The document discusses occupational safety and health in the construction industry in Malaysia, noting that construction has the highest fatality rate of any industry sector due to hazards such as falls, equipment crashes, and electrocution. It examines the causes of accidents, responsibilities of stakeholders, risk assessment process, types of personal protective equipment and their limitations, and the role of organizations like DOSH and NIOSH in promoting occupational safety and health.
6. All construction stakeholders are responsible for safety
and health at construction site
Contractor Sub contractor
Client Consultants
Authority Workers
7.
8. Construction is the most dangerous land-
based work sector
Average of 5000 construction accidents cases
reported
Construction has about 6% of Malaysian.
workers, but 20% of the fatalities - the largest
number of fatalities reported by industry
sector.
It is re very difficult to control construction
hazards and risks in a constantly changing
work environment
9. The concise Oxford Dictionary defines risk
(noun) in terms of a hazard, chance, bad
consequences, loss, etc., exposure to
mischance. It defines risk (verb) in terms
of: to expose to chance of injury or loss,
venture on, accept the chance of.
10. In professionals in the field of Occupational
Safety, Health and Environmental :
Hazard is the potential to cause harm
Any facility, location, equipment, tool, job,
task, or action that presents a potential of
serious injury, loss or death
Example : ???
11. Falling hazards
Electrical hazards
Struck by hazards
Caught in between hazards
Overhead Hazards, Objects Falling
Cranes, Rigging
Scaffolding, Shoring, Props
Temporary Floors
Access and Egress to Work Areas
Concrete Placing
Emergency Rescue Considerations
Cranes and Hoisting
Floor and Shaft Openings
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12. Risk isthe likelihood of harm (in defined
circumstances, and usually qualified by
some statement of the severity of the
harm).
13. Risk levels are categorized in a numbered format. Each hazard
is given a rating and this is multiplied by the probability that
these hazards will occur, as shown in the following equation.
Risk level = Hazard severity x Likelihood of occurrence
Step One
Give each hazard a severity marking as indicated in the table
below:
Risk Level Effect of hazard
5 Fatal injury
4 Permanent disabling injury
3 Disabling injury
2 Injury causing time off work
1 First aid only
For example:
If slipping on the stairs (hazard), could result in death or
disablement, then it must be given a rating of 4 or 5.
14. Step Two
The next step is to consider how often each hazard is
likely to occur as indicated in the table below
Risk Level Likelihood of occurrence
5 Certain
4 Near certain
3 Very likely
2 Frequent
1 Seldom
For example:
If slipping on the stairs (hazard), was very likely to
happen, then it must be given a rating of 3.
15. Step Three
Multiply the two scores together and you will get the risk level.
For example: 5 (hazard) multiplied by 3 (occurrence) = 15
This figure should be entered into the risk assessment form.
Step Four
The following bullet points are guidelines to help how quickly you need
to put the controls in place
Where hazard is given a risk ranking of 22-25 then action must be
taken immediately to reduce that risk.
Where hazard is given a risk ranking of 16-22 then the manager must
be informed for the action to be taken at the end of that working day.
Where hazard is given a risk ranking of between 1-15, then action
needs to be taken at the earliest opportunity, as soon as it is
reasonably practicable to do so, taking into account local
circumstances.
16. Employers must ensure that risks are
reduced to the lowest extent reasonably
practicable.
Thelegal definition of 'reasonably
practicable' is 'any measure which can be
reasonably carried out having regard to
technical knowledge and acceptable
expense'.
17. The leading safety hazards on site are:
- falls from height,
- equipment crashes
- excavation accidents
- electrocution
- struck by falling objects.
Some of the main health hazards on site are:
- asbestos
- solvents
- noise
- manual handling activities
- dengue
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18. Construction Hazard is a situation that poses a level
of threat to life, health, property, or environment
Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a
theoretical risk of harm
However, once a hazard becomes "active", it can create
an emergency situation.
Construction Hazard:
- Hazards to construction workers
- Hazards to non-workers
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19. • Lack of trained workers and
competent site supervisors
• Lack of occupational safety and
health information, training
materials, courses and
programmes
• Lack of standard guidelines on
construction industry
requirements for the development
of safety and health solutions in
the industry;
• Poor enforcement
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20. Lack of communication between
those in charge of construction
processes and the workers
executing them;
Misconception that occupational
safety and health protection is an
unnecessary expenditure that
can be saved;
Lack of information and know-
how’s on occupational safety and
health latest technology;
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21. Senior managers of the construction
industry do not understand the
benefits of having occupational
safety and health programs
Inadequate budget and unclear
specification on safety and health
requirements in construction
projects
Lack of enforcement on mandatory
safety requirements.
