Anatomicomedical terminology ppt -by- Bitew

AnatomicomedicalAnatomicomedical
TerminologyTerminology
ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITYARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTHCOLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH
SCIENCESCIENCE
BY
BITEW MEKONNEN/bitewm@gmail.com
December 01, 2012 1Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com

HUMAN ANATO MY
Anatomicomedical Terminology

OBJECTIVE
At the end of the session, students be able to
List common anatomical terminologies
Describe structures of the body using
anatomical terms
Apply Anatomicomedical terminologies in
studying anatomy

Terms of Relationship and Comparison
• Various adjectives, arranged as pairs of
opposites, describe the relationship of parts of
the body in the anatomical position and
compare the position of two structures
relative to each other.

•• Superficial, intermediate, and deepSuperficial, intermediate, and deep describe the position of
structures relative to the surface of the body or the relationship of
one structure to another underlying or overlying structure.
•• SuperficialSuperficial --Toward the surface of the body,
- The skin is superficial to the muscles.
•• IntermediateIntermediate- between a superficial and a deep structure
-the infrascapularis muscle is intermediate between
the skin and the scapula
• Deep- Away from the surface of the body
-the brain is deep to the cranium
• Medial- Toward the midline of the body
- The heart is medial to the lungs.
• lateral - Away from the midline of the body
 Lateral and medial are not synonymous with the terms external
(outer) and internal (inner).
• External and internal mean farther from and nearer to the center of
an organ or cavity, respectively, regardless of direction.

•• Posterior (dorsal)Posterior (dorsal)-- Toward the back or nearer
to the back.
- The kidneys are posterior to the
intestine.
•• Anterior (ventral)Anterior (ventral)-- Toward the front surface
of the body.
-the sternum is anterior to the thoracic
vertebrae
• RostralRostral -is often used instead of anterior when
describing parts of the brain; it means toward the
rostrum (L. from beak); however, in humans it denotes
nearer the anterior part of the head (e.g., the frontal
lobe of the brain is rostral to the cerebellum).
• December 01, 2012 6Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com

•• SuperiorSuperior / CranialCranial -refers to a structure that is nearer
the vertex/toward the head.
- The thorax is superior to the abdomen.
•• Inferior/ caudalInferior/ caudal -- refers to a structure that is situated
nearer the sole of the foot/away from the head; toward the
bottom
- The neck is inferior to the head.
• Caudal (L. cauda, tail) is a useful directional term that
means toward the tail region, represented in humans by
the coccyx, the small bone at the inferior (caudal) end of
the vertebral column.
• Combined terms describe intermediate positional
arrangements:
 inferomedial means nearer to the feet and median
plane;for example, the anterior parts of the ribs run
inferomedially;
 superolateral means nearer to the head and farther from
the median plane.

•• ProximalProximal-- nearer to the attachment of a limb or the
central aspect of a linear structure
-- The knee is proximal to the foot
•• distaldistal-- farther from the attachment of a limb or the
central aspect of a linear structure
- The hand is distal to the elbow.
•• DorsumDorsum-- usually refers to the superior or posterior (back)
surface of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the
body, such as the dorsum of the tongue, nose, penis, or
foot. It is also used to describe the back of the hand.
• The sole indicates the inferior aspect or bottom of the
foot, much of which is in contact with the ground when
standing barefoot. The palm refers to the flat of the hand,
exclusive of the thumb and other fingers, and is the
opposite of the dorsum of the hand.

Terms of Laterality
•• BilateralBilateral- Paired structures having right and left
members
-the kidneys are bilateral
•• UnilateralUnilateral-- Structures occurring on one side only
-- the spleen is unilateral
•• IpsilateralIpsilateral- something occurring on the same side
of the body as another structure
-the right thumb and the right great toe
•• ContralateraContralateral-means occurring on the opposite
side of the body relative to another structure; the
right hand is contralateral to the left hand.

Terms of Movement
• Various terms describe movements of the limbs and other parts of the
body.
• While most movements occur at joints where two or more bones or
cartilages articulate with one another, several non-skeletal structures
exhibit movement (e.g., tongue, lips, eyelids).
•• FlexionFlexion indicates bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or
parts of the body. For most joints (e.g., elbow), flexion generally involves
movement in an anterior direction; however, flexion at the knee joint
involves posterior movement.
• Dorsiflexion describes flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking
uphill or lifting the toes off the ground.
• Plantarflexion turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface (e.g., when
standing on your toes).

•• ExtensionExtension indicates straightening or increasing
the angle between the bones or parts of the
body. Extension usually occurs in a posterior
direction, but extension of the knee joint
occurs in an anterior direction.
•• HyperextensionHyperextension (overextension) -extension of
a limb or part beyond the normal limit;can
cause injury, such as whiplash (i.e.,
hyperextension of the neck during a rear-end
automobile collision).

• when the foot is extended at the ankle joint, it is
plantarflexed (e.g., when standing on your toes).
• Except for the thumb, from the anatomical
position, flexion and extension are movements in
the sagittal plane.

