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NOISE POLLUTION
                  By
           Bibhabasu Mohanty
           Assistant Professor
     Department of Civil Engineering
SAL Institute of Technology & Engineering
                 Research
CONTENT

Measurement of sound, Sources,
Effects and control of noise pollution
THE NATURE OF SOUND
 Sound is a physical phenomenon that stimulates
  the sense of hearing.
 Sound, a manifestation of vibration, travels in wave
  patterns through solids, liquids and gases.
 Sound waves of equal amplitude with increasing
  frequency from top to bottom.
SOUND PROPAGATION
AMPLITUDE AND WAVELENGTH PERIOD
BASIC TERMINOLOGY

 Frequency:   Frequency is the no of
 cycles repeated in unit time duration.
 Its unit is cycle/sec or
 Hz(1Hz=1Cycle/sec)

 Intensity:
           Amount of sound energy
 received / sec is known as intensity of
 sound. Its Unit is decibel(dB).
 Decibel: Decibel is define as the
 logarithm to the base 10 to ratio of two
 intensities

             Lt =10log10(I/I0)dB

 Where, I=Measured Intensity
 I0=Reference Intensity
 Lt=Level of noise in dB
SOUND                           NOISE

 Pleasant to hear           Unpleasant to hear
 Constant pitch             Constantly varying pitch

 Regular periodic motion    No regular periodic motion

 Produces meaningful        Produces no meaningful
  communication               communication
 Unit is Hertz (Hz)         Unit is decibel (dB)

  Hz= cycle/sec.              dB=10 log(intensity
                              measured/reference
                              intensity)
LEVELS OF NOISE

L = log10 Q/Q0 (bels)
 Q=Measured Intensity

 Q0=Reference Intensity

 L=Level of sound in Bels

1dB= 1/10 B
Hence, L = 10 log10 Q/Q0 (dB)
 When     sound pressure is measured, Q0= 20 μPa.

Lp= 10 log10(Prms/ 20μPa)2
sound pressure is computed by squaring r.m.s value
or Lp= 20 log10(Prms/ 20μPa)

   When sound power is measured, Q0= 10 – 12 watts
    Lw = 10 log 10 (W/10– 12)

 When     sound intensity level measured , Q0= 10 – 12
    W/m2
    LI = 10 log 10 (I/10– 12)
SOUND LEVEL METER
 Sound  level meters (SLMs) measure sound
 pressure level and are commonly used in noise
 pollution studies.

 Positioned
           in desired location with no obstruction
 from source and sound is taken.

 Basic
      parts include microphone, amplifiers,
 weighting networks and display reading in dB.
 This   device performs three basic operations: -

 First,
       microphone to convert the energy in the
  sound into an electrical signal. When a sound
  wave hits the microphone, it causes a
  diaphragm.

 To vibrate, electronic signals, which are
  proportional to the sound pressure causing the
  vibration.

 Thirdly, this electronic network then provide
  meaningful results transmitted through a visual
  display.
 Internationally   accepted three weighing scales
 adopted.

 A,B   and C.

A   for human intensity to low intensity sound.

B   for medium intensity sound.

C   for human response to high intensity sound.
Rule of thumb when measuring noise levels

 The  noise source being measured should be at
  least 10 dB above the background (ambient)
  noise.

 Keep  the sound level meter as far away from any
  large reflecting surfaces as you are from the
  source that you are measuring.

 Allmeasurements are to be made with the
  microphone at least 3 feet above the ground.
SOUND AND HUMAN HEARING

 People generally hear sounds between the
  “threshold of hearing” and the “threshold of pain”.
 In terms of pressure, this is 20 μPa – 100 Pa.



   The decibel scale was developed from this fact and
    makes numbers more manageable.

   The decibel scale generally ranges from
    approximately 0 to 130.
HOW SOUND IS HEARD
HUMAN HEARING AND FREQUENCY




0   16 Hz     20 kHz      5 MHz
WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION ???
 unwanted    sound that penetrates the
  environment
 any noise irritating to one's ear which comes
  from an external source
 in relatives terms one’s enjoyment may be
  pollution to other.
 sound which pleases the listeners is music and
  which causes pain and annoyance is noise.
 noise affect us in hearing, ability to communicate
  and behavior.
SOURCE OF NOISE POLLUTION



 Street traffic
 Rail traffic

 Road traffic

 Airplanes

 Constructions

 Indoor source (Radio, TV, AC, home appliances)

 Less maintained vehicles produce more sounds
NOISE STANDARDS

  Area code      Category of area          Limits in dB
                                    Day time        Night time

     A            Industrial area     75              70

     B           Commercial area      65              55

     C           Residential area     55              45

     D             Silence zone       50              40


 Day time: 6 am to 9 pm
 Night time: 9pm to 6 am
SOUND LEVEL FOR HUMAN RESPONSE
EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION


 Loss  of hearing
 Annoyance

 Health effects

 Interference with communication

 Working efficiency
Loss of hearing – due to exposure of noise, which
  termed as artificial hearing loss.

