The thrust of this study was to determine the impact of micro credit on the MSMEs sector in CRS,
Nigeria. Three hypotheses were formulated from the research questions and tested by using chi-square statistic
to validate the truth or otherwise of the hypotheses. Ex-post factor research design was adopted and a sample
size of 158 respondents was selected and used for the study. A structured questionnaire was used in obtaining
the data. In testing the hypotheses, all the calculated chi-square values were greater than the critical chi-square
value at the given level of significance and degree of freedom. This resulted in rejecting the null hypotheses
while the alternate hypotheses were retained. The results indicated that micro credit programmes have
significant effect on MSMEs in CRS. Equally, credit administration has a significant effect on the performance
of microcredit programmes and that collateral requirements on MSMEs have significant effect on obtaining
credit from microfinance institutions in CRS. Arising from the findings, the study recommends that government
should make more microcredit programmes available for the development of MSMEs in CRS. There should be
efficiency in credit administration on the part of both government and the private sector so as to enhance the
performance of microcredit programmes in CRS and also collateral requirements should be minimized, while
low interest rate should be charged on micro, small and medium enterprises so as to enhance obtaining of credit
facilities from microfinance institutions in the State.
Micro Financing Of Small and Medium Enterprises (Smes) In Zambiainventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of the effects of micro finance banks on poverty reanglo99
This document analyzes the effects of microfinance banks on poverty reduction and economic growth in Nigeria. It discusses how microfinance banks aim to increase access to credit for small businesses and low-income households. This is intended to promote entrepreneurship, self-reliance, employment, and household income among the poor. The document also outlines the objectives of microfinance banks in Nigeria, which include serving the large unserved market, generating employment, reducing poverty, and increasing savings opportunities. It provides context on the history and concept of microfinance in Nigeria.
The Impact of Microfinance Banks on Employment Generation in NigeriaGabriel Ken
This document summarizes a research paper on the impact of microfinance banks on employment generation in Nigeria, using Unyogba Microfinance Bank as a case study. The introduction provides background on microfinance in Nigeria and outlines the research problem, objectives, questions, and hypotheses. It discusses the significance and limitations of the study. The literature review will examine microfinance banks' role in promoting growth, entrepreneurship and job creation in Nigeria, as well as their challenges and how to improve microfinance banking.
This document discusses the role of commercial banks in microfinance in Pakistan. It notes that while microfinance traditionally served those without access to formal financial services, involving commercial banks could help expand access to millions more. Commercial banks provide a widespread branch network and expertise in financial services that could better reach the microfinance market. While commercial bank rates may be higher, the costs of serving many small, rural customers justify this. The document also outlines the regulatory framework for microfinance in Pakistan and the State Bank of Pakistan's efforts to develop the industry.
Problems of microcredit among microenterprises in nigeriaAlexander Decker
1. This study assessed the problems of microcredit among microenterprises in Nigeria and aimed to provide recommendations. It found that problems of microcredit have significant negative effects on the performance of microenterprises.
2. The study was conducted in Aba, Nigeria, which has a high concentration of microenterprises. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using statistical tests.
3. Key problems identified included lack of access to financing due to lack of banking relationships, financial records, and acceptable collateral. High interest rates, slow bank support, and lack of venture capital funding were also issues.
Microfinance and the Challenge of Financial Inclusion for Sme’s Development i...IOSRJBM
This paper examined microfinance and the challenge of financial inclusion for SMEs development in Nigeria. The study adopted two separate econometrics models for capturing and testing for significance in the stated objectives between 2005 and 2015. The first model determined whether financial inclusion improve the financial well-being of low-income savers in the study period. The second investigated the impact that micro finance has on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises. Each of the models was subjected to the Ordinary Least Square regression to determine the appropriateness of models estimated. Findings from the empirical results in model one (1) and two (2) indicated relationship between financial inclusion in Nigeria, microfinance, and small business enterprises over 10 years period of study. The study found out that there is a significant relationship between financial inclusion and financial well – being of the low income earners. Empirical finding that examines the relationship between microfinance and small business in Nigeria indicates that there is a negative significant relationship between loan to small enterprises and loan to rural areas in Nigeria in the period under study. The study suggests therefore that financial inclusion will have a positive significant impact on the development of small business if the plan to include everyone works in Nigeria.
This content is mandatory reading by all UG & PG Students from India & Abroad to prepare for any Personal or HR Interview for Job in MNC’s & Admission in Top Colleges.
An assessment of the performance of microfinance institutions in Alexander Decker
This document assesses the performance of microfinance institutions in Nigeria. It finds that the liabilities of microfinance institutions outweigh their assets, indicating they are more financed through debt than equity. The document provides background on microfinance and poverty in Nigeria. It reviews literature on the impact and challenges of microfinance in reducing poverty. The study uses debt-to-equity ratios from the Mix Market database to test the hypothesis that microfinance institution liabilities exceed their assets, finding support for this hypothesis. It concludes that while microfinance aims to reduce poverty, its own financial instability limits its ability to significantly impact poverty levels in Nigeria.
Micro Financing Of Small and Medium Enterprises (Smes) In Zambiainventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of the effects of micro finance banks on poverty reanglo99
This document analyzes the effects of microfinance banks on poverty reduction and economic growth in Nigeria. It discusses how microfinance banks aim to increase access to credit for small businesses and low-income households. This is intended to promote entrepreneurship, self-reliance, employment, and household income among the poor. The document also outlines the objectives of microfinance banks in Nigeria, which include serving the large unserved market, generating employment, reducing poverty, and increasing savings opportunities. It provides context on the history and concept of microfinance in Nigeria.
The Impact of Microfinance Banks on Employment Generation in NigeriaGabriel Ken
This document summarizes a research paper on the impact of microfinance banks on employment generation in Nigeria, using Unyogba Microfinance Bank as a case study. The introduction provides background on microfinance in Nigeria and outlines the research problem, objectives, questions, and hypotheses. It discusses the significance and limitations of the study. The literature review will examine microfinance banks' role in promoting growth, entrepreneurship and job creation in Nigeria, as well as their challenges and how to improve microfinance banking.
This document discusses the role of commercial banks in microfinance in Pakistan. It notes that while microfinance traditionally served those without access to formal financial services, involving commercial banks could help expand access to millions more. Commercial banks provide a widespread branch network and expertise in financial services that could better reach the microfinance market. While commercial bank rates may be higher, the costs of serving many small, rural customers justify this. The document also outlines the regulatory framework for microfinance in Pakistan and the State Bank of Pakistan's efforts to develop the industry.
Problems of microcredit among microenterprises in nigeriaAlexander Decker
1. This study assessed the problems of microcredit among microenterprises in Nigeria and aimed to provide recommendations. It found that problems of microcredit have significant negative effects on the performance of microenterprises.
2. The study was conducted in Aba, Nigeria, which has a high concentration of microenterprises. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using statistical tests.
3. Key problems identified included lack of access to financing due to lack of banking relationships, financial records, and acceptable collateral. High interest rates, slow bank support, and lack of venture capital funding were also issues.
Microfinance and the Challenge of Financial Inclusion for Sme’s Development i...IOSRJBM
This paper examined microfinance and the challenge of financial inclusion for SMEs development in Nigeria. The study adopted two separate econometrics models for capturing and testing for significance in the stated objectives between 2005 and 2015. The first model determined whether financial inclusion improve the financial well-being of low-income savers in the study period. The second investigated the impact that micro finance has on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises. Each of the models was subjected to the Ordinary Least Square regression to determine the appropriateness of models estimated. Findings from the empirical results in model one (1) and two (2) indicated relationship between financial inclusion in Nigeria, microfinance, and small business enterprises over 10 years period of study. The study found out that there is a significant relationship between financial inclusion and financial well – being of the low income earners. Empirical finding that examines the relationship between microfinance and small business in Nigeria indicates that there is a negative significant relationship between loan to small enterprises and loan to rural areas in Nigeria in the period under study. The study suggests therefore that financial inclusion will have a positive significant impact on the development of small business if the plan to include everyone works in Nigeria.
This content is mandatory reading by all UG & PG Students from India & Abroad to prepare for any Personal or HR Interview for Job in MNC’s & Admission in Top Colleges.
An assessment of the performance of microfinance institutions in Alexander Decker
This document assesses the performance of microfinance institutions in Nigeria. It finds that the liabilities of microfinance institutions outweigh their assets, indicating they are more financed through debt than equity. The document provides background on microfinance and poverty in Nigeria. It reviews literature on the impact and challenges of microfinance in reducing poverty. The study uses debt-to-equity ratios from the Mix Market database to test the hypothesis that microfinance institution liabilities exceed their assets, finding support for this hypothesis. It concludes that while microfinance aims to reduce poverty, its own financial instability limits its ability to significantly impact poverty levels in Nigeria.
“Financial Inclusion in SHG-bank Linkage Model under SGSY with special refere...iosrjce
Financial Inclusion is a very big challenge to banking sector. Till now most of the banking facilities
are not reaching to deprive. Micro financing through SHGs is a vital weapon for poverty eradication. But due to
lack of uniformity it is not complete its target efficiently. In this paper try to focus on the financial inclusion in
SHGs-Bank Linkage Programme under SGSY scheme in Jhansi district. SBLP is the banking link with poors to
uplift their socio-economoc, health, nutrition, insurance, saving, education aspects. It is an attempt to clarify
how much this programme reach to beneficiaries of SHGs.
The present study differs from previous studies as it is focused its basic cause for reduction in quality numbers
of SHGs come out after complete all stages. Further, this paper tries to access the grass root issues relating to
SHGs and the normal course in decrease the number of SHGs at last stage in the study area. The study is
undertaken in four development blocks of jhansi Districts of Uttar Pradesh during 2009-13. It is observed that
due to fast growing of the SHG-bank linkage programme, quality credit linked SHG has not cover all stages of
the programme.. Some of the factors affecting the decline of SHGs are the target oriented approach of the
government in preparing group, inadequate incentive to NGO’s for nurturing their groups etc.
An Assessment of the role of Financial literacy on Performance of Small and M...World-Academic Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effects of a financial literacy education program on the performance of small and micro enterprises in Njoro District, Kenya. The program was implemented by Equity Group Foundation since 2011. The study found that the program emphasized important skills like budgeting, financial analysis, credit management and bookkeeping. There was a significant improvement in business performance, as measured by increased revenue, for enterprises whose managers participated in the financial literacy training. The training also helped participants better manage loans and minimize interest expenses, which enhanced performance. Budgeting skills played a key role in growing sales, profits and ensuring smooth business operations. Overall, the study concluded that the financial literacy program had a positive impact on business performance.
Influence of micro finance and small loan centre (masloc) on the development ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the influence of the Microfinance and Small Loans Centre (MASLOC) on small and medium enterprises in Wa Municipality, Ghana. It finds that loans from MASLOC have helped most beneficiaries expand their businesses, increase profits, support their families, and improve their livelihoods and social lives. However, about 60% of beneficiaries are defaulting on loans despite business progress, making it difficult for others to access loans. The study also finds that MASLOC lacks sufficient human and material resources to operate effectively. It concludes with recommendations to improve MASLOC's activities.
Impact of shg bank linkage programme on women shgs empowerment with reference...prjpublications
This document summarizes a study on the impact of India's Self Help Group Bank Linkage Program (SBLP) on women's self-help groups (SHGs) and empowerment. Some key findings:
- Between 2007-2012, the number of SHGs with bank savings increased 91.33% to over 79 million SHGs, while loans disbursed grew 151.65% to over $16.5 billion.
- Women-led SHGs dominated the program, comprising over 79% of all SHGs. Savings, loans disbursed, and loans outstanding for women SHGs all increased substantially between 2007-2012.
