1. What is an essay?
An essay is a non-fictional piece of structured writing for a particular subject. An essay
can also be described as an intellectual and academic exploration of a particular topic which
involves the use of different arguments and evidence in the development of the author’s
perspective. An essay is usually structured within 500 to 5000 words. Essays are non-fictional
meaning that an essay should reflect factual information in the defense of an argument. Essays
are written to make a point, defend an assertion or support an argument. The author of an essay
aims to inform or persuade the audience or both.
An essay is usually more engaging in discussion than other forms of writing. This means
that an essay is not a reporting of facts or information but rather a discussion of the author’s main
arguments in more depth. Essays serve to provide written proof and evidence of the author’s
arguments. An essay showcases the author’s ability to research topics, analyze and evaluate
arguments, organize ideas and express these ideas in a logical and unified sequence.
There are several types of essays. These include:
• Descriptive Essays- A descriptive essay is usually precise and to the point. It offers
descriptions, occurrences, features and functions or phenomena. It can describe what
something is or how something happened.
• Argumentative- An argumentative essay, also known as an analytical essay, sets out to prove
that the author’s opinion or hypothesis is truer than those of other authors.
• Persuasive- A persuasive essay attempts to persuade the reader to adopt the author’s position
or perspective on an issue or point of view.
2. 1. How to write a good research paper
The following steps outline the process of constructing a good research paper:
• Choosing the topic- An essay is a piece of academic writing about a particular subject.
Consequently, the first step in writing a good research paper is choosing a topic. The author
should choose a topic and focus on a limited aspect.
• Research- A good research paper is guided by facts. Now that the author has a working
topic, he/she searches for more information regarding the topic. Since the advent of the
internet, most of the research is carried out on the world wide web. There are many online
resources at the author’s disposal; journals, books and online references among others can
be found online.
• Thesis- A thesis is an unproved statement or theory that is put forward for argument and
subjected to the process of reasoning. A good research paper contains a thesis statement,
usually in one or two sentences. The thesis statement contains an outline of the author’s
beliefs.
• Outline- An outline helps the author think through the subject topic more methodically and
logically before drafting. Writing down an outline is one of the most important steps in
writing a good research paper as it helps arrange the author’s main points in a logical
sequence. A standard outline often contains the topics introduction, body and conclusion.
3. • Organize data- A good research paper contains correct, error-free and factual information.
Organizing research data helps the author to verify data and ensure that all information is
factual and correct.
• Draft- a good research paper is well-organized. Here, the author writes his first draft. This is
an important part in the construction of the paper as it helps the author arrange his/her ideas
to have a well organized paper.
• Review and Revision- the author reviews and revises his work for errors and rearranges
ideas to conform to the outline.
2. What is an annotated bibliography?
In academic writing, a bibliography is an alphabetical list of sources (articles, books,
documents, journals, periodicals, websites etc) that the author has cited and used for researching
a particular topic. An annotation is a summary/evaluation. Consequently, an annotated
bibliography is a descriptive and critical summary of each of the sources used for the research.
An annotated bibliography provides an account of the research work done by the author in an
alphabetical order.
Functions of an annotated bibliography in a research paper may include:
• Summarize- an annotation briefly outlines the main argument of the source.
• Assess- After summarizing, it is important to evaluate the relevance and value of the sources.
4. • Reflect- Once a source has been summarized, it is important to question how it fits into the
research
Standard format for writing an annotated bibliography consists of the citation and the
annotation.
• Citation- This is usually formatted in the requested style. Common citation styles include
APA, Chicago, Harvard and MLA.
• Annotation- Generally, an annotation should be within 100 to 300 words in length. It may
include the following information; summary of the source, relevance of the source in the
study, conclusions etc.
There are several forms of annotated bibliographies. The most common ones include:
• Indicative- this type of annotation gives the scope of sources used, lists important topics
included, and defines the source. Generally, the indicative form only includes topics and not
actual data.
• Informative- this form of annotation is simply a summary of the source.
• Evaluative- this form of annotation assesses the source’s strengths and weaknesses.
• Combination- this is the most commonly used type of annotation. It contains a summary or
description of the content and also provides an evaluation of the source text.
Depending on several factors, an annotated bibliography may contain all or some of the
following information:
5. • Brief summary of the source
• Background of the authors
• Scope of the text
• Intended or desired audience
• Evaluation of the research methodologies used
• Reliability of source text
• The main argument
• Strengths and weaknesses of the source text
• Relevance of source in author’s field of study
• Relationship to other studies
• Personal conclusions regarding the source
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