1.   Noise induced temporary threshold shifts (NITTS)-
     due to exposure to loud noise like bursting of
     crackers. Recovered in a short period of time.

2.   Noise induced permanent threshold shifts
     (NIPTS)- because of exposure to loud noise for
     long period time.
Annoyance – subjective matter for sound/noise.
 Someone may like classical music, it may annoy
  others.
 Annoyance is felt about 75 to 85 dB.

 Blood vessel get constricted, breathing rate
  affected.
Health effects –
Effects on physical health.
 Auditory effects- short time and long time effects.
  Acoustic trauma due to high intensity impulsive
  noise of about 150 dB or more.
 Non-auditory effects- exposure to loud noise
  increase pulse rate and blood pressure change.
Effects on mental health- lack of conc. at high
   noise level and mental disturbance.

Interference with communication – background noise
    affect the efficiency of offices, schools and other
    places where communication is vital importance.
 External sound also interfere with conversation
    and use of telephone as well as enjoyment of
    radio and TV.
 Maximum acceptable limit of noise 55dB.
Working efficiency – decrease the working efficiency
  drastically. Experiments indicate that irregular
  bursts of noise are more disruptive than steady
  noise.
 Sound levels of 90 dB may interfere with the
  performance of a task.

Other effects
 Sleep interference

 Personal comfort interference

 Effects on wild life

 Increased industrial accidents.
CONTROL OF NOISE POLLUTION
 Can never be eliminated completely, but it can be
  controlled.
 Noise pollution can be controlled by paying
  attention to one or all of the three elements
  involved:
   Source :- can be modified by changing in design,
    treatment of machine surface, noise source could
    be stopped or operation limited to certain times.

   Transmission path :- sound insulating enclosure,
    construction of noise barrier, absorbing materials
    along the path.

   Receiver :- altering the work schedule, by provision
    of ear protection.
Others steps to control noise pollution

 Noise   pollution (Regulation and control) Rules,
  2000.
 Vehicular noise can be controlled by proper
  maintaince.
 Industrial noise controlled under the factory act,
  1948.
 Legal laws to control blaring loudspeakers,
  playing of music system at loud level.
 Use of better technology in design of systems
  like fan, AC, washing machines and refrigerators.
   Proper town planning can help in avoiding noise
    pollution (construction from major noise sources).

   Proper zoning and separation of buffers.

   Thick and high vegetation can absorb much noise.

   Aerodrome should be located away from the city.

   Aeroplanes should take off in direction readily away
    from the city.
Noise barrier: Highway in Melbourne, Australia
Noise pollution
Noise pollution