- The study found SBLP has been largely successful in
Financial Inclusion and Micro and Small Enterprises GrowthDr. Amarjeet Singh
The persons or firms linked with the either way of
financial transaction are known as participants of financial
inclusion financially included otherwise financially
excluded. The normal way of flow of money is routed
through banking system, post office, insurance and FBFC
channels. The MSE is financially included with operation of
saving account, current account or loan account with banks;
financial transaction with other government financial
agencies as well as some private sector NBFC. Recent
initiatives of Government of India and Indian Banking
system have accelerated the performance of financial
inclusion through various schemes such as MNREGS,
Jandhan, Atal Pension Yojna, MUDRA and so forth. The
MUDRA scheme, credit scheme for MSE, credit scheme for
KVIC & Coir firm, Kishan credit card, General Credit
Card are exclusive financial inclusion scheme for MSE
credit. Out of total size of MSEs, less than forty percent
units are getting benefits from schedule commercial banks;
as on 2017-18 only Rs. 1337 billion credit facilities given by
the lending institutions. The paper examines the current
status and potential prospect of financial inclusion at given
numbers of units and employment.
An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Financial Intermediaries and E...iosrjce
The study empirically investigated the relationship between financial intermediaries and economic
growth in Nigeria. Annual time series data covering 1970 to 2013 were used to analyze the long run and short
run relationship between the development of financial intermediaries and economic growth along with the
direction of causality between the indicators. The results of the unit root test show that the variables are
integrated at I(1). Cointegration is being found between the series in the presence of a structural break in 1987,
1992 and 1996. Using bound testing technique for cointegration a stable long-run relationship was found
between the indicators of financial intermediaries and the economic growth. Error correction coefficient was
statistically significant. It was concluded that insurance premium and value of stock transaction have a positive
impact on economic growth in both short runs and long-run. However, bank credit has a negative influence on
economic growth. The causality test reveals a bi-directional relationship between bank credit and economic
growth while a unidirectional causality moves from economic growth to insurance premium and value of stock
transactions. Here remains an important policy implication for the concerned individuals of Nigeria, that is,
they have to emphasize in financial development to ignite economic growth.
Perceptions of People from Economically Backward Section towards Financial In...iosrjce
Financial Inclusion aims to provide the financial services to the people from economically backward
section of the society. The objective is to assist them in their economic improvement and achieve the sustainable
growth. In this study, an effort has been made to examine the views of the people from economically backward
sectionregarding the important aspects of financial inclusion. Views of 53 respondents are analyzed. ChiSquare,
nonparametric statistical technique, has been used to examine whether the views of the different
categories of the respondents about the important aspects of financial inclusiondiffer. Based on the views of the
respondents we found that bank employees are encouraging people from economically weaker sections to open
their accounts and people also found these accounts useful. Respondents are also of the view that education
level, income level, age and period of association of the account holder with the bank directly affects the quality
of services rendered. To further enhance the utility of the scheme and ensure its success, there is a need to
provide training to bank staff so that the quality of services rendered is not differentiated between different
categories of customers. Further, whereas this study pertains to the views of the economically weaker section,
there is a need to examine the views of bankers also, so that this scheme can be made more useful.
The impact of microfinance on living standards, empowerment and poverty allev...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the impact of microfinance on living standards, empowerment, and poverty alleviation among poor people in Ethiopia, using clients of Amhara Credit and Savings Institution (ACSI) as a case study. The study used questionnaires distributed to 150 ACSI clients in Debratabor and Estie branches to assess changes in factors like income, education, nutrition, and savings before and after using microfinance services. The results showed microfinance led to increased income, children being sent to school, ability to pay medical bills and feed families, and savings to cope with future crises. Overall, microfinance seemed to improve living standards and empower clients economically and socially.
Growing NPAs and Future of Banking in India by vinay shahane vinay shahane
A healthy banking system is essential for any economy striving to achieve growth and remain stable in competitive global business environment. Multiple macroeconomic, demographic, and technological developments make the Indian banking sector one of the most attractive opportunities globally. Challenges like high stressed asset levels and fragmented ndustry structure are dragging down performance and threatening future growth. The best indicator for the health of the banking industry in a country is its level of Non-performing assets (NPAs).Urgent attention is required to ensure that the sector can continue to be a key driver of Indian economy.
11.five decades of development aid to nigeria the impact on human developmentAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that analyzes the impact of development aid on human development in Nigeria over five decades (1960-2010). The article employs statistical analysis of data and finds a negative relationship between development aid and human development in Nigeria, implying that aid has tended to worsen human development outcomes. It reviews literature on the effectiveness of foreign aid and presents an empirical model to analyze the effect of aid on human development and economic growth in Nigeria. Key variables in the model include development aid, human development index, gross domestic product per capita, inflation, life expectancy, and infant mortality.
Five decades of development aid to nigeria the impact on human developmentAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the impact of development aid on human development in Nigeria over five decades from 1960 to 2010. It finds that there is a negative relationship between development aid and human development in Nigeria, implying that aid tends to worsen human development outcomes. The study uses two-stage least squares estimation to analyze data on development aid flows to Nigeria and indicators of human development. It provides context on levels of poverty, education, health, and human development in Nigeria despite large amounts of development aid received.
FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN UGANDA A CASE OF LANGO SUB REGIO...ectijjournal
Women empowerment has taken a center stage in the present development agenda. The study examines the role of financial inclusion in supporting women empowerment in Lango sub region, Northern Uganda. Using both purposive and simple random sampling a Sample of 126 respondents was selected with a response rate of 100% realized. The study found out that financial support appeared to be sparse, The regulations, supervision and monitoring of some of these firms was lacking, causing many women to lose their savings with such firms. The study therefore recommended that Government should establish buffers to serve as collateral security for women who intend to secure financial credit. Financial service providers should lower down the costs of operating accounts for the financial inclusiveness of women, particularly women from rural areas. Government should tighten monitoring, regulating and supervisory policies of financial service providers to restore public trust in financial institutions in Uganda. Financial services providers, government and other development partners should offer both formal and informal business education training.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
A research article that touches upon the everlasting issue of rising Non-Performing Assets ( Stressed Assets) in the Indian Banking Industry.
It explores macro economic concepts coupled with evolving legal regulations that may have just given passage to a lucrative debt market in India.
An evaluation of microfinance services on poverty alleviation in kisii county...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the impact of microfinance services on poverty alleviation in Kisii County, Kenya. The study found that the four variables considered (credit facilities, personal savings, training services, and insurance) explained the effects of microfinance institutions on poverty alleviation in the county. Credit facilities had the highest impact, followed by personal savings, training services, and insurance. The study recommends empowering microfinance institutions in the county by providing finances for loans to residents and undertaking regular training on financial management to build capacity. While microfinance has helped many, some question whether it has proven effective at reducing poverty levels due to a lack of data.
The document discusses a study that evaluated the impact of microfinance banks on household income and expenditure among rural communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study found that the emergence of microfinance banks in Oyo State impacts household income and expenditure levels because loan size is negatively correlated with poverty levels. Prior research discussed in the document showed mixed results on the impacts of microfinance on poverty reduction, household welfare, and women's empowerment. The objectives, hypotheses, and methodology of the study are also outlined.
EFFECTS OF MORTGAGE FINANCING ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANK...paperpublications3
Abstract: Mortgage financing over the years has been a preserve for mortgage financing companies but with time, commercial banks have started engaging in mortgage financing. An efficient housing finance system has significant importance both in meeting the housing needs of individuals and in reinforcing the development it is practiced by banks in Kitale and to figure out there short coming in mortgage financing do affect the performance of banks. The objectives of the study were to establish the effects of mortgage financing on Financial Performance of commercial banks in Kitale. The study had four specific objectives establish effects of repayment period, interest rates, income levels of borrowers and valuation cost on performance of mortgage financing in Trans Nzoia County of financial performance of commercial banks in Kitale. The study adopted descriptive research design which assists to examine the effects between mortgage financing and financial performance of commercial banks. The target population of the study was 16 Commercial Banks as they fulfil all characteristics and legally accepted by the Central Bank of Kenya. A census was applied as the method of systematically acquiring and recording information from the population. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to analyzing the data. After receiving questionnaires from the respondents the responses were edited, classified, coded and tabulated to analyze quantitative data using statistical package for social science (SPSS 21). Tables and charts were used for data presentation for easy understanding and analyzes.
Keywords: Repayment period, Interest rate, Mortgage valuation cost and financial performance.
Title: EFFECTS OF MORTGAGE FINANCING ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN TRANSNZOIA COUNTY
Author: Serem, Kipruto, Isaac, Prof. Namusonge, Gregory, Mr. Okwaro Fredrick
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
This document is a research project submitted by Kennedy Nyabwala to Maseno University in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Business Administration degree. The research examines the impact of microfinancing on the performance of small and medium enterprises in Kisumu Central Business District, Kenya. It includes an introduction providing background on microfinancing concepts and the microfinance industry in Kenya. The study aims to determine if local SMEs have obtained loans from microfinance institutions, if loan recipients have repaid as required, and if financing has helped SMEs grow. The significance of the research is recognizing the importance of microfinancing for SME development.
The document summarizes research on microfinance in Assam, India. It outlines the objectives to study the current status and informal practices of microfinance in the state. Data was collected from four districts on formal and informal microfinance providers. Informal providers include village societies and committees. Formal providers include NGOs, MFIs, banks, and cooperatives. Key findings include the emerging but nascent microfinance industry, role of banks and RRBs, presence of local MFIs, strong informal practices, and high interest rates charged informally.
This document analyzes the impact of microfinance on rural households in northern villages in Uttar Pradesh, India. It studies whether microfinance facilitates rural development and poverty alleviation. The study surveyed 450 rural households. It finds that microfinance has significantly impacted economic, social, and political factors in the external environment. Access to microfinance has increased household incomes, savings, and income-generating activities. It has also improved decision-making power and reduced poverty. The study concludes that microfinance is an effective tool for empowering farmers and rural people, and plays a key role in rural development and poverty alleviation.
This study analyzed the factors affecting loan repayment performances in Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) with
a case study of (Promotion of Rural Initiatives and Development Enterprises) PRIDE Arusha, Tanzania. The
study used both quantitative and qualitative techniques to investigate factors affecting loan repayment
performances. The findings show that clients’ characteristics (age, household size, gender and level of
education), nature of business (business type, business stability and income level) and loan characteristics
(repayment period, repayment mode, and repayment amount) were among the factors that influenced borrowers
in repaying their loans. Lack of business knowledge was another factor mentioned by clients which leads to low
productivity hence failure to have enough fund to repay their loans.
The study further revealed that there was a significant relationship between loan repayment performances with
clients’ businesses challenges, loan diversification to other non-income activities, and other outside factors such
market imperfections, higher interest charges, drought, among others.
This paper has referred to research done over the years and tries to study the trend of average
amount of loan disbursed to SHGs, amount of bank loans outstanding and its associated gross NPA from 2015
to 2020, agent-wise
“Financial Inclusion in SHG-bank Linkage Model under SGSY with special refere...iosrjce
Financial Inclusion is a very big challenge to banking sector. Till now most of the banking facilities
are not reaching to deprive. Micro financing through SHGs is a vital weapon for poverty eradication. But due to
lack of uniformity it is not complete its target efficiently. In this paper try to focus on the financial inclusion in
SHGs-Bank Linkage Programme under SGSY scheme in Jhansi district. SBLP is the banking link with poors to
uplift their socio-economoc, health, nutrition, insurance, saving, education aspects. It is an attempt to clarify
how much this programme reach to beneficiaries of SHGs.
