowledge gained
through observation and
experimentation
Latin Derivation: Scientia or
knowledge
Scientific Method is a mode
of inquiry that requires the (a)
generation, (b) testing, and (c)
acceptance or rejection of
hypotheses or explanations of
a phenomenon.
13. Physical Anthropology - Branches
It studies all aspects of present and past human
biology
Some branches of Physical Anthropology are:
17. Primatology: Study of human primate, anatomy and
behavior
Bioarcheology: Study of skeleton
Forensics: Application of science to criminal
investigation and criminal activity.
18. ARCHAELOGICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
ARCHAEOLOGY IS A GREEK
WORD WHICH MEANS "STUDY OF
WHAT IS ANCIENT”.
AN ARCHAEOLOGIST IS THE ONE
WHO TRIES TO FIGURE OUT
ORIGIN, GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE IN
THE PAST.
THEY FIND OUT REMAINS
THROUGH FOSSILS AND
ARTIFACTS.
BY EXCAVATING AND
UNCOVERING ITEMS AT A SITE TO
BUILD THE CULTURAL HISTORY
OF MAN’S PAST.
19. HOW ARCHAEOLOGICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY DIFFERS FROM
SOCIO-CULTURAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
It Studies the past culture
while socio-cultural
anthropology studies the
present culture.
It lacks the advantage of
being in personal contact
and interaction with the
people he is studying
20. ARCHAEOLOGICAL
DISCOVERIES
Economic activity and Technology of people by analyzing tools.
Artistic capabilities i.e. pottery, utensils, jewelry.
Social structure i.e. houses
Religious beliefs i.e. burial sites.
21. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Indus valley civilization was bronze age civilization located in
western region of south Asia and spread over Pakistan,
northwest India and eastern Afghanistan.
24. Key components
Linguistic anthropologists describe how language are
produced and used
Linguistic anthropologists study how language
changes through time
Linguistic anthropologists study how language usage
varies in different social contexts
Linguistic anthropologists study how knowing a
particular language influences how people think
Linguistic anthropologists study how people
communicate non-verbally through gestures, body
language and the use of space
Language is a central part of cultures
25. Why we study linguistic
anthropology
Linguistic anthropology closely studies those societies
where language defines a culture or society.
For example
In new Guinea, there is a tribe of indigenous people who
speak one language. It is what makes that people unique.
It is its “index” language. The tribe may speak other
languages from new Guinea, but this unique language
gives the tribe cultural identity
26. Branches of linguistic
anthropology
Linguistic anthropology is composed of four basic branches.
Historical linguistic
It deals with the emergence of language and how languages has changed and
diverged over time.
Descriptive linguistics
It is the study of the sounds (phones) sound system, grammar, syntax and the
meaning that are attached to words in specific languages.
Sociolinguistics
It is the study of the relationship between language and social relation
As an example, sociolinguists might study how one’s social standing affects his or
her language usage.
Ethnolinguistics
It is the examination of the relationship between culture and language and how the
two interact and influence one another.
28. Defination
• Any kind of Anthropolgical research
that is done to solve practical problems
• Application of the methods and theory
of anthropology to the analysis and
solution of practical problems
29. Applied Anthropologist’s Role
The applied anthropologist has a role in all the three
events:
-before, during and after- of a welfare programme
1. Before: pre study of the people and their culture
2. During: diognose the problems affecting their society
3. After: Suggesting specific solutions to those
problems
30. Types of barriers:-
Cultural Barriers
Tradition
Fatalism
Ethnocentricism
Pride and dignity
Norms of modesty
The logical
incompatibility of culture
traits
Superstitions
Social Barriers
Group solidarity
Public opinions
Conflict
Factionalism
Vested interest
Social stratification
Class
Caste
31. Roles of Anthropology
1. Deal with planned change and development in
3rd world countries
2. Contributed substantially are improvements
in technology and health
3. Help governmental and welfare agencies in
formulating policies
4. Other areas: birth control, malnuitrition, tribal
rehabiliation, solving industrial problems as
labor unrest, adult education etc.
33. A n t h r o p o l o g y i s t h e s t u d y o f t h e
o r i g i n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f h u m a n
s o c i e t i e s a n d c u l t u r e s .
C u l t u r e i s t h e l e a r n e d b e h a v i o r o f
p e o p l e , i n c l u d i n g t h e i r l a n g u a g e s ,
b e l i e f s y s t e m s , s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e s ,
i n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d m a t e r i a l g o o d s .
A n t h r o p o l o g i s t s s t u d y t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p a s t a n d
p r e s e n t h u m a n c o m m u n i t i e s
t h r o u g h a v a r i e t y o f t e c h n i q u e s . I n
d o i n g s o , t h e y i n v e s t i g a t e a n d
d e s c r i b e h o w d i f f e r e n t p e o p l e s o f
o u r w o r l d l i v e d t h r o u g h o u t h i s t o r y .
34. Anthropologists aim to study and present their
human subjects in a clear and unbiased way.
They attempt to achieve this by observing
subjects in their local environment.
Anthropologists then describe interactions and
customs, a process known as ethnography. By
participating in the everyday life of their subjects,
anthropologists can better understand and
explain the purpose of local institutions, culture,
and practices. This process is known as
participant-observation.
35. Anthropologists take a broad approach to
understanding the many different aspects of the
human experience, which we call holism. They
consider the past, through archaeology, to see how
human groups lived hundreds or thousands of
years ago and what was important to them. They
consider what makes up our biological bodies and
genetics, as well as our bones, diet, and health.
36. Anthropologists also compare humans
with other animals (most often, other
primates like monkeys and
chimpanzees) to see what we have in
common with them and what makes us
unique. Even though nearly all humans
need the same things to survive, like
food, water, and companionship, the
ways people meet these needs can be
very different. For example, everyone
needs to eat, but people eat different
foods and get food in different ways.
So anthropologists look at how
different groups of people get food,
prepare it, and share it.
37. World hunger is not a problem of
production but social barriers to
distribution, and that Amartya Sen won a
Nobel Prize for showing this was the
case for all of the 20th century’s famines.
Anthropologists also try to understand
how people interact in social
relationships (for example with families
and friends). They look at the different
ways people dress and communicate in
different societies. Anthropologists
sometimes use these comparisons to
understand their own society. Many
anthropologists work in their own
societies looking at economics, health,
education, law, and policy (to name just
a few topics). When trying to understand
these complex issues, they keep in mind
what they know about biology, culture,
types of communication, and how
humans lived in the past.
