1. CHAPTER 12: BLOOD

2. Blood & Blood Cells - Red Blood Cells (RBC) - White Blood Cells (WBC) - Platelets - Plasma Volume & Composition of Blood - 5 liters - 45% cells - 55% plasma } the percentages is called the hematocrit (HCT)

3. Red Blood Cells Characteristics  erythrocytes - contains hemoglobin - 1 Hb contains 4 iron atoms to carry O 2 - 200 - 300 million Hb per RBC - lack a nucleus

4. RBC Counts men = 4.6 - 6.2 million cells/mm 3 women = 4.2 - 5.4 million cells/mm 3 * the more RBC’s - the more O 2 carried RBC Production – hematopoeisis - a typical RBC lasts about 120 days so new RBC’s made all the time

5. - when O 2 levels decrease, the hormone erythropoeiten (EPO) is released from the kidney - EPO goes to the red bone marrow - increases in RBC production - more RBC’s = increased O 2 levels - O 2 levels increase, EPO secretions decreases the rate of blood cell productions

6. Destruction of RBC’s - become fragile as they get older - destroyed by macrophages in liver and spleen

7. hemoglobin   iron (Fe) & biliverden amino acids  biliruben  excreted in bile or urine RBC Destruction

8. White Blood Cells  leukocytes - form from an increase of interleukins & colony stimulating factors (CSF) 5 Types 1. Granulocytes - twice the size of RBC’s - short life span ~ 12 hours a) neutrophils - phagocytize foreign particles - multi-lobed

9. b) eosinophils - help control against inflammation and allergic reactions - kill certain parasites

10. c) basophils - releases heparin to prevent blood clotting - releases histamine to aid injured tissue due to an allergic reaction

11. 2. Agranulocytes a) monocytes - phagocytize foreign substances

12. b) lymphocytes - produce antibodies that act against foreign substances

13. WBC Counts 5,000 - 10,000 cells/mm 3 Leukocytosis - 10,000 + cells/mm 3 - more WBC found due to disease Leukopenia - less than 5,000 cells/mm 3

14. Platelets  thrombocytes - produced from a megakaryocyte that breaks up into fragments (platelets) - helps in blood clotting - affected by the hormone thrombopoieten

16. Blood Plasma - yellowish color - 92% water Functions - transporting nutrients, gases, & vitamins - regulates fluid & electrolyte balance - maintains pH

17. 1. Plasma Proteins a) Albumins - maintains osmotic pressure of the blood - helps to regulate water movement, in doing so, controls blood volume which in turn controls blood pressure Plasma Contents

18. b) Globulins - transports lipids & fat-soluble vitamins - make up the antibodies of immune system c) Fibrinogen - blood clotting 2. Nutrients and Gases - amino acids - CO 2 - glucose - N 2 - fatty acids - O 2

19. 3. Nonprotein nitrogenous substances - urea - uric acid 4. Plasma Electrolytes - Na + - Cl - - K + - HCO 3 - - Mg + - PO 4 - * These help maintain osmotic pressure and pH

21. Hemostasis  the stoppage of bleeding 3 Things May Occur 1. Blood Vessel Spasm – Vasospasm - walls of blood vessel contracts - decreases blood flow 2. Platelet Plug Formation - platelets stick to collagen fibers in blood vessels - forms a plug over the blood vessel

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Erythrocyte Break in vessel wall 1 Platelet

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Erythrocyte Break in vessel wall 1 Blood escaping through break 2 Platelet

24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Erythrocyte Break in vessel wall 1 Blood escaping through break 2 Platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen 3 Platelet

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Erythrocyte Break in vessel wall 1 Blood escaping through break 2 Platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen 3 Platelet plug helps control blood loss 4 Platelet

26. 3. Blood Coagulation - most effective - forms a blood clot - depends on many clotting factors

28. Thrombus - an abnormally formed blood clot Embolus - when a thrombus dislodges and begins to move - can get stuck, cause a blockage which leads to death

29. Blood Groups and Transfusions - RBC’s membrane contains agglutinogens  antigens - plasma contains aglutinins  antibodies - these two types of proteins gives a person their blood type

30. ABO Blood Groups - based on the presence or absence of antigen A & B Blood Type Antigen Antibody A A anti-B B B anti-A AB A & B None O None anti-A & anti-B

31. - type AB is the universal recipient - type O is the universal donor - it is important to get the proper blood otherwise agglutination or clumping of the blood will occur

32. Rh Blood Groups  named after the rhesus monkey - (Rh+) means antigen D is present - (Rh–) means antigen D is absent - this condition needs to be checked when a female is pregnant

33. - if mother is Rh (-), & father is Rh (+), then baby will be Rh (+) - mother will make antibodies for the Rh or D antigen. This is OK for the first child but for the second, the mothers antibodies (anti-D) will combine with the child’s D antigens and blood will clump

34. - condition is called erythroblastosis fetalis - easily prevented with a shot of RhoGAM