The present study differs from previous studies as it is focused its basic cause for reduction in quality numbers
of SHGs come out after complete all stages. Further, this paper tries to access the grass root issues relating to
SHGs and the normal course in decrease the number of SHGs at last stage in the study area. The study is
undertaken in four development blocks of jhansi Districts of Uttar Pradesh during 2009-13. It is observed that
due to fast growing of the SHG-bank linkage programme, quality credit linked SHG has not cover all stages of
the programme.. Some of the factors affecting the decline of SHGs are the target oriented approach of the
government in preparing group, inadequate incentive to NGO’s for nurturing their groups etc.
An Assessment of the role of Financial literacy on Performance of Small and M...World-Academic Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effects of a financial literacy education program on the performance of small and micro enterprises in Njoro District, Kenya. The program was implemented by Equity Group Foundation since 2011. The study found that the program emphasized important skills like budgeting, financial analysis, credit management and bookkeeping. There was a significant improvement in business performance, as measured by increased revenue, for enterprises whose managers participated in the financial literacy training. The training also helped participants better manage loans and minimize interest expenses, which enhanced performance. Budgeting skills played a key role in growing sales, profits and ensuring smooth business operations. Overall, the study concluded that the financial literacy program had a positive impact on business performance.
Influence of micro finance and small loan centre (masloc) on the development ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the influence of the Microfinance and Small Loans Centre (MASLOC) on small and medium enterprises in Wa Municipality, Ghana. It finds that loans from MASLOC have helped most beneficiaries expand their businesses, increase profits, support their families, and improve their livelihoods and social lives. However, about 60% of beneficiaries are defaulting on loans despite business progress, making it difficult for others to access loans. The study also finds that MASLOC lacks sufficient human and material resources to operate effectively. It concludes with recommendations to improve MASLOC's activities.
Impact of shg bank linkage programme on women shgs empowerment with reference...prjpublications
This document summarizes a study on the impact of India's Self Help Group Bank Linkage Program (SBLP) on women's self-help groups (SHGs) and empowerment. Some key findings:
- Between 2007-2012, the number of SHGs with bank savings increased 91.33% to over 79 million SHGs, while loans disbursed grew 151.65% to over $16.5 billion.
- Women-led SHGs dominated the program, comprising over 79% of all SHGs. Savings, loans disbursed, and loans outstanding for women SHGs all increased substantially between 2007-2012.
- The study found SBLP has been largely successful in
Financial Inclusion and Micro and Small Enterprises GrowthDr. Amarjeet Singh
The persons or firms linked with the either way of
financial transaction are known as participants of financial
inclusion financially included otherwise financially
excluded. The normal way of flow of money is routed
through banking system, post office, insurance and FBFC
channels. The MSE is financially included with operation of
saving account, current account or loan account with banks;
financial transaction with other government financial
agencies as well as some private sector NBFC. Recent
initiatives of Government of India and Indian Banking
system have accelerated the performance of financial
inclusion through various schemes such as MNREGS,
Jandhan, Atal Pension Yojna, MUDRA and so forth. The
MUDRA scheme, credit scheme for MSE, credit scheme for
KVIC & Coir firm, Kishan credit card, General Credit
Card are exclusive financial inclusion scheme for MSE
credit. Out of total size of MSEs, less than forty percent
units are getting benefits from schedule commercial banks;
as on 2017-18 only Rs. 1337 billion credit facilities given by
the lending institutions. The paper examines the current
status and potential prospect of financial inclusion at given
numbers of units and employment.
An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Financial Intermediaries and E...iosrjce
The study empirically investigated the relationship between financial intermediaries and economic
growth in Nigeria. Annual time series data covering 1970 to 2013 were used to analyze the long run and short
run relationship between the development of financial intermediaries and economic growth along with the
direction of causality between the indicators. The results of the unit root test show that the variables are
integrated at I(1). Cointegration is being found between the series in the presence of a structural break in 1987,
1992 and 1996. Using bound testing technique for cointegration a stable long-run relationship was found
between the indicators of financial intermediaries and the economic growth. Error correction coefficient was
statistically significant. It was concluded that insurance premium and value of stock transaction have a positive
impact on economic growth in both short runs and long-run. However, bank credit has a negative influence on
economic growth. The causality test reveals a bi-directional relationship between bank credit and economic
growth while a unidirectional causality moves from economic growth to insurance premium and value of stock
transactions. Here remains an important policy implication for the concerned individuals of Nigeria, that is,
they have to emphasize in financial development to ignite economic growth.
Perceptions of People from Economically Backward Section towards Financial In...iosrjce
Financial Inclusion aims to provide the financial services to the people from economically backward
section of the society. The objective is to assist them in their economic improvement and achieve the sustainable
growth. In this study, an effort has been made to examine the views of the people from economically backward
sectionregarding the important aspects of financial inclusion. Views of 53 respondents are analyzed. ChiSquare,
nonparametric statistical technique, has been used to examine whether the views of the different
categories of the respondents about the important aspects of financial inclusiondiffer. Based on the views of the
respondents we found that bank employees are encouraging people from economically weaker sections to open
their accounts and people also found these accounts useful. Respondents are also of the view that education
level, income level, age and period of association of the account holder with the bank directly affects the quality
of services rendered. To further enhance the utility of the scheme and ensure its success, there is a need to
provide training to bank staff so that the quality of services rendered is not differentiated between different
categories of customers. Further, whereas this study pertains to the views of the economically weaker section,
there is a need to examine the views of bankers also, so that this scheme can be made more useful.
The impact of microfinance on living standards, empowerment and poverty allev...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the impact of microfinance on living standards, empowerment, and poverty alleviation among poor people in Ethiopia, using clients of Amhara Credit and Savings Institution (ACSI) as a case study. The study used questionnaires distributed to 150 ACSI clients in Debratabor and Estie branches to assess changes in factors like income, education, nutrition, and savings before and after using microfinance services. The results showed microfinance led to increased income, children being sent to school, ability to pay medical bills and feed families, and savings to cope with future crises. Overall, microfinance seemed to improve living standards and empower clients economically and socially.
Growing NPAs and Future of Banking in India by vinay shahane vinay shahane
A healthy banking system is essential for any economy striving to achieve growth and remain stable in competitive global business environment. Multiple macroeconomic, demographic, and technological developments make the Indian banking sector one of the most attractive opportunities globally. Challenges like high stressed asset levels and fragmented ndustry structure are dragging down performance and threatening future growth. The best indicator for the health of the banking industry in a country is its level of Non-performing assets (NPAs).Urgent attention is required to ensure that the sector can continue to be a key driver of Indian economy.
11.five decades of development aid to nigeria the impact on human developmentAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that analyzes the impact of development aid on human development in Nigeria over five decades (1960-2010). The article employs statistical analysis of data and finds a negative relationship between development aid and human development in Nigeria, implying that aid has tended to worsen human development outcomes. It reviews literature on the effectiveness of foreign aid and presents an empirical model to analyze the effect of aid on human development and economic growth in Nigeria. Key variables in the model include development aid, human development index, gross domestic product per capita, inflation, life expectancy, and infant mortality.
Five decades of development aid to nigeria the impact on human developmentAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the impact of development aid on human development in Nigeria over five decades from 1960 to 2010. It finds that there is a negative relationship between development aid and human development in Nigeria, implying that aid tends to worsen human development outcomes. The study uses two-stage least squares estimation to analyze data on development aid flows to Nigeria and indicators of human development. It provides context on levels of poverty, education, health, and human development in Nigeria despite large amounts of development aid received.
FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN UGANDA A CASE OF LANGO SUB REGIO...ectijjournal
Women empowerment has taken a center stage in the present development agenda. The study examines the role of financial inclusion in supporting women empowerment in Lango sub region, Northern Uganda. Using both purposive and simple random sampling a Sample of 126 respondents was selected with a response rate of 100% realized. The study found out that financial support appeared to be sparse, The regulations, supervision and monitoring of some of these firms was lacking, causing many women to lose their savings with such firms. The study therefore recommended that Government should establish buffers to serve as collateral security for women who intend to secure financial credit. Financial service providers should lower down the costs of operating accounts for the financial inclusiveness of women, particularly women from rural areas. Government should tighten monitoring, regulating and supervisory policies of financial service providers to restore public trust in financial institutions in Uganda. Financial services providers, government and other development partners should offer both formal and informal business education training.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
A research article that touches upon the everlasting issue of rising Non-Performing Assets ( Stressed Assets) in the Indian Banking Industry.
It explores macro economic concepts coupled with evolving legal regulations that may have just given passage to a lucrative debt market in India.
An evaluation of microfinance services on poverty alleviation in kisii county...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the impact of microfinance services on poverty alleviation in Kisii County, Kenya. The study found that the four variables considered (credit facilities, personal savings, training services, and insurance) explained the effects of microfinance institutions on poverty alleviation in the county. Credit facilities had the highest impact, followed by personal savings, training services, and insurance. The study recommends empowering microfinance institutions in the county by providing finances for loans to residents and undertaking regular training on financial management to build capacity. While microfinance has helped many, some question whether it has proven effective at reducing poverty levels due to a lack of data.
The document discusses a study that evaluated the impact of microfinance banks on household income and expenditure among rural communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study found that the emergence of microfinance banks in Oyo State impacts household income and expenditure levels because loan size is negatively correlated with poverty levels. Prior research discussed in the document showed mixed results on the impacts of microfinance on poverty reduction, household welfare, and women's empowerment. The objectives, hypotheses, and methodology of the study are also outlined.
EFFECTS OF MORTGAGE FINANCING ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANK...paperpublications3
Abstract: Mortgage financing over the years has been a preserve for mortgage financing companies but with time, commercial banks have started engaging in mortgage financing. An efficient housing finance system has significant importance both in meeting the housing needs of individuals and in reinforcing the development it is practiced by banks in Kitale and to figure out there short coming in mortgage financing do affect the performance of banks. The objectives of the study were to establish the effects of mortgage financing on Financial Performance of commercial banks in Kitale. The study had four specific objectives establish effects of repayment period, interest rates, income levels of borrowers and valuation cost on performance of mortgage financing in Trans Nzoia County of financial performance of commercial banks in Kitale. The study adopted descriptive research design which assists to examine the effects between mortgage financing and financial performance of commercial banks. The target population of the study was 16 Commercial Banks as they fulfil all characteristics and legally accepted by the Central Bank of Kenya. A census was applied as the method of systematically acquiring and recording information from the population. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to analyzing the data. After receiving questionnaires from the respondents the responses were edited, classified, coded and tabulated to analyze quantitative data using statistical package for social science (SPSS 21). Tables and charts were used for data presentation for easy understanding and analyzes.
Keywords: Repayment period, Interest rate, Mortgage valuation cost and financial performance.
Title: EFFECTS OF MORTGAGE FINANCING ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN TRANSNZOIA COUNTY
Author: Serem, Kipruto, Isaac, Prof. Namusonge, Gregory, Mr. Okwaro Fredrick
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
This document is a research project submitted by Kennedy Nyabwala to Maseno University in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Business Administration degree. The research examines the impact of microfinancing on the performance of small and medium enterprises in Kisumu Central Business District, Kenya. It includes an introduction providing background on microfinancing concepts and the microfinance industry in Kenya. The study aims to determine if local SMEs have obtained loans from microfinance institutions, if loan recipients have repaid as required, and if financing has helped SMEs grow. The significance of the research is recognizing the importance of microfinancing for SME development.
The document summarizes research on microfinance in Assam, India. It outlines the objectives to study the current status and informal practices of microfinance in the state. Data was collected from four districts on formal and informal microfinance providers. Informal providers include village societies and committees. Formal providers include NGOs, MFIs, banks, and cooperatives. Key findings include the emerging but nascent microfinance industry, role of banks and RRBs, presence of local MFIs, strong informal practices, and high interest rates charged informally.
This document analyzes the impact of microfinance on rural households in northern villages in Uttar Pradesh, India. It studies whether microfinance facilitates rural development and poverty alleviation. The study surveyed 450 rural households. It finds that microfinance has significantly impacted economic, social, and political factors in the external environment. Access to microfinance has increased household incomes, savings, and income-generating activities. It has also improved decision-making power and reduced poverty. The study concludes that microfinance is an effective tool for empowering farmers and rural people, and plays a key role in rural development and poverty alleviation.
This study analyzed the factors affecting loan repayment performances in Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) with
a case study of (Promotion of Rural Initiatives and Development Enterprises) PRIDE Arusha, Tanzania. The
study used both quantitative and qualitative techniques to investigate factors affecting loan repayment
performances. The findings show that clients’ characteristics (age, household size, gender and level of
education), nature of business (business type, business stability and income level) and loan characteristics
(repayment period, repayment mode, and repayment amount) were among the factors that influenced borrowers
in repaying their loans. Lack of business knowledge was another factor mentioned by clients which leads to low
productivity hence failure to have enough fund to repay their loans.
The study further revealed that there was a significant relationship between loan repayment performances with
clients’ businesses challenges, loan diversification to other non-income activities, and other outside factors such
market imperfections, higher interest charges, drought, among others.
This paper has referred to research done over the years and tries to study the trend of average
amount of loan disbursed to SHGs, amount of bank loans outstanding and its associated gross NPA from 2015
to 2020, agent-wise
Effects of micro- finance institutions' services on sustainability of small e...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Financial literacy is a major determinant of demand for financial services. This study sought to
determine the levels of financial literacy of informal Enterprise owners and to establish the link with Enterprise
usage of financial services, and at the same time to determine socio-demographic and Enterprise characteristics
that may affect levels of financial literacy, and Enterprises’ usage of financial services
This document summarizes a study on the impact of microfinancing on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana. It begins with an introduction to microfinancing and importance of SMEs. It then reviews previous literature that has examined the relationship between microfinancing and SME performance. The methodology section describes how the study used a survey of 100 SMEs in Okaishie market in Ghana. Results found that most SME entrepreneurs were male, in the 36-55 age range, and had received some level of education. Over half of SMEs had benefited from microfinancing products and services.
A study on recent trends and problems in using micro finance services in india 2prjpublications
This document analyzes recent trends and problems in using microfinance services in India based on a study of 100 microfinance users across 7 states. The following key points are made:
1. The volume of microloans distributed and number of active borrowers has declined in recent years after peaking in 2010, indicating reduced use of microfinance services.
2. The average loan size per active borrower has also decreased in recent years, from $100 in 2005 to $155 in 2010 before declining to $155 in 2011.
3. Several reasons are affecting the use of microfinance products, including lack of deployment strategy, institutional support, and lack of promptness among borrowers in repaying loans.
Determinants of relevancy of micro financial services to sm es and clients’ r...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that investigated factors influencing the relevance of microfinancial services to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Tanzania. The study analyzed five factors: the terms and conditions of lending, product development and innovation, responsiveness to client requests, problem handling for clients, and quality of services. Survey data was collected from microfinance institution clients and staff. Correlation analysis found weak relationships between the factors and service relevance. Client responsiveness to relevance was also questionable. The study aims to help improve microfinance strategies and policies to better support SME development in Tanzania.
The Role of Microfinance Banks in Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria–A Study of S...Gabriel Ken
The broad objective of this study was to examine the operations of microfinance
banks in Anambra State and to assess their contribution to poverty alleviation. A
total of 140 randomly selected customers and officials of 14 purposively selected
microfinance banks from the three geo-political zones of Anambra State.
Dynamic capabilities and performance in the context of microfinance instituti...hunypink
This document summarizes a research study that will examine how dynamic capabilities affect the performance of microfinance institutions in Kenya. It will focus on 13 licensed microfinance institutions from 2017 to 2018. The study will assess how absorptive capability, adaptive capability, innovative capability, and networking capability impact various performance measures. It will also analyze whether strategic choice and business regulatory environment moderate the relationship between dynamic capabilities and performance. The research will use theories on dynamic capabilities, strategic choice, and institutions to guide the study. It will employ a quantitative research design using surveys and secondary data to collect information on the variables.
The document discusses the future of microfinance in India. It notes that microfinance has expanded rapidly in recent years, with membership in associations growing and loan amounts outstanding increasing significantly from 2001-2004 and 2001-2005 for various microfinance programs and institutions. It also discusses the growing partnership models between banks and MFIs, and innovations in how banks provide funding to MFIs. Going forward, it emphasizes the need for greater financial literacy, product differentiation, and ensuring client empowerment through education on loan terms and conditions.
This document discusses financial inclusion in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia. It defines financial inclusion as access to affordable and usable financial services. The importance of financial inclusion is discussed, including its role in job creation, poverty alleviation, and boosting incomes. While financial inclusion can help the poor and small businesses, the literature suggests governments in the Middle East are not doing enough to increase uptake of financial services through education campaigns. The document will examine prevalence of banking, loans, and mobile banking in Saudi Arabia in 2017.
Effective sources and uses of finance is one of the primary activities for the success of a
business, where imprudent financing practices have been identified as a key constraint for the development
of the SME sector. For instance, the empirical evidence suggests that uncertainties of the SMEs due tolack
of skills and knowledgeable workers, economic fluctuations and financingcosts at firm level constitutes to het
ride from proper access to formal financing
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effects of a financial literacy education program on the performance of small and micro enterprises in Njoro District, Kenya. The program was implemented by Equity Group Foundation since 2011. The study found that the program emphasized important skills like budgeting, financial analysis, credit management and bookkeeping. There was a significant improvement in business performance, as measured by increased revenue, for enterprises whose managers participated in the program. Credit management and budgeting skills helped businesses acquire financing, manage loans to minimize costs, and ensure smooth operations. The impact provides evidence that mainstreaming financial literacy training can enhance business performance nationwide.
This handbook provides comprehensive information to equip entrepreneurs and MSMEs with information about sourcing various types of funding. It aims to help them gauge funding readiness, identify the right funding options for their business, and find the most appropriate funding solutions. The handbook is the first in a series that will cover funding from different sources. This volume focuses on funding from national development finance institutions in South Africa.
This document summarizes a study that investigates the relationship between loan sizes and credit risk in the microfinance industry of sub-Saharan Africa. Using data on over 2000 annual observations from 632 microfinance institutions across 37 countries between 1995 and 2013, the study finds that credit risk is positively related to loan sizes. This contrasts with evidence from traditional banking, which typically finds an inverse relationship between loan sizes and risk. The results have implications for microfinance portfolio managers, particularly as mobile money services expand in the region.
Microfinance and strategy of financial inclusion in indiaAlexander Decker
This document discusses microfinance and financial inclusion in India. It notes that while India has made progress in expanding access to banking, many rural and low-income populations still lack access to formal financial services. Microfinance institutions like self-help groups have played an important role in promoting financial inclusion. The document examines different approaches to financial inclusion in India, the role of banks and microfinance, and challenges remaining around expanding access in a sustainable way.
This document summarizes the key findings of the Financial Access 2010 report, which analyzes changes in financial access from 2008 to 2009 using survey responses from 142 economies. It finds that while the number of deposit accounts grew 4% on average during the crisis, credit services declined. Physical access to banks expanded slightly through new ATMs and POS terminals. Most regulators have financial inclusion mandates but lack dedicated implementation teams. Consumer protection laws are widespread but enforcement is often limited by capacity. Two-thirds of economies collect some SME finance data but definitions vary, challenging cross-country comparisons.
This document summarizes the key findings of the 2010 report "Financial Access 2010: The State of Financial Inclusion Through the Crisis" published by CGAP and the World Bank. The report finds that:
1) Access to basic deposit services such as savings and payments expanded in most economies from 2008-2009, despite contractions in deposits and loans due to the financial crisis.
2) Physical access points for financial services such as bank branches, ATMs, and POS terminals generally expanded in 2009, although bank branches decreased in economies hardest hit by the crisis.
3) While financial inclusion mandates are widespread among financial regulators, implementation capacity is often limited, especially in developing economies.
1. The document discusses the role of banks in promoting financial inclusion in India. It examines how increased access to banking services like savings accounts, credit facilities, and insurance can help drive economic growth and reduce inequality.
2. The study analyzes secondary data on factors like the number of bank branches, ATM growth, and credit-deposit ratios in India from the past seven years. It finds that increased bank branches and higher credit-deposit ratios have had a positive significant impact on India's GDP, while ATM growth did not.
3. Financial inclusion, defined as access to affordable financial services for all including disadvantaged groups, is an important priority for the Indian government and regulators to promote inclusive economic development.
This study aimed to determine the levels of financial literacy of Small Scale Farmers and to establish
the link with their usage of financial services.
The OECD/INFE financial literacy measurement household telephone survey questionnaire was adapted and
administered to Small Scale Farmers. Financial literacy was measured by adding up scores in financial
knowledge, financial attitude and financial behaviour. Financial service usage was assessed by asking
respondents whether the respondents had used any of the specified services. Pearson’s Chi-square test for
independence was used to test the hypotheses as categorical variables were mostly involved.
Similaire à The Impact of Microcredit on the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Sector in Cross River State (CRS), Nigeria (20)
Although performance appraisal is concerned with the evaluation of workers job performance, it at the same time serves to highlight the specific objectives of an organization. As the employee is being evaluated the organization is also evaluating itself by comparing objectives and standards of performance, reviews the whole appraisal framework and design as well as organizational values and culture. Performance appraisal is a veritable tool for organizations to evaluate and increase the quality of education and training of their workforce with a view to developing lifelong learning patterns and strategies to sustain productivity throughout longer working periods. Motivation as it relates to employee productivity is often behind the drive for performance and self-actualization and provides opportunities for higher productivity. Productivity is an important measure of goal achievement because getting more done with less resources increases organizational profitability. Using the exploratory research design and 109 participants the result of the study indicates a strong positive correlation between performance appraisal and employee productivity. It suggests that the issue of performance appraisal in charitable organizations should be addressed. In view of the result of the study, the paper recommends that performance appraisal should carefully review employee’s strengths and weaknesses against requirements for possible future higher responsibilities.
The integration between innovation and business is a key factor in competitiveness between organizations. That is, innovation applied to a business makes no sense if not considered as an integral tool for the processes of the organization. Companies should therefore adopt a policy where innovation plays a strategic role in the design of business models to become lean, effective and competitive entities (Moraleda, 2004). The objective of this paper is to show the importance of innovation within companies, identifying the concept, the various models that different entities might adopt in order to develop better processes of innovation, as well as indicators that represent innovation at global and national levels in order to develop strategies that lead to an increase in competitiveness. For this work the method used was a bibliographical review of relevant articles from a range of authors was conducted.
The practitioners and academicians in the business arena are highly concern about the enhancement of employee performance in this competitive age for achievement of business goals. Considering the issue, this study aimed to measure the influence of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices on the performance of employees. The data of this study have been collected from 392 on-the-job operational level employees using survey method who are working at different garment factories in Bangladesh. The collected data are analyzed through structural equation modeling to partial least square method. The study empirically proves that employee training and development, promotion opportunity, and job security has significant influence on the employees’ performance. Theoretically, this study proves that training and development, job security and promotion opportunity together influence on the performance of employees in the developing economy. The practitioners and policy makers of the organizations are expected to make necessary adjustments in their existing HRM practices based on the findings of this study in the context of Bangladesh for enhancing the employees’ performance level so that their whole-hearted efforts can be gained for the achievement of business goals.
Child labor is one of the issues receiving much attention from researchers and scholars around the world. Child labor still occurs in most countries around the world. Viet Nam is also one of the countries with relatively high child labor and increasing trend. This article is based on critical discourse analysis and data from the General Statistics Office of Vietnam to analyze some fundamental issues of child labor in Vietnam, thereby giving policy suggestions to the Vietnam government in minimizing the current child labor situation.
