This is very useful for the students pursuing their education in Agril Extension /Dairy Extension/Veterinary Extension/Home Science Extension/Fishery Extension

1. CONCEPT OF EXTENSION
EDUCATION
B P Singh
Principal Scientist
Division of Extension Education
ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar- 243 122
bpsingh_ext@rediffmail.com

2. CONCEPT OF EXTENSION
EDUCATION
Originated from Latin Work i.e., Ex ( means out) and
Tensio (means stretching), in England in 1867-68.
It was originated with the system of University
Extension which was taken up first by Cambridge and
Oxford University .
The term “ Extension Education” was first used in 1873
by Cambridge University , in 1876 by London University
and in 1878 by Oxford University .

3. The objective of University
Extension was to take the educational
advantage of University to Ordinary
people ( Swanson and Claar, 1984)
Historically, extension meant
education in agriculture and in home
economics. ( Whereas education is
practical , aimed at improving farm
and home – Blackburn and Flahetry,
1994)

4. Terminology of Extension..cont….
Agricultural extension was once
known as the application of scientific
research and new knowledge to
agricultural practices through farmer
education.
The field of extension now
encompasses a wider range of
communication and learning activities
organised for rural people by
professionals from different
disciplines, including agriculture,
agricultural marketing, health, and
business studies.

5. The term extension was first used to
describe adult education programmes in
England in the second half of the 19th
century; these programmes helped to
expand - or extend - the work of
universities beyond the campus and into
the neighbouring community.
The term was later adopted in the United
States of America, while in Britain it was
replaced with “Advisory Service" in the
20th century. A number of other terms are
used in different parts of the world to
describe the same or a similar concept:
Terminology of Extension..cont….

6. A number of other terms are used in different parts of the
world to describe the same or a similar concept:
Arabic: Al-Ershad (“Guidance”) and Zirhat ( extension)
Dutch: Voorlichting (“lighting the path”)
German: Beratung (“advisory work”) , another word is Aufkarung
and for agriculture education they use “ Erzichung”
French: Vulgarisation (“simplification”)
Spanish: Capacitacion (“improving skills”)
Indonesian: Penyuluhan ( lighting the way head with a torch)
Malaysian: Perkembangan ( extension service as in UK/USA)
Austrian: Forderung (furthering or stimulating to go in a desirable
direction)
Pashto: Toseehj ( extension education)
Thai, Lao: Song-Suem (“to promote”)
Persian: Tarvij, Toseeh & Gostaresh (“to promote and to extend”)
Terminology of Extension..cont….

7. In the US, an extension agent is a university employee
work to assist . Many extension agents work for
cooperative extension service programs at land-grant
universities. They are sometimes referred to as county
agents or educators.
UK: Advisory services
Terminology of Extension..cont….

8. 1 8
Rank Order ( Shukla ( 1972)
 1. Extension education is an applied science consisting of
contents derived from researches , accumulated field
experiences and relevant principles drawn from the
behavioral sciences, synthesized with useful technology,
in a body of philosophy, principles, contents and methods
focused on the problems of out of school education for
adults and youth ( Leagan, J.P.)
Definitions

9. 1 9
 2. Extension is an education and its purpose is
to change the attitude and practices of the
people with whom the work is done. (
Ensminger. D.)
 3. Extension Education is defined as an
educational process to provide knowledge to
the rural people about the improved practices
in a convincing manner and to help them to
take decisions within their specific local
conditions. ( Dhama, O.P.)
Definitions

10. 1 10
 5. NCA(1976). Refer to a extension as an out of school
education and services for the members of farm families
and others directly or in directly engaged in farm
production to enable them to adopt improved practices
in production, management, conservation and
marketing.
 Extension may be defined as the science of developing
capability of the people for sustainable improvement in
their quality of life.
Definitions

11. Extension involves the conscious
use of communication of information
to help people to form sound
opinions and make good decisions
(van den Ban and Hawkins 1996).
Extension is also defined as a
professional communication
intervention deployed by an
institution to induce change in
voluntary behaviour with a
presumed public or collective activity
(Roling, 1988).

12. 1 12
 Agri. Extension is a bridge that fills the gap
between agricultural research station on the
one hand and the farming population on the
other by establishing a suitable teaching
organization at various levels of
administration.

13. Element of extension education
It is an Intervention
It is an Educational process
It is an communication intervention
Tend to induce voluntary change in behaviuour
Focus number of target process and outcomes
Has an altruistic orientation
Has a technological, research and professional
dimension
Definitions of Ext. Edu. indicate that extension is for; i). extending
educational advantages ii). forming sound opinions to make good
decisions iii). inducing changes in voluntary behavior.

14.  The main objective of all extension work is to
teach people living especially in rural areas, how
to raise their standard of living by their own efforts
using their own resources of manpower and
materials with the minimum assistance from
Government (Paul Leagans, 1960).
 The education is effective when it results in
changes in all the following behavioural
components as specified by Paul Leagans:
i) Knowledge - What an individual knows?
ii) Attitudes -What he thinks?
iii) Skills (both Physical & Mental) -What he can do?
iv) Action - What he actually does?

15. 1 15
 Extension education is a Behavioural Science following
a continuous, persuasive and discriminating
educational process. It aims at affecting the behavioral
components of people in a desirable direction, through
conviction, communication and diffusion, by its proven
method, principles and philosophies resulting in a
learning involvement of both client and change- agent
systems.
Concept of Extension
Education

16. 1 16
The concept of Extension is based on
following basic premises
1. People have unlimited potential for
personal growth and development
2. The development may take place at any
stage of their lives, if they are provided
with adequate and appropriate learning
opportunity.
3. Adults are not interested in learning only
for sake of learning. They are motivated
when new learning provide opportunities
for application for increased productivity
and improved standards of living.
Many scientist,
Farmers, youth,
Farm women

17. 1 17
4. Such learning is a continuous need of rural population and
should be provided on a continuous basis, because the
problems as well as the technologies of production and living
are continuously changing. ( eg. individual, group approach
to ICT)
5. Given the required knowledge and skills, people are capable
of making optimal choices for their individual and social
benