Paradigm Communities: How Science and Religion Change
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How do science and religion change? One way is through paradigm shifts. Here's a sociological/philosophical look at both—with a current case in point in one religious denomination.
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Paradigm Communities: How Science and Religion Change
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Notes de l'éditeur
- Peter Berger, in his book The Sacred Canopy (1967), notes that "Every human society is an enterprise of world-building (3)." Elsewhere, he says that society is the aspect of culture that structures our relations with one another. We build the mental and social worlds that we inhabit.
- We enter at birth into a biological world, but we construct a human world and we call it "culture." Society is an element of culture —one that we constitute and maintain. Created
- "Every individual biography is an episode within the history of society, which precedes and survives it . . . What is more, it is within society, and as a result of social processes, that the individual becomes a person, that he attains and holds onto an identity, and that he carries out the various projects that constitute his life. Man cannot exist apart from society (Berger 3)." Created
- Cultures are real, they are objectively external to us. They can be experienced by everybody. We may not always understand this thing that we have created; we may have to observe it, ask questions of it, engage it, and struggle with it. "Above all," warns Berger, "society manifests itself by its coercive power. Society directs, sanctions, controls, and punishes individual conduct (Berger 11)." Created
- "Culture consists of the totality of man's products," says Berger (6). Culture must be continuously produced and reproduced by us. That means its structure are inherently unstable and constantly subject to change. We may build our worlds, but it's not easy to keep them going.
- Society has no reality apart from humankind—but it occupies a privileged place because we are social animals. "Society, therefore, is not only an outcome of culture, but a necessary condition of the latter (Berger 7)."
- The world-building activities of humans are always social and collective enterprises. "Men together shape tools, invent languages, adhere to values, devise institutions . . .(Berger 7)." We are constantly creating meaning in our societies. Created
- As we shall see, religion is both a creator of meaning and a means to legitimating power. "Religion is the human enterprise," says Berger, "by which a sacred cosmos is established (Berger 25)."
- The point to emphasize here is that humans build and maintain their worlds through the ordering of everyday experience. We do this in two powerful ways: through science and through religion. Created
- We may understand shifts and changes in our relation to nature and to our interior life through paradigms. Paradigm is from the Greek for an example or pattern. Created
- In science the sets of assumptions that allow scientists to discover and communicate their discoveries are known as paradigms. Created
- Thomas Kuhn says that we bring our beliefs and assumptions to the collecting, interpreting, and sifting of facts in nature. "If that body of belief is not already implicit in the collection of facts—in which case more than ‘mere facts’ are at hand—it must be externally supplied, perhaps by a current metaphysic, by another science, or by personal and historical accident." Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 16-17. Created
- There have been major changes in scientific thinking through the centuries. These paradigmatic shifts brought about radically new ways of perceiving how the world works. Thomas Kuhn called them 'scientific revolutions.' Created
- Barbour notes that comprehensive theories and paradigms are extremely difficult to overthrow. "Paradigms are not rejected because there is contradictory evidence; they are replaced when there is a more promising alternative (Barbour 126)." Created
- "To be accepted as a paradigm, a theory must seem better than its competitors, but it need not, and in fact never does, explain all the facts with which it can be confronted." Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 17-18.
- Paradigms allow scientists to focus selectively and effectively on some aspects of experience rather than others. Their assumptions—the paradigm—make that possible. Created
- Religious traditions, like the scientific community, pass along metaphysical and methodological assumptions that new initiates learn in order to be part of what we call "normal religion." Ian Barbour, Religion and Science, 127-128. Created
- Religion, like science, builds worlds of meaning through models, analogies, and symbols. These are based on common assumptions that unite believers under paradigms—collective ways of thinking, perceiving, and acting. Created
- Paradigm communities, centered on core ideals and assumptions, provide a way to be in the world, to find meaning, and to order experience.
- Religion provides meaning and legitimation. This can be described as reality-maintenance. "Religion legitimates so effectively because it relates the precarious reality constructions of empirical societies with ultimate reality (Berger 32)." Religion turns policy into divinely-ordained truth. Created
- Hans Kung noted five major paradigm shifts within Christian history. Each one provided a means for working and worshipping and dealing with problems in life. -- Ian Barbour, Religion and Science, 129
- Barbour says, “Each new paradigm arose from a fresh experience of the original message, as well as from institutional crises and external challenges. The gospel thus contributed to both continuity and change." Ian Barbour, Religion and Science, 129 Created
- In every historic shift the current paradigm was replaced by one that was thought to be more promising, more encompassing, and more fruitful. Created
- Many are saying that this is a pivotal moment for Seventh-day Adventism. We, too, are faced with internal and external challenges. For many, this is a time of uncertainty and anxiety. Could Adventism be ripe for a paradigm shift? Created
- The debate over the ordination of women to ministry reveals a possible paradigm shift. Created
- Religious institutions legitimate the ideals of a community through authority and tradition. Ordination is one of those ideals. Therefore, we can expect ordination to be defined and limited through appeals to authority and tradition.
- Paradigms and paradigm communities arise in times of crisis to clarify what is intangible. Women's ordination is just such a crisis point for the Adventist community. Therefore, we can expect paradigm communities to become evident in response. Created with
- Paradigms reflect the core ideals of a community. There appear to be two contending core ideals in the current Adventist experience: authority/tradition and justice/equality. Therefore, we can expect the emergence of at least two paradigm communities. Created
- Honest dialogue without recrimination is needed. As members of paradigm communities we need the humility to reinterpret our past—and to reimagine our future. Created