The rapid trend of changes and social issues in managing the global workforce has forced organizations to look for innovative ways of enhancing the job satisfaction of employees. Among these innovative approaches is the provision of Flexible Working Arrangements (FWAs). The purpose of this exploratory research was to identify the effects of FWAs, i.e., flextime schedule, compressed workweek, and telecommuting on job satisfaction from the perspective of the Ethiopian national employees of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) in Addis Ababa. To achieve this objective both descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted. The total population of the study was 250; out of which, 71% of responses were collected. A primary data collection method was implemented using a structured questionnaire. The analysis showed that there is significant positive effect of flextime schedule (R = .39, R2 = .264, p = .001) and compressed workweek (R = .39, R2 = .159, p = .039). This means that increase in the use of flextime schedules and compressed workweek enhances job satisfaction for employees of the ECA in Addis Ababa. The independent variables reported R = .39 and R2 = .15 which means that 15% of corresponding variations in employee job satisfaction can be explained by flexible working arrangements. Nevertheless, this study found out that there are no significant relationship of telecommuting (R = .39, R2 = .065, p = .398) on job satisfaction. Therefore, since the provision of FWAs is at the nascent stage, further studies on the effect of telecommuting on job satisfaction from Ethiopian employees context are highly recommended.
This study evaluates the impacts of urban road investment and operation in China, especially the spillover effect attributable to the investment of urban road projects. Using the synthetic control method and difference-in-differences technique and taking the opening of Jiaozhou Bay Bridge and its Subsea Tunnel in China on 30 June 2011 as a natural experiment, this paper investigates the causal effect between urban road investment and its economic impacts. Results show that the project has a positive externality in terms of its contribution to the output and employment: taken the industrial relative output as outcome variable, no matter whether the covariates are controlled or not, the parameters of the interactive terms are positive; taken the industrial relative employment rate as outcome variable, the gap between the treated unit and its counterpart indicates a direct program effect for the treated city as well as a spillover effect across the cities within the sample province. Furthermore, the permutation test ascertains that the probability of achieving a spillover effect as large as the treated city is around 5.88 per cent. Overall, the investment and operation of urban road transportation infrastructure has a noticeable spillover effect. Our results are robust across a series of placebo tests.
Poor public management defined by corruption and lack of prudence in public life continues to hold Nigeria hostage and makes good governance difficult. Since the 1980s government has been using many methods including the processes of privatization and commercialization as means of re-engineering the public sector for total quality management, and to increase the share of the public sector’s contribution to the gross domestic product. The experiment never achieved the desired level of success partly due to lack of political will on the part of government to wedge a total war against corruption, and also partly because the public sector is a large scale administration that has many entry and revolving doors which government finds difficult to close. These limitations provide the incentives for widespread public corruption that is recognized as one of the greatest challenges of government in carrying out its mandate. 110 respondents participated in this study conducted through the exploratory research design. The participants provided useful data that were triangulated with data from secondary sources for the purpose of the study. To achieve the objective of the investigation, data were analyzed through statistical techniques and the result showed significant positive correlation between good governance and good management. It was recommended that appointments in the public sector should feature a combination of people from private and public sectors of the economy to enhance competence with the aim of reducing public sector corruption. Further study should examine the reasons behind rising budget deficits as a way of reducing cost of governance in Nigeria.
This document analyzes shareholding in companies in Mali based on data from the 2015 census of industrial enterprises by Mali's Ministry of Trade and Industry. The key points are:
- Since Mali's economic opening in the 1980s and privatization programs in the 1990s, the private sector has grown while many state-owned enterprises have disappeared.
- Most companies in Mali are privately owned, young (less than 15 years old), and small individual/family businesses rather than corporations.
- Between 2010-2014, the majority of shareholders were in the agri-food sector, and the gender distribution of shareholders was nearly equal.
- The document discusses different concepts of shareholding structure and
This paper’s objective is to present the importance of the strategic planning in business management. Speaking of strategic planning is always speaking in general terms and how to fix paths of behavior will necessarily affect deeply and significantly in the future evolution of the company or organization that adopts it. Today we think of the organization as part of an environment and in terms of options or choices based on what you have, of its surroundings and the opportunities or pathways that can lead to achieving the objective, (Garrido, 2009). For this work the method used was a bibliographical review of relevant articles from a range of authors was conducted. The conclusions were that the be properly analyzed and adapted to the precise conditions and characteristics of the small business or, more generally, to any type of business for which the planning is intended. Strategic planning brings multiple benefits (which exceed its disadvantages) if applied in the right way, however, there are inherent risks, which can be overcome with proper monitoring and control.
The study examined the relationship between non-financial incentives and workers’ motivation in Akwa Ibom State Civil Service exploring five key variables of continuing professional development, performance feedback, employee employment, employee participation in decision-making and task autonomy. Survey research design was adopted involving the use of questionnaire to gather data from 392 respondents drawn from a population of 20465 civil servants in state using Taro Yamene Sample Size Determination Table. The sample was drawn across all ministries and departments through stratified and convenience sampling techniques. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The five dimensions of non-financial incentives were positively correlated with workers’ motivation from the results of the analysis. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) had the highest correlation value (r = 0.33, P<0.01). Also, the five null hypotheses were rejected implying that the variables of study influence workers’ motivation in Akwa Ibom State Civil Service, Nigeria with beta coefficients and t-values of CPD (0.29;4.313); PF (0.117; 3.500); EE (0.2.141); PDM (0.182; 2.935), and TA (0.231;2.817). It was concluded that since workers’ motivation is a vital tool to organizational effectiveness and growth, employers should explore more of non-financial incentives in formulating and implementing employee benefits related policies.
This literature review is organized in five sections. Firstly, we begin with general ideas and continue with the origin of the fraudulent. Secondly, we discuss the struggle of the phenomena, insisting on the available mechanisms. Finally, we’ll discuss the link between audit and fraud.
Accounting function aims at providing accurate and sufficient accounting information to facilitate proper financial reporting and management performance. Accounting information is usually in the form of periodic or annual financial statements which are products of costing, financial and management accounting prepared for the benefit of a number of external interest groups. Accounting has its roots in the stewardship approach and as a management performance tool to guide the agent and the principal over the exact status of the going concern. Accounting function also involves financial statement analysis, interpreting the accounts by computing and evaluating ratios which relate pairs of financial information or items with one another. This analysis of ratios can be cross-sectional comparing the results of one company with another or trend. In doing so close attention is usually paid to profitability ratio to help keep pace with effective management performance. The exploratory research design was adopted for the study and result showed positive correlation between accounting function and management performance. The study was not exhaustive, therefore, further study should examine the relationship between audit failure and business failure as a matter of finding a solution to the problem. It was recommended that management should always carefully study audit reports to enhance decision making and management performance.
This study examines the effect of the trademark on consumer behavior of consumers of air conditioners in Sudan, in order to know the dimensions of the trademark that affect consumer behavior in Sudan, and provide information to companies on the dimensions of the trademark that affect the purchasing decision of the customer and contribute to customer satisfaction. The study adopted descriptive analytical method using a sample of 230 individuals who consume air conditioners in Sudan. The results showed that there is a positive significant relationship between the trademark of air conditioning and consumer behavior as well as a positive significant relationship between the trademark name of air conditioning and consumer behavior and finally there is a positive significant relationship between the trademark logo and consumer behavior.
In recent years, retired workers eligible for social security receive their emoluments from the appropriate regulatory agency and this provides more realistic evidence on the better living standard of the aged (retirees) under the scheme. Empirically, this paper examines the impact of social security on economic growth in Ghana using time series secondary (monthly) data ranging from 2000 – 2018. The author answers in two questions: 1) how significant are pensioners benefit payments dependent on economic growth and also, 2) how business environmental policy is contributing to economic performance as far as pensioners well-being are concerned. Using STATA analytical software, the findings show a positive significant relationship between social security and economic growth. The study concludes by outlining appropriate policy measures to help strengthen the current social security scheme in Ghana.
This research begins by showing the different meanings attributed to the term cluster by different currents and authors, which suggests definitions that are found around its spatial framework. Next, the factors that intervene in the competitiveness of a region and its growth are shown, for the development of these, Porter’s model of competitiveness which was taken as reference, and the contexts: geographical and economic. Therefore, the methodology was used based on a qualitative design, with descriptive and correlational scope since it will analyze differences of each cluster, with respect to the factors of dimensions, establishments, growth, economic impact and policies. To do this, the information-gathering tool was two semi-structured interviews with cluster leaders in both countries, because the approach is based on data collection methods that are not completely standardized or predetermined. And finally, the results of the comparison of the Mexican Bajío automotive cluster with the German cluster located in Baden-Württemberg are presented.
This research aims at identifying the impact of excellence in drawing up the following four marketing mix strategies (Product, Pricing, Promotion and Distribution) of the small and medium enterprises in Jordan, in terms of their marketing performance in its dimensions (Sales Growth, Profit Growth, Customer Attraction and Customer Retention).In order to reach the results of this study, A total of (187) valid questionnaire surveys were collected from companies belong to the SME Association in Jordan. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) approach was used to analyze the collected data. The empirical results indicated there is a significant relationship between the building of marketing strategies of the marketing mix elements in the Jordanian SME and their marketing performance, by (sales growth, profit growth, customer attraction, and customer retention) dimensions. Consequently, decision makers in small and medium organizations need to choose strategies based on their target market to the positive impact on the mind of the consumer, which in turn could improve modern scientific methods in SME to divide their markets into sub-market sectors.
The study investigates the impact of team building on organisational productivity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of team building among the members of the selected case study and to assess the effect of training and retraining of team members on organisational productivity. The study also x-rayed the absence of team building in a workplace which led to low levels of turnover and productivity. the total population of the study was 750 while researcher employed Yaro Yamane sampling technique to select sample size of 261 because of the large population and hypothesis were tested using Pearson correlation. The finding revealed that if members of the team can work in synergy without considering the differences in the likes of level of educational background and others, the expected productivity will be very high. It was also observed that capabilities of team leader in carrying out the assigned task determined its output especially if the team leader understands the technical knowhow of job and he is friendly with co-team members with a lot of motivation, that this would definitely enhance employees’ efficiencies and productivities. The study recommends that team members should trust, support and respect one another individual differences in order to accomplish group common goals and tasks.
Compared with general commercial reverse logistics operators, the recovery and treatment of expired drugs and medical waste is a complex and highly technically difficult project. The qualifications required by the relevant service providers are also more stringent. For medical institutions, the selection of reverse logistics operators is always a critical issue. On the perspective of sustainability, this paper aims to investigate and explore the critical factors of selecting a medical reverse logistics service provider. Through the process of the Delphi method, the experts’ assessments were collected, and 24 factors affecting the selection of medical reverse logistics service provider were screened and summarized. Then, Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) was employed to calculate the total influence values and net influence values between factors that could be used to draw the visual causal map. Referring the causal map, “Green process operation level” and “Recycling process greening degree” are significantly higher than other factors in terms of total influence value and net influence value. Therefore, they can be regarded as crucial factors. This finding implies that medical reverse logistics providers must have the ability to improve the greening of facilities, as well as equipment, integrating existing processes to make it greener and environmentally friendly.
