This is a brief guide to help in managing your references and get the feeling of doing so

1. Ahmed Zeeneldin
Prof of Medical Oncology
March, 2014
“How to write a protocol” workshop

2. Agenda
–
™ Why to reference?
™ Items
–
–
–
–
–
Citation ‫اﺳﺘﺸﮭﺎد -ﺗﻨﻮﯾﮫ‬
References ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬
Bibliography ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ-ﻣﺼﺎدر‬
Direct quotations “‫”اﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬
Paraphrasing ‫إﻋﺎدة ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ‬
™ Categories of Referencing styles
– Alphabetical (author and date)
– Numbered
™ Referencing style
™ Referencing software
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3. Why should you
reference?
–
™ Authorize to your work, strengthens your argument
and demonstrates the breadth of your research.
™ Give credit to original authors
™ Enable the reader to find and verify your sources of
information.
™ Avoid being accused for Plagiarism
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4. Citation and reference
–
Citation
Citation
Breast cancer is the commonest
malignancy in Egyptian females
(Zeeneldin et al., 2013). COX-2
expression is encountered in
46% of patients (Abdelwahaab
et al., 2012).
Breast cancer is the
commonest malignancy in
Egyptian females [1]. COX-2
expression is encountered in
46% of patients [2].
Reference list
Reference list
Abdelwahaab A (2012) …….
Zeeneldin A (2013)…………
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1. Zeeneldin A …………
2. Abdelwahaab A ……..
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5. Categories of
Referencing styles
–
Numbered
Alphabetical
Breast cancer is the commonest
malignancy in Egyptian females
(Zeeneldin et al., 2013). COX-2
expression is encountered in
46% of patients (Abdelwahaab
et al., 2012).
Breast cancer is the
commonest malignancy in
Egyptian females [1]. COX-2
expression is encountered in
46% of patients [2].
Reference list
Abdelwahaab A (2012) …….
Zeeneldin A (2013)…………
Reference list
1. Zeeneldin A …………
2. Abdelwahaab A ……..
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6. Categories of
Referencing styles
–
™ Alphabetical (author and date):
– Used in Theses
– In-text citations mention author last name and year
– References are arranged in the reference list alphabetically
in an ascending order. No numbers
™ Numbered:
– Used in articles
– In-text citations mention the reference number only
– References are arranged in the reference list numerically in
an ascending order according to their first encounter in the
text.
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7. Citing within the text
(alphabetical)
–
Artificial intelligence can be defined as the science of
making machines do things that would require
intelligence if done by men (Minsky, 1968) (Minsky &
Sriver, 1968) (Minsky et al., 1968).
According to Striver (2001 p 20) “all aspects of rational
thought should be considered to involve some degree
of experimentation” (Striver, 2001 p20)
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8. Citing within the text
(alphabetical)
–
™ Rules
– include the author’s surname and the year of
publication and also any page numbers if you are
quoting from a specific page
– If more than 2[3] authors, give only the first authors
surname and initials followed by et al.
– If you state the authors name within your work then
just include the date of publication to indicate the
work being cited
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9. Citing within the text
(numbered)
–
Artificial intelligence can be defined as the science of
making machines do things that would require
intelligence if done by men [1].
According to Striver (2001) “all aspects of rational
thought should be considered to involve some degree
of experimentation” [2].
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10. Bibliography
(reference list)
–
™ Alphabetical (author and date):
– References are arranged in the reference list
alphabetically in an ascending order of author sur. No
numbers
™ Numbered:
– References are arranged in the reference numerically
in an ascending order according to their first
encounter in the text.
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11. Bibliography
(reference list)
–
™ Alphabetical (author and date):
– References are arranged in the reference list
alphabetically in an ascending order of author sur. No
numbers
™ Zeeneldin A (2006).......
™ Zeeneldin A (2007a).......
™ Zeeneldin A (2007b).......
™ Zeeneldin A, Taha F (2006)......
™ Zeeneldin A, Taha F, .........., Monir M (2006).......
™ Zeeneldin A, Taha F, Monir M, et al. (2006).......
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12. Essential components
–
™ Who:
™ What:
™ Where:
™ When:
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13. Essential components
–
™ Who: Zeeneldin A
™ What: Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians
™ Where: JENCI 13(7):23-29
™ When: 2012
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14. Essential components
–
Who
Authors
What
Title (article, book, book chapter,
thesis)
Where
Journal, book, website, thesis. Exact
numbers
when
Year of publication
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15. Essential components
–
™ Who: Authors
– Surname, initials (Zeeneldin, A [AA])
– List all authors without AND
™ Elshafiey MM, Zeeneldin AA, Elsebai HI, Moneer M,
Mohamed DB, Gouda I, Attia AA.
– List some followed by et al.
™ 6: 5 et al.
™ 4: 3 et al.
™ Elshafiey MM, Zeeneldin AA, Elsebai HI, et al.
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16. Essential components
–
™ What: title
–
–
–
–
–
–
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Title of an article
Book
Book chapter
Website
Thesis
Other
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17. Essential components
Where
™ Article:
–
™ Book:
– journal title
(abbreviated e.g.
NEJM).
– Volume and issue
– Page numbers
– Edition number if not
first (2nd ed.)
– Publisher
– City
– Pages
™ Website:
– [Online]. Available at:
www…….
– (Accessed 20 Nov
2013)
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™ Book chapter
– In: book authors (eds.)
– Rest as the book
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18. Essential components
when: year
–
™
™
™
™
Who: Zeeneldin A
What: Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians
Where: JENCI 13(7):23-29
When: 2012
-
Zeeneldin, A. Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI
13(7):23-29. 2012
-
Zeeneldin, A (2012). Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI
13(7):23-29.
- Zeeneldin, A. Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 2012;
13(7):23-29.
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19. Examples
–
™ Book:
– Halliday, D., Resnick, R. & Walker, J. (2005)
Fundamentals of physics. 7th ed. New York: Wiley. pp
20-50.
™ Book chapter:
– Murray, A.P. (1999) Fundamental equations of
surface theory. In: Ledermann, W. & Vajda, S. (eds.)
Combinatorics and geometry. 2nd ed. Chichester: John
Wiley, pp. 23-66.
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20. Examples
–
™ Article:
– Kim, H.S. (2007) ‘A new model for communicative
effectiveness of science’. Science Communication, 28(3),
pp. 287-313.
™ Webpage:
– Allen, S. (2007). Referencing: a guide for University of
Liverpool online students [Online]. Available from
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus/ref.htm
(Accessed 15 August 2007).
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21. Examples
–
™ Thesis
– McDonald, L.R. (2005) Assessment of body
composition using magnetic resonance imaging. Ph.D.
thesis. University of Liverpool.
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22. Reference style
–
™ Alphabetical:
– Harvard
––-
™ Numbered
– Vancouver
––-
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23. Referencing software
–
™ Endnote
™ Ref manager
™ Ref works
™™™-
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24. –
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25. Thank YOU
–
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