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24. Prevent suffering and maintain quality
of life
No-one should be expected to risk life
and limb in return for a contract of
employment
25. Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994
Variety of other Acts and Regulations
Failures can lead to:
• Enforcement notices
• Prosecution
• Civil actions for compensation
26.
27. “We recognise the importance of costing
loss events as part of total safety
management. Good safety is good
business”
Dr. J Whiston, ICI Group SHE Manager
28. “Safety is, without doubt, the most crucial
investment we can make, and the
question is not what it costs us, but what
it saves.”
Robert McKee, Chairman Conoco (UK) Ltd.
29. “Prevention is not only better, but cheaper
than cure…Profits and safety are not in
competition. On the contrary, safety at
work is good business.”
Basil Butler, MD British Petroleum plc
30. “We saved £750,000 on insurance
premiums through improving our
systematic management of health and
safety.”
Birse Group plc
32. Employers Liability
Public Liability
Product Liability
Motor Vehicle
33. Product and material damage
Lost production time
Legal costs
Overtime & temporary labour
Investigation time/Administration
Supervisors time
Fines
Loss of expertise/experience
Loss of morale
Bad publicity
34. Contractor (15 workers)
Scaffolding collapse
4 Workers fall from height
2 employees died,
2 injured -12 days in hospital
Off work for 3 months
Admin duties for 5 months
Unable to work for 8 months
Managing Director Prosecuted
Stop work order for investigation
35. Wages for injured worker over period = 10000
Lost production/remedial work required = 8000
Overtime wages to cover lost production = 3000
Wages for replacement worker = 7000
Loss of time of manager/MD = 4000
Legal expenses =3000
Fines and court costs = 4000
Increase in Insurance Premiums = 6000
New scaffolding = 5000
Total cost to business = RM50,000
36. Limitation of PPE
PPE does not eliminate a hazard source
If PPE fails and failure is not detected, the hazard
increases greatly
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36
37. The main types of PPE
Hearing protection Eye protection
Respiratory protection Protective clothing
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38. Hazards related to hearing protection
Ear plugs do not reduce the sound transmitted through
the bone around the ear
Wrongly-used and poorly-fitted ear muffs can loose
much of their protection
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39. Hazards related to eye protection
Safety spectacles do not assist against dust
Safety goggles have the tendency to mist up inside and
provide limited vision
Face shields restrict the vision, are heavy and
expensive
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40. Hazards related to respiratory protection
Most equipment will not provide total protection
May restrict vision
Can be uncomfortable or cumbersome to wear
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41. Hazards related to protective clothing
PVC clothing can be uncomfortable to wear and cause
stress and fatigue
Helmets and bump caps have limited useful life
Gloves can be entangled in machinery
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43. Safety harnesses: typical occupations
Work at height
Confined space entry
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43
44. Safety harnesses
Do not replace effective fall prevention practices
May induce impact effect in the case of a fall
Restrict comfort and freedom of movement
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44
45. A social safety scheme through the insurance to cover the
workers in the accidents factors.
Two type of scheme social security namely Skim Insurans
Bencana Pekerjaan and Skim Pencen Ilat.
Skim Insurans Bencana Pekerjaan give protection to
workers from jobdisaster including
disease and accident during trip to work
Skim Pencen Ilat on the other hand give
protection 24 hours to staff on diability or death result any
reason.
both scheme ensure cash benefit payment to
staff and liability person when incident
happened to the employee.
46. National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH)
was established on 1st December 1992
Promote Occupational Safety and Health.
Role:
- Ensure a safe and healthy working environment
to all employees and others involved in or
affected by its operations.
- Provide training program for the works.
- Review all safety and health management
systems and program to ensure continuous
improvement.
47. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 provide for the appointments of
enforcement officers, establishment of National Council for Occupational Safety and
Health, formation of policy and arrangement of measures to protect safety, health
and welfare of people at work and others who might be endangered by the activities
of people at work.
With the approval of this Act, starting from April 1994 the Department of Factory and
Machinery has been renamed as the Department of Occupational Safety and Health
(DOSH) and the Inspectors are called Occupational Safety and Health Officers. The
powers to enforce, to inspect and the liabilities for breaking the law are defined.
Industrial sectors that are covered by it are as follows:
Manufacturing
mining and quarrying
Construction
agriculture, forestry and fishing
utilities - gas, electric, water and sanitary services
transport, storage and communication
wholesale and retail traders
hotels and restaurants
finance, insurance, real estate, business service
public services and statutory authorities