The major objective of any firm is to maximize the shareholders wealth. This is evidence through dividend yield and payout ratio and this encapsulate into the dividend policy of a company. The research purpose aimed at examining the influence that dividend policy has on the volatility of share prices among the listed insurance corporations in Kenya. Research design, approach and method: Data was collected from listed insurance corporations over a 10-year period with a total of 49 data points. The Pearson correlation and ordinary regression analysis were employed. The results reveal the existence of a positive link among the study variables. The correlations were found to be substantial at ninety-five percent confidence level. It is worth noting that the model summary shows forty-three-point one percent of changes in the volatility of stock price are explicated by dividend yield and payout ratio. ANOVA statistics which examines whether the analytical model as set out in the study explains variations in the dependent variable concluded that the model is analytically substantial. The outcome revealed a statistically significant positive link between stock price variations and the ratio of dividend payout. Research also established a statistically substantial negative interrelation between volatility of stock prices and dividend return. Results therefore recommend that companies should have dividend policies which are mapped to shareholders wealth maximization objective. The study suggests further studies be undertaken to determine whether there exists an analytically substantial difference between the dividend policies of various sectors in the economy.
This study is about the impact of selected macroeconomic variables on economic growth of Bangladesh. Economic growth of Bangladesh is measured in terms of annual nominal GDP growth rate. Least squared regression model has been employed considering exchange rate, export, import and inflation rate as independent variables and gross domestic product as the dependent variable in this study. The results reveal that export and import have significant positive impact on GDP growth rate. The other variables (exchange rate and inflation) are not significant, indicating that there exists no significant relationship among the variables. The findings will help the policy makers to make policies concerning the country’s economic growth to remain robust in the near future.
Plus de Business, Management and Economics Research (20)
Analysis of the Impact of Exchange Rate, Inflation, Export and Import on Gros...
The Impact of Microcredit on the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Sector in Cross River State (CRS), Nigeria
1. Business, Management and Economics
Research
ISSN(e): 2412-1770, ISSN(p): 2413-855X
Vol. 3, No. 7, pp: 69-77, 2017
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=8&info=aims
69
Academic Research Publishing Group
The Impact of Microcredit on the Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises (MSMEs) Sector in Cross River State (CRS), Nigeria
Ignatius Ahmed Atsu Ph.D Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Banking and Finance University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
1. Introduction
Cross River State, with a landmass of 98,000 sq.km, is one of the 36 federating States that make up Nigeria. It
lies majorly in the coastal area and is strategically located with full access to the northern and eastern parts of the
country. The State hosts the trans-African highway, with land and sea routes to Cameroon as well as sea routes to
Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. CRS has a projected population of 3,769,445 (2015) with a population density of 20
persons per sq.km, out of which 75% live in the rural areas. The State gross domestic product (GDP) on the
purchasing power parity basis is $9.29m, on a per capita income of about $3,000 but with 50% living below $2 per
day. The main economic activity is agriculture, which accounts for about 42% of the State GDP making her the
largest producer of palm oil in Nigeria. She also produces sizeable amounts of yam, banana, plantain, cassava, rice
and cocoa. Cross River has oil and gas deposits and supplies limited services to the oil and gas industry. The
business climate has improved significantly with ongoing efforts to upgrade infrastructure and adopt investment-
friendly policies. These coupled with its advantageous location, semi-skilled labor force, and reputation for being a
peaceful place makes CRS a prime location for investment. The economy is public-sector driven, while the private
sector is dominated by primary production and petty trading. Since the advent of democracy, there has been an
appreciable development of the tourism in the State. Federal Allocation accounts for about 80% of its revenues,
while internally generated revenue makes up the rest. Presently, manufacturing, infrastructure, agriculture, oil and
gas are attracting mega investors (CRS Facts and Figures, 2011).
As is the case in other parts of the country, the MSMEs which are the lower rung businesses has provided
multiple employment opportunities to the youths who are engaged in one activity or the other and hence contributed
their quota to the economic fundamentals. This is predictable as MSMEs have been recognized as socio-economic
and political development catalysts in both developed and developing economies. In view of the financial challenges
faced by MSMEs in the State, microcredit has been identified as a veritable source of affordable and sustainable
finance in addressing a critical challenge in the sector (Mwangi, 2011).
MSMEs relying heavily on micro-credit are generally regarded as the driving force of economic growth, job
creation, and poverty reduction in developing countries like Nigeria. They have been the means through which
accelerated growth and rapid industrialization have been achieved in other climes (Koech, 2011). Micro credit
consists of small loans provided by both formal and informal service providers to micro enterprises for their
Abstract: The thrust of this study was to determine the impact of micro credit on the MSMEs sector in CRS,
Nigeria. Three hypotheses were formulated from the research questions and tested by using chi-square statistic
to validate the truth or otherwise of the hypotheses. Ex-post factor research design was adopted and a sample
size of 158 respondents was selected and used for the study. A structured questionnaire was used in obtaining
the data. In testing the hypotheses, all the calculated chi-square values were greater than the critical chi-square
value at the given level of significance and degree of freedom. This resulted in rejecting the null hypotheses
while the alternate hypotheses were retained. The results indicated that micro credit programmes have
significant effect on MSMEs in CRS. Equally, credit administration has a significant effect on the performance
of microcredit programmes and that collateral requirements on MSMEs have significant effect on obtaining
credit from microfinance institutions in CRS. Arising from the findings, the study recommends that government
should make more microcredit programmes available for the development of MSMEs in CRS. There should be
efficiency in credit administration on the part of both government and the private sector so as to enhance the
performance of microcredit programmes in CRS and also collateral requirements should be minimized, while
low interest rate should be charged on micro, small and medium enterprises so as to enhance obtaining of credit
facilities from microfinance institutions in the State.
Keywords: Microcredit; MSMEs; Microcredit programmes; Credit administration; Collateral requirement.
2. Business, Management and Economics Research, 2017, 3(7): 69-77
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businesses and other needs. As a source of business financing, it dates back in the 19th century when money lenders
were informally performing the role now played by formal financial institutions. The informal financial institutions
are made up of village banks and non-bank institutions, cooperative credit unions, family and friends and social
venture capital funds, while the formal channels are made up of State owned and other incorporated financial
institutions.
Recently researchers have examined the role of micro-credit in achieving the millennium development goals
(MDGs) and sustainable development goals (SDGs), since they mobilize rural savings and have simple and straight
forward procedures that originate from local cultures and are easily understood by the populace. Through these,
MSMEs were found to have very limited access to deposits, credit and other financial services provided by formal
financial institutions. Quaye (2011) argues that this is because, generally MSMEs lack the necessary collateral
security and other demands by financial institutions who also, find it difficult to recover the high cost involved in
doing business with these firms. In addition to these, the associated risks involved in lending to the sector makes it
unattractive to the banks.
MSMEs in general lack the necessary financial services, especially credit from commercial banks because they
are considered light weight and not credit worthy. Consequently they depend majorly on informal sources to fund
their businesses. In Nigeria, credit has thus been recognized as an essential tool for promoting MSMEs. The Federal
and State governments have recognized the role of MSMEs in sustainable growth and development and hence their
financial empowerment is seen to be vital. In CRS particularly, the government recognizing the role of microcredit
in addressing the challenges of funding for MSMEs have developed several microcredit schemes. To coordinate
these schemes and provide other intervention services for this sector, the microfinance and enterprise development
agency (MEDA) was established by the CRS Law No. 8 of 2010 with a mandate of supporting the growth and
development of MSMEs through financial empowerment. It is envisaged that if this growth strategy is adopted and
the latent entrepreneurial capabilities of this large segment of the people is sufficiently stimulated and sustained, then
positive multipliers will be felt throughout (Ndife, 2013).
1.1. Statement of the Problem
One of the challenges faced by MSMEs in Nigeria and CRS in particular is that of finding affordable and
sustainable finance. In CRS, for example, access to fund has posed major challenge for starting up, survival and
growth of MSMEs. Lack of credit has hampered their contribution to economic growth and development of the
State. In spite of the intervention strategies of government and other development partners, through direct grants,
lending or credit guarantee programmes, the growth and development of entrepreneurship remains observably low.
For instance, while Nigeria remains listed among the poorest countries of the world, with unemployment and poverty
levels rising increasingly (World Bank, 2010), CRS remains one of the poorest in the country. This is indicative of
the inefficacy of micro and small businesses in helping to address the challenges of poverty headlong. Specifically,
micro credit programmes are perceived to be poorly administered and coordinated. The credit administration
mechanisms used for intervention programmes are considered to be weak and non-responsive to the challenges of
monitoring and controlling of the lent funds (CRS Facts and Figures, 2011).
1.2. Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of microcredit on MSMEs in CRS. The specific
objectives are;
i). To establish the nexus between microcredit and MSMEs in CRS.
ii).To assess the effect of credit administration on the performance of micro credit
programmes in CRS.
iii).To ascertain the impact of collateral requirements on MSMEs in obtaining credit
facilities from microfinance institutions in CRS.
iv).To make recommendations based on the findings of the study.
1.3. Research Hypotheses
To assess the impact of microcredit on MSMEs in CRS, the following research hypotheses were proposed.
HO1: Microcredit programmes do not have a significant effect on MSMEs in CRS.
HO2: Credit administration does not have a significant effect on the performance of microcredit
programmes in CRS.
HO3: Collateral requirement on MSMEs do not have significant effect on obtaining credit from
Micro credit institutions in CRS.
2. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework
This study is premised on the theory of entrepreneurial innovation, developed by David Alois Schumpeter. The
theory identified innovation as a function specific to all entrepreneurs, suggesting that the entrepreneur uses new
combinations of the existing resources in the production of new goods. They use new methods of production, open
new market, exploit new sources of raw material and reorganize the industry. In the theory, economic development
occurs through the activities of entrepreneurs in a dynamic process of boom and depression in an uneven and
3. Business, Management and Economics Research, 2017, 3(7): 69-77
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disharmonious process that ebbs and flow like the waves at the sea side. By this theory a pragmatic philosophy of
entrepreneurial programme that is qualitative, purposeful and encourages skills acquisition, self-reliance and self-
employment will increase the pool of private enterprise through MSMEs growth. This growth would ultimately
result in the growth in the relevant economic indices of the region or territory (Meier and Baldwin, 1986).
2.2. Conceptual Definitions
The types of businesses that constitute MSMEs are country specific as their definitions differ between countries.
Each country uses indices like employment, investment or asset base to categorize and classify them. In Nigeria,
MSMEs are defined by the national policy on MSMEs by their asset base or employment capacity. According to the
policy, a microenterprise is any business employing less than 10 employees or with an asset base below N5m
(excluding land and buildings). A small enterprise employs between 11 and 50 employees or has an asset base
between N5m – N50m, while a medium enterprise employs between 51 and 200 employees or has an asset base of
between N50m – N500m (SMEDAN, 2007).
In India, the MSME act defines MSMEs by sector. For the manufacturing and production sector, a
microenterprise is one with investment in plant and machinery is less than 25 lakh (2,500,000) rupees, small
enterprise is one whose similar investment is more than 25 lakh but less than 5 crore (50,000,000) rupees, while
medium enterprises investment is more than 5 crore but less than 10 crore rupees. For the service sector, micro
enterprises are those with investment in equipment less than 10 lakh rupees, small enterprises are those whose
similar investment is more than 10 lakh but less than 2 crore and medium enterprises have similar investment more
than 2 crore but not up to 5 crore rupees (MSMED Act, 2006). Other countries have their own definitions.
Microcredit as a means of business financing is a new phenomenon, which was not known before the 1970s.
The movement for microcredit assumed global advocacy through the microcredit summit held in Washington DC,
USA. In simple terms microcredit is defined as credit for self employment, financial and other business services,
including savings and technical assistance. Microcredit therefore refers to short term lending of very small amounts
of money at low interest rates to new and existing microenterprises and persons to either start or improve their
business operations. These businesses typically lack a verifiable credit history and thus cannot meet the collateral
and other requirements by the banks to qualify for regular loans. Microcredit has become very important for both
urban and rural development as it induces financial inclusion among rural economic operators (Abiola, 2011).
2.3. Characterization of MSMEs in Nigeria
MSMEs are foremost in the provision of goods and services in all sectors of the economy and exist in all nooks
and crannies. According to SMEDAN, there were 17,000,000 MSMEs in the country as at 2010, distributed as
follows;
Micro enterprises are 17.26m with an estimated employment of 32.41m persons. They are informal
wholesale and retail traders, artisans, mechanics and other repairers, transporters, vendors of various wares, farmers,
building construction workers etc. Micro enterprises are usually unskilled labour dependent, with little or no
technology and with very low output.
Small enterprises are engaged in the same range of businesses as the micro though on a slightly bigger
scale. They are mostly sole proprietors and a few partnerships and registered companies and are more sophisticated
in deployment of skilled manpower and technology. The 2010 survey estimated the number of small enterprises in
the country to be 21,264.
Medium enterprises are relatively well organized with appreciable access to funding, technology,
government patronage and represent the formal face of the private sector. They are about 1,654, and are mostly in
agro-allied, oil and gas, information and communication technology, banking/finance, manufacturing, tourism and
hospitality (SMEDAN, 2010 & 2012).
From the report, MSMEs account for 20% of the GDP and their productivity and growth potential is acutely
limited in Nigeria. In addition to the intrinsic infrastructure deficit, the growth rates of MSMEs are further hampered
by the lack of entrepreneurial skills, in particular the ability to identify opportunities and tap into lucrative businesses.
Credit per se does not bring about economic development, though it is recognized that it is a critical input in any
business enterprise. In countries making the transition to the free market, microcredit plays a key role in ensuring
that the shift to privatization and commercialization benefits the under privileged, especially the unemployed and
women other than the powerful or connected elites. Poor nations often have the challenge of how to reduce poverty
through MSMEs. This is what has attracted attention to microcredit schemes which seems to have been successful in
raising income levels in countries where they are implemented. The provision of financial support through credit is
thus crucial to increase prosperity and productivity. In fact, microcredit has been identified as an indispensable tool
in development as lack of it is an obstacle to the production, service delivery, development of wealth and promotion
of human dignity. Microcredit not only increases the income levels of the poor, but it also has the tendency of raising
their standard of living as measured through the human development index (HDI). It provides financial assistance to
the poor, especially in rural areas where banking services are lacking, thereby freeing them from the vagaries of
unconventional loan sharks who charge prohibitive interest rates along with other very stringent conditions (Atsu
and Ojong, 2014).
Lack of credit is one of the factors constraining the poor, who possess potentials that if tapped, could lead to
economic growth. The poor can work, given an enabling environment and they are desirous of doing something for
4. Business, Management and Economics Research, 2017, 3(7): 69-77
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themselves if adequate support is given to them. Even though, their requirements for capital is small, yet it is not
readily available. Where available, it is not affordable. From experience, it has been observed that microcredit can
play an important role in providing access to basic social services, enhancing the well being of poor people and
productivity. Because of its importance, managers of microcredit are supposed to understand the peculiar socio-
cultural environment of the community and have the passion for addressing the associated needs of the people. These
entities act as catalysts and when their capacity is strengthened, it arouses the financial interest of rural economic
operators, facilitates financial inclusion and enhances monetary policy impulse. A microcredit entity if well
organized is therefore expected to impact on its environment (Agba and Ushie, 2012).
2.4. Role of Microcredit in Sub-National Units in Nigeria
In recognition of the place of MSMEs in employment creation, governments at the federal and sub-national
levels have began doing things to promote the growth and development of this sector. This has resulted in several
States in Nigeria taking a cue from the federal government by promoting microcredit in various sectors of their
economies. States like Delta, Bayelsa, Rivers, Lagos, Ogun and so forth have set up institutional and legal
frameworks to deliver these and similar services to their people to promote agriculture, artisan and vocational trade,
merchandizing. In CRS the microfinance and enterprise development agency (MEDA) was set as an intervention
platform to facilitate the provision of microcredit to MSMEs amongst other functions (MEDA Law, 2010). Since
inception, the agency has collaborated with banks and other financial institutions to facilitate access to affordable
and sustainable finance.
Table-1. MEDA's intervention in the provision of microcredit to MSMEs in CRS
S/N Programme Period Number of Beneficiaries Amount (N)
Male Female Total
1. Yam intervention 2012-2013 153 48 201 37,960,000
2. MYSD-Microcredit 2013 88 113 201 33,600,000
3. CRSG-BOI 2013-2016 19 7 26 153,800,000
4. CRSG-BOA 2012-2015 459 2,073 2,532 193,200,000
5. MEDA-EDC 2013-2015 101 112 213 80,000,000
6. MSMED FUND 2014-2015 348 150 498 1,500,000,000
TOTAL 1,168 2,503 3,671 1,998,560,000
Source: MEDA (2017).
Table 1, shows the types and volume of microcredit facilitated by MEDA in CRS. From the table, slightly less
than N2 billion was provided as microcredit in collaboration with the ministry of youth and sport development
(MYSD), Bank of Industry (BOI), Bank of Agriculture (BOA), entrepreneurship development centre (EDC) and the
MSME development fund (MSMEDF) in the State between 2012 and 2016.
Despite this effort, it is recognized that microcredit schemes in most places is bedeviled by challenges within the
institutional framework, service providers, processes, delivery and the capacities of those accessing the service.
Some of these include inadequate awareness and capacity, lack of collateral, poor loan repayments, socio-cultural
practices, limited number of microfinance outlets, poor staffing, and inadequate business plans. Others are poor
business strategies, ineffective oversight, improper planning, and limited financial base of MFIs. There also include
limited access to land and poor monitoring and evaluation by stakeholders (Nwigwe et al., 2012).
Corruption by service providers is also a major impediment to microcredit schemes implementation in Nigeria.
It undermines the goals and weakens the effectiveness of institutions that could have enabled the efficacy of
microcredit schemes in the country. It is thus largely responsible for the failure of policies and programmes that
would have graduated poor households from poverty. Inadequate and lack of skilled personnel constitute another
high profile challenge to microcredit schemes in Nigeria. Also, the lack of technically skilled and well experienced
personnel impedes the smooth running of programmes that are meant to alleviate poverty among a large number of
poverty stricken Nigerians (Agba and Ushie, 2012).
Omorodion (2007) posited that limited number of microfinance institutions limit the effectiveness of microcredit
schemes as supposed beneficiaries have to travel long distances before accessing the services of microfinance
banks/microcredit institutions. In CRS almost 50% of the LGAs do not have microfinance banks. Residents are thus
compelled to travel to other LGAs to access such services. Other challenges to the scheme include lack of voice or
advocacy from the end of the disadvantaged groups in the state and nation at large. Another major challenge is
cultural practices that put women at a disadvantaged position in accessing credit.
2.5. Importance of MSMEs to Economic Development
Historically, MSMEs have been responsible for the growth of the human development indicators of many
economies around the world, especially in USA, Europe, Latin America and more recently to significant parts of
South and East Asia. Currently, over 90% of companies in the world estimated to be MSMEs account for up to 80%
of total employment prospects (SMEDAN, 2007).
Deriving largely from the role of industrialization in the economic development process, Agba and Ushie (2012)
enumerated the importance of MSMEs to include the fact that they are a catalyst for technical progress and
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innovation. They also maintained that MSMEs provide training for the creation of future entrepreneurs, provide
opportunities for talented, enterprising individuals to engage in activities with preference for working in small units
and are also a major source of job creation because their modes of operation are more labour intensive. MSMEs are
also a major source of domestic capital formation through their mobilization of private savings and channeling of
such into productive investment. They are an avenue for the provision of intermediate/semi-processed goods for use
by large-scale firms. MSMEs assist in redistributing wealth and improving the standard of living of the citizenry and
checking rural-urban migration.
According to SMEDAN, MSMEs account for approximately 90% and 99.8% of all businesses in developing
countries and the European Union (EU) respectively. They also are responsible for 47%, 77% and 62% of all
employment in United States of America, the EU and Japan respectively. Other studies have also shown that in high
income countries such as Britain and USA, MSMEs contribute over 55% of GDP and over 65% of total
employment. In the low income countries like Nigeria and Burkina Faso the sector accounts for about 60% of GDP
and 70% of total employment, while in middle income countries such as India, Brazil, China, Mexico it contributes
over 70% of GDP and 95% of total employment (SMEDAN, 2010 & 2012).
2.6. Challenges and Prospects of MSMEs in Nigeria
The challenges that MSMEs content with in Nigeria are not different from those in similar developing countries.
The fact that MSMEs have not made the desired impact on the Nigerian economy in spite of all the efforts and
support of succeeding administrations gives a cause for concern. It underscores the belief that there exists
fundamental issues which confront MSMEs but which hitherto have not been wholesomely tackled. A review of
existing issues threw up challenges to include prejudice from banks averse to lending to MSMEs especially start-ups,
high cost of producing appropriate business proposals, uneven competition arising from import tariffs, which favour
imported finished products. Others are lack of access to appropriate technology as well as absence of research and
development, weak demand for products, arising from low purchasing power, lack of patronage of locally produced
goods, unfair trade practices characterized by dumping and importation of substandard goods by unscrupulous
businessmen. Weakness in governance, marketing, data-usage, processing and retrieval, accounting records and
processing, etc. arising from the dearth of appropriate skills are also enumerated (Nnana, 2001).
A review of other literature reveals inadequate and non-functional infrastructural facilities, which tend to
escalate cost of operations. MSMEs resort to private provision of utilities such as road, water, electricity,
transportation, communication. There is bureaucratic bottlenecks and inefficiency in the administration of support
facilities provided by the government. Reluctance of banks to extend credit owing to poor business plans, inadequate
collateral, high cost of administration and management of small loans as well as high interest rates are other
challenges faced by MSMEs in Nigeria (Fabunmi, 2004). According to Obitayo (2001) MSMEs contend with
multiplicity of regulatory agencies, multiple taxes and levies that result in high cost of doing business, widespread
corruption and harassment by some agencies of government, lack of technological processes, inability to meet
international quality standards, etc.
The challenges of MSMEs notwithstanding their prospect cannot be overlooked, given the crucial role they play
in the economic growth of developing countries like Nigeria. Apart from government’s concerted efforts towards
revamping and sustaining the vibrancy of this sub-sector, the private sector as well as professional groups and
associations are also not relenting in their own vital contributions to the development of the subsector. The current
thrust of SMEDAN at the federal level gives hope and optimism that going forward, government’s attention would
be attracted to the MSME subsector. Given its mandate of initiating and articulating MSMEs policy as well as
promoting and supporting services to accelerate the development of MSMEs, other intervention agencies needs to
work with SMEDAN.
To understand the peculiarities and proffer the way forward, SMEDAN did a survey of the sector in 2010, by
disaggregated MSMEs by sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, services, trade, construction, mining,
technology, etc, by their location as well as the level of vertical and horizontal linkages within various sectors of
industry. The survey enabled her determine and assess the major operating difficulties relating to market functions
(such as demand-pricing factors, supply factors, raw materials, technology infrastructure, etc) and policy
environment as it relates to regulatory, advisory, incentive and support regimes. The benefits of the survey hinges on
the expected data and information, which SMEDAN would employ for policy formulation, implementation and
intervention, effective developmental planning, vital advice on new investments, raw materials availability as well as
available technology, markets, sources of funds and assistance. It also equipped SMEDAN with strategies for
reinvigorating the MSMEs sub-sector through advising on policy formulation and execution, recommended the right
operators for various incentives, funding and support by government. It identified projects, especially those with
export potentials local and foreign investors and offered relevant advisory services to States and other intervention
agencies on how best to support and invigorate MSMEs bearing their peculiarities and circumstances in mind.