Figure .Joint Flexion and Extension. (a) Flexion of the elbow;
(b) extension of the elbow;
(c) hyperextension of the wrist; (d) extension of the wrist; (e) flexion
of the wrist; (f) flexion of the
spine; (g) extension of the spine and flexion of the shoulder; (h)
hyperextension of the neck and shoulder

Abduction and AdductionAbduction and Adduction
•• AbductionAbduction-moving away from the median
plane in the frontal plane.
 e.g1., when moving an upper limb away from
the side of the body.
 e.g.2 raising the arm to one side of the body or
standing spread-legged.
To abduct the fingers is to spread them apart
•• AdductionAdduction - moving toward the median plane in
a frontal plane (e.g., when moving an upper limb
toward the side of the body).

• (a) Abduction of the limbs;
• (b) adduction of the limbs;
• (c) abduction (lateral flexion) of the spine

(d) abduction of the fingers
(e) adduction of the fingers

Terms of movement of the thumbTerms of movement of the thumb
A.NeutralA.Neutral hand positionhand position B.ExtensionB.Extension (radial abduction)(radial abduction)
C.FlexionC.Flexion ((transpalmartranspalmar adduction)adduction) D.OppositionD.Opposition
F.AdductionF.Adduction

•• CircumductionCircumduction is a circular movement that is a
combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction occurring in such a way that the distal
end of the part moves in a circle. Circumduction
can occur at any joint at which all the above-
mentioned movements are possible (e.g., the hip
joint).
•• RotationRotation involves turning or revolving a part of
the body around its longitudinal axis, such as
turning one's head to face sideways. Medial
rotation (internal rotation) brings the anterior
surface of a limb closer to the median plane,
whereas lateral rotation (external rotation) takes
the anterior surface away from the median plane.December 01, 2012 24Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com

(a) Circumduction of the upper limb
and lateral rotation of the right femur
(b) medial rotation of the right femur
(c) rotation of the spine;December 01, 2012 25Bitew M/bitewm@gmail.com

• (d) lateral rotation of the humerus
• (e) medial rotation of the humerus
• (f) rotation of the neck (atlantoaxial joint)

•• PronationPronation is the rotational movement of the
forearm and hand that swings the radius (the
lateral long bone of the forearm) medially
around its longitudinal axis so that the palm of
the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum
faces anteriorly. When the elbow joint is
flexed, pronation moves the hand so that the
palm faces inferiorly (e.g., placing the palms
flat on a table). When applied to the foot,
pronation refers to a combination of eversion
and abduction that results in lowering of the
medial margin of the foot. (The feet of an
individual with flat feet are pronated.)

•• SupinationSupination is the rotational movement of the forearm and
hand that swings the radius laterally around its longitudinal
axis so that the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and
the palm faces anteriorly (i.e., moving them into the
anatomical position). When the elbow joint is flexed,
supination moves the hand so that the palm faces
superiorly. (Memory device: You can hold soup in the palm
of your hand when the flexed forearm is supinated but are
prone [likely] to spill it if the forearm is then pronated!)
When applied to the foot, supination generally implies
movements resulting in raising the medial margin of the
foot.
• Opposition is the movement by which the pad of the 1st
digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad. This
movement is used to pinch, button a shirt, and lift a teacup
by the handle. Reposition describes the movement of the
1st digit from the position of opposition back to its
anatomical position.

• (a) Supination of the forearm
• (b) pronation of the forearm

• (c) opposition of the thumb
• (d) reposition of the thumb

•• ProtrusionProtrusion is a movement anteriorly (forward) as in
protruding the mandible (chin), lips, or tongue.
•• RetrusionRetrusion is a movement posteriorly (backward), as
in retruding the mandible, lips, or tongue. The
similar terms protraction and retraction are used
most commonly for anterior and posterior
movements of the shoulder.
•• ElevationElevation raises or moves a part superiorly, as in
elevating the shoulders when shrugging, the upper
lid when opening the eye, or the tongue when
pushing it up against the palate.
•• DepressionDepression lowers or moves a part inferiorly, as in
depressing the shoulders when standing at ease,
the upper lid when closing the eye, or pulling the
tongue away from the palate.

• (a) Elevation of the scapulae;
• (b) depression of the scapulae;

Lateral and Medial Excursion
Biting and chewing food require several
movements of the jaw: up and down
(elevation-depression), forward and back
(protraction-retraction), and side-to-side
grinding movements.
The last of these are called lateral excursion
(sideways movement to the right or left) and
medial excur-sion(movement back to the
midline)

(c) protraction of
the mandible
(d) retraction of
the mandible
(e) lateral
excursion of the
mandible
(f)
medialexcursion of
the mandible

•• EversionEversion moves the sole of the foot away from
the median plane (turning the sole laterally).
When the foot is fully everted it is also
dorsiflexed.
•• InversionInversion moves the sole of the foot toward
the median plane (facing the sole medially).
When the foot is fully inverted it is also
plantarflexed.

• Joint Movements of the Foot. (a) Dorsiflexion;
• (b) extension; (c) plantar flexion; (d) inversion; (e) eversion.

Summary of terms of movement

AnyAny
Question?Question?

The end
Thank for your
attention!

Anatomicomedical terminology ppt -by- Bitew

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