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Noise pollution

  • 1. NOISE POLLUTION By Bibhabasu Mohanty Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering SAL Institute of Technology & Engineering Research
  • 2. CONTENT Measurement of sound, Sources, Effects and control of noise pollution
  • 3. THE NATURE OF SOUND  Sound is a physical phenomenon that stimulates the sense of hearing.  Sound, a manifestation of vibration, travels in wave patterns through solids, liquids and gases.  Sound waves of equal amplitude with increasing frequency from top to bottom.
  • 6. BASIC TERMINOLOGY  Frequency: Frequency is the no of cycles repeated in unit time duration. Its unit is cycle/sec or Hz(1Hz=1Cycle/sec)  Intensity: Amount of sound energy received / sec is known as intensity of sound. Its Unit is decibel(dB).
  • 7.  Decibel: Decibel is define as the logarithm to the base 10 to ratio of two intensities Lt =10log10(I/I0)dB  Where, I=Measured Intensity  I0=Reference Intensity  Lt=Level of noise in dB
  • 8. SOUND NOISE  Pleasant to hear  Unpleasant to hear  Constant pitch  Constantly varying pitch  Regular periodic motion  No regular periodic motion  Produces meaningful  Produces no meaningful communication communication  Unit is Hertz (Hz)  Unit is decibel (dB) Hz= cycle/sec. dB=10 log(intensity measured/reference intensity)
  • 9. LEVELS OF NOISE L = log10 Q/Q0 (bels)  Q=Measured Intensity  Q0=Reference Intensity  L=Level of sound in Bels 1dB= 1/10 B Hence, L = 10 log10 Q/Q0 (dB)
  • 10.  When sound pressure is measured, Q0= 20 μPa. Lp= 10 log10(Prms/ 20μPa)2 sound pressure is computed by squaring r.m.s value or Lp= 20 log10(Prms/ 20μPa)  When sound power is measured, Q0= 10 – 12 watts Lw = 10 log 10 (W/10– 12)  When sound intensity level measured , Q0= 10 – 12 W/m2 LI = 10 log 10 (I/10– 12)
  • 11.
  • 13.  Sound level meters (SLMs) measure sound pressure level and are commonly used in noise pollution studies.  Positioned in desired location with no obstruction from source and sound is taken.  Basic parts include microphone, amplifiers, weighting networks and display reading in dB.
  • 14.  This device performs three basic operations: -  First, microphone to convert the energy in the sound into an electrical signal. When a sound wave hits the microphone, it causes a diaphragm.  To vibrate, electronic signals, which are proportional to the sound pressure causing the vibration.  Thirdly, this electronic network then provide meaningful results transmitted through a visual display.
  • 15.
  • 16.  Internationally accepted three weighing scales adopted.  A,B and C. A for human intensity to low intensity sound. B for medium intensity sound. C for human response to high intensity sound.
  • 17. Rule of thumb when measuring noise levels  The noise source being measured should be at least 10 dB above the background (ambient) noise.  Keep the sound level meter as far away from any large reflecting surfaces as you are from the source that you are measuring.  Allmeasurements are to be made with the microphone at least 3 feet above the ground.
  • 18. SOUND AND HUMAN HEARING  People generally hear sounds between the “threshold of hearing” and the “threshold of pain”.  In terms of pressure, this is 20 μPa – 100 Pa.  The decibel scale was developed from this fact and makes numbers more manageable.  The decibel scale generally ranges from approximately 0 to 130.
  • 19. HOW SOUND IS HEARD
  • 20. HUMAN HEARING AND FREQUENCY 0 16 Hz 20 kHz 5 MHz
  • 21. WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION ???  unwanted sound that penetrates the environment  any noise irritating to one's ear which comes from an external source  in relatives terms one’s enjoyment may be pollution to other.  sound which pleases the listeners is music and which causes pain and annoyance is noise.  noise affect us in hearing, ability to communicate and behavior.
  • 22. SOURCE OF NOISE POLLUTION  Street traffic  Rail traffic  Road traffic  Airplanes  Constructions  Indoor source (Radio, TV, AC, home appliances)  Less maintained vehicles produce more sounds
  • 23. NOISE STANDARDS Area code Category of area Limits in dB Day time Night time A Industrial area 75 70 B Commercial area 65 55 C Residential area 55 45 D Silence zone 50 40 Day time: 6 am to 9 pm Night time: 9pm to 6 am
  • 24. SOUND LEVEL FOR HUMAN RESPONSE
  • 25. EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION  Loss of hearing  Annoyance  Health effects  Interference with communication  Working efficiency
  • 26. Loss of hearing – due to exposure of noise, which termed as artificial hearing loss. 1. Noise induced temporary threshold shifts (NITTS)- due to exposure to loud noise like bursting of crackers. Recovered in a short period of time. 2. Noise induced permanent threshold shifts (NIPTS)- because of exposure to loud noise for long period time.
  • 27. Annoyance – subjective matter for sound/noise.  Someone may like classical music, it may annoy others.  Annoyance is felt about 75 to 85 dB.  Blood vessel get constricted, breathing rate affected. Health effects – Effects on physical health.  Auditory effects- short time and long time effects. Acoustic trauma due to high intensity impulsive noise of about 150 dB or more.  Non-auditory effects- exposure to loud noise increase pulse rate and blood pressure change.
  • 28. Effects on mental health- lack of conc. at high noise level and mental disturbance. Interference with communication – background noise affect the efficiency of offices, schools and other places where communication is vital importance.  External sound also interfere with conversation and use of telephone as well as enjoyment of radio and TV.  Maximum acceptable limit of noise 55dB.
  • 29. Working efficiency – decrease the working efficiency drastically. Experiments indicate that irregular bursts of noise are more disruptive than steady noise.  Sound levels of 90 dB may interfere with the performance of a task. Other effects  Sleep interference  Personal comfort interference  Effects on wild life  Increased industrial accidents.
  • 30. CONTROL OF NOISE POLLUTION  Can never be eliminated completely, but it can be controlled.  Noise pollution can be controlled by paying attention to one or all of the three elements involved:
  • 31. Source :- can be modified by changing in design, treatment of machine surface, noise source could be stopped or operation limited to certain times.  Transmission path :- sound insulating enclosure, construction of noise barrier, absorbing materials along the path.  Receiver :- altering the work schedule, by provision of ear protection.
  • 32. Others steps to control noise pollution  Noise pollution (Regulation and control) Rules, 2000.  Vehicular noise can be controlled by proper maintaince.  Industrial noise controlled under the factory act, 1948.  Legal laws to control blaring loudspeakers, playing of music system at loud level.  Use of better technology in design of systems like fan, AC, washing machines and refrigerators.
  • 33. Proper town planning can help in avoiding noise pollution (construction from major noise sources).  Proper zoning and separation of buffers.  Thick and high vegetation can absorb much noise.  Aerodrome should be located away from the city.  Aeroplanes should take off in direction readily away from the city.
  • 34. Noise barrier: Highway in Melbourne, Australia