Another success was detection of key requirements in capacity building, skills gap, knowledge, skills and process
and liaise with the relevant institutions and agencies of government like the National Poverty Eradication
Programme, the Centre for Management Development, the National Directorate of Employment, etc. Finally, the
survey called for the establishment of a business support centre for each State and the promotion and government
patronage of quality local products of MSMEs for either local consumption or export or both (SMEDAN, 2010 &
2012).
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2.7. Review of Empirical Studies
Quaye (2011) in studying the effects of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) on the growth of MSMEs in the
Kumasi, Ghana, reveals that MFIs have a positive effect on the growth of MSMEs. He opined that in order to
enhance a sustained and accelerated growth in the operations of MSMEs, credit should be client-oriented and not
product- oriented and that proper monitoring should be provided for clients who are granted loans. Chijoriga (2000)
evaluated the performance and financial sustainability of MFIs in Tanzania, in terms of the overall institutional and
organizational strength, client outreach, and operational and financial performance. 28 MFIs and 194 MMSEs were
randomly selected and visited in Dar es Salaam, Arusha, Morogoro, Mbeya and Zanzibar regions. The findings
revealed that, the performance of MFIs in Tanzania is poor and only few of them have clear objectives, or a strong
organizational structure. In conclusion, the author pointed to low population density, poor infrastructure and low
house hold income levels as constraints to the MFIs performance.
Amin et al. (2003) used a unique panel dataset from northern Bangladesh with monthly consumption and
income data for 229 households before they received loans. They found that while microcredit is successful in
reaching the poor, it is less successful in reaching the vulnerable, especially the group most prone to destitution.
Abiola (2011) in his impact analysis of microcredit in Nigeria applies the financing constraints approach to
investigate whether microcredit institutions improved access to credit for microenterprises in Nigeria or not.
According to this approach, MSMEs with improved access to credit rely less on internal funds for their investments.
Thus, investment sensitivity to internal funds in Lagos State (with significant MFIs) was compared to Ekiti State
(with limited MFIs) using a cross sectional survey method and MFI location data. Results showed that MFIs
improve access to credit in Nigeria.
Ndife (2013) analyzed the effect of microfinance institutions on the development of MSMEs in Anambra State.
The study was aimed at determining the impact of microcredit institutions in starting up, survival and growth of
MSMEs as well as the effect of collateral requirements in obtaining microcredit in Anambra State. Although a
significant relationship was observed between microcredit institutions and MSMEs development, the small degree of
association that exist suggests that microcredit is a major factor that affect MSMEs in the study population.
Yusuf et al. (2014) examined the effects of micro credit on small scale enterprises in Osun State, Nigeria.
Descriptive statistics and econometrics (regression analysis) were employed as tools for the analysis. Results showed
that out of the 120 respondents that were sampled, 105 were credit users. The regression revealed that loan
repayment period, family size and years in business were the key determinants of business turn over. On the other
hand, volume of credit available is affected by repayment period, sources and the pricing of the loan.
Alhassan et al. (2016) examined the effects of microcredit on profitability and the challenges of women owned
MSMEs in Ghana. They found that women enterprises have limited access to capital as banks shy away from them
due to the high risk associated with lending to MSMEs. The enterprises were randomly selected from 5 MFIs and
categorized based on their activities using stratified sampling. Semi structured interview checklist was used to survey
the women owned MSMEs whilst questionnaires were administered to the MFIs. A paired sample t-test was
employed to determine the changes in profit over time after which effect of size was also determined. The results
indicate a significant increase in the average monthly profit over time as a result of availability of microcredit.
3. Methodology
This study employed questionnaires in gathering data for the various microcredit programmes, credit
administration and collateral requirements and the performance of MSMEs. The ex-post factor research design was
adopted in this study. This is because the researcher had no control over the variables in the study since they had
already occurred. The population of the study is made up of MFIs that provide microcredit to MSMEs in CRS. The
sample was randomly selected from the list obtained from the business premises registration office of MEDA an
agency of the State Government, whose mandate involves facilitating access to affordable and sustainable finances
for MSMEs in the State. Structured questionnaire was therefore used to generate data from individuals, MSMEs and
other groups such as the BOI, BOA, MYSD, MEDA. Data collected was analyzed using chi-square statistical tool.
4. Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion of Findings
The tables below contain the analytical details relating to the findings from the respondents. 200 copies of the
questionnaires were distributed to the respondents, 158 copies were filled and returned by them, representing 79%
response rate, and hence used for the analysis.
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Table-2. Demographic distribution of respondents
Sex No. of Respondents Percentage (%)
Male 95 60.2
Female 63 39.8
Total 158 100
Age No. of Respondents Percentages (%)
Less than 30 49 30.9
31-50 64 40.6
51-60 29 18.4
61 and above 16 10.1
Total 158 100
Educational qualification No. of Respondents Percentages (%)
FSLC 12 7.6
WAEC/NECO 13 8.2
OND/NCE/HND 60 38.0
B.Sc./BA/B.Ed. 37 23.4
MSC/MA/M.ED/PhD 36 22.8
Total 158 100
Marital Status No. of Respondents Percentages (%)
Married 73 46.2
Single 85 53.8
Total 158 100
Working/business Experience No. of Respondents Percentages (%)
1-5 years 36 22.7
6-10 years 41 25.9
11-15 years 31 19.6
16-20 years 26 16.4
21 years and above 24 15.2
Total 158 100
Source: Field work, 2017
Table 2 indicates the sex of respondents, showing 60.2% male and 39.8% female. The age distribution shows
30.9%, 40.6%, 18.4% and 10.1 had ages less than 30, 31-50, 51-60 and 61 and above respectively. Hence, most of
the respondents fall within the active working age bracket. The table equally disaggregated respondents by
educational background. 7.6% and 8.2% had FSLC and WAEC/NECO certificates respectively, while 38%, 23.4%
and 22.8% were holders of OND/NCE/HND, first degree and higher degrees respectively. On marital status, 46.2%
were married while 53.8% were single. 22.8% and 25.9% had spent 1-5years and 6-10years working or doing
business respectively. 19.6% had spent 11-15years in working or doing business, while 16.4% expended 16-20 years
in working or doing business. Only 15.2% had put in 20 years and above.
4.1. Test of Hypotheses
All the hypotheses formulated were tested using chi-square statistical technique and the results are presented
below.
Hypothesis one: Microcredit programmes do not have a significant effect on MSMEs in CRS.
Table-3. Chi-square analysis of the relationship between microcredit and MSMEs in CRS
Responses Positive Negative Total Cal X2
Critical X2
df
Agreed 50(41.01) 31(39.99) 81 8.19 3.84 1
Disagreed 30(38.98) 47(38.01) 77
Total 80 78 158
N=158, significance level = .05; df =1
The results as presented above indicates that the X2
value of 8.19 is greater than the critical value of 3.84 at .05
level of significance with 1 degree of freedom. This means that the X2
value is statistically significant. Thus, the null
hypothesis is rejected while the alternate hypothesis is retained. This implies that microcredit have significant effect
on MSMEs in CRS.
Hypothesis two: Credit administration does not have a significant effect on the performance of microcredit
programmes in CRS.
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Table-4. Chi-square analysis of the relationship between credit administration and the performance of
microcredit programmes in CRS.
Responses Positive Negative Total Cal X2
Critical X2
df
Agreed 52(44.65) 33(40.35) 85 5.52 3.84 1
Disagreed 31(38.35) 42(34.65) 73
Total 83 75 158
N =158; significance level =.05; df=1
The results of the analysis as presented in the table indicates that the calculated chi-square value of 5.52 is
greater than the critical value of 3.84 at .05% level of significance with 1 degree of freedom. This means that the X2
value is statistically significant. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected while the alternate is retained. This implies that
there is a significant relationship between credit administration and the performance of microcredit programmes in
CRS.
Hypothesis three: Collateral requirement on MSMEs do not have significant effect on obtaining credit facilities
from microcredit institutions in CRS.
Table-5. Chi-square analysis of the relationship between collateral requirement and its effect on obtaining
credit facilities from micro credit institutions in CRS
Responses Positive Negative Total Cal X2
Critical X2
df
Agreed 54(45.19) 31(39.81) 85 7.94 3.84 1
Disagreed 30(38.81) 43(34.19) 73
Total 84 74 158
N = 158; Significance level = .05; df =1
The results of the analysis indicate that the X2
value of 7.94 is greater than the critical X2
value of 3.84 at 0.05%
level of significance with 1 degree of freedom. This means that the X2
value is statistically significant. Thus, the
null hypothesis is rejected while the alternate hypothesis is retained. This implies that collateral requirement on
MSMEs has significant effect on obtaining credit facilities from microfinance institutions in CRS.
4.2. Discussion of Findings
The finding from the first hypothesis showed that microcredit programmes have significant effect on MSMEs in
CRS. This was empirically authenticated when the calculated X2
value of 8.19 was found to be greater than the
critical X2
value of 3.84 at .05% level of significance with 1 degree of freedom. This finding is in line with the views
of Sifunjo and Naomi (2014) that the provision of financial support through microcredit and savings for the
acquisition of capital goods is crucial for effective economic management, the aims of which are to increase
prosperity, equity and sustainability.
The finding from the second hypothesis indicated that credit administration has a significant effect on the
performance of microcredit programmes in CRS. This was proved when the calculated X2
value of 5.52 was found to
be greater than the critical X2
value of 3.84 at .05% level of significance with 1 degree of freedom. This finding is in
line with the views of Abiola (2011) who opined that MFIs improve access to microcredit in Nigeria.
Test of hypothesis three revealed that collateral requirement on MSMEs has significant effect on obtaining
credit from MFIs in CRS. This was authenticated when the calculated X2
value of 7.94 was found greater than the
critical X2
value of 3.84 at .05% level of significance with 1 degree of freedom. This agrees with Ndife (2013) who
asserted that collateral requirement has effect on obtaining credit from microfinance institutions in Anambra State,
Nigeria.
5. Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations
The major thrust of this study was to determine the impact of microcredit on MSMEs in CRS, Nigeria between
2012 and 2016. Three hypotheses were formulated for the study and were tested by using chi-square statistic to
justify the truth or otherwise of the hypotheses. The ex-post factor research design was adopted and a sample size of
158 respondents was randomly drawn from the population. A well structured questionnaire was used in obtaining the
data. The results revealed that:
a). Microcredit programmes have significant effect on MSMEs in CRS.
b). Credit administration has a significant effect on the performance of microcredit programmes in CRS.
c). Collateral requirement has significant effect on obtaining credit from MFIs in CRS.
5.1. Conclusion
Predicated on the findings from the analysis of the hypotheses, it could be concluded that microcredit
programmes have significant effect on MSMEs in CRS. The implication is that increase in the number of microcredit
programmes by Government and private providers will help to enhance the performance of MSMEs for sustainable
growth. The findings also lead us to conclude that credit administration has a significant effect on the performance of
microcredit programmes. Hence, an efficient administration of available credits will impact on the performance of
9. Business, Management and Economics Research, 2017, 3(7): 69-77
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microcredit programmes in the State. Furthermore, the findings revealed that collateral requirement have significant
effect on obtaining credit facilities from microfinance institutions in CRS.
5.2. Recommendations
Predicated on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made:
i). Government should continue to make microcredit programmes available for the development of MSMEs in CRS.
Microcredit has received extensive recognition as a strategy for poverty reduction and economic empowerment.
Microfinance is a way of fighting poverty particularly in rural areas where most of the poorest people live. Hence,
its sustainability should be institutionalized in CRS and Nigeria.
ii). There should be efficiency in credit administration on the part of both government and private sector practitioners
so as to enhance the performance of microcredit programmes in CRS.
iii). Collateral requirement should be eliminated or minimized on MSMEs so as to enhance obtaining of credit
facilities from microfinance institutions in CRS. Accessing credit at reasonable interest rates gives people
opportunities to set up or expand their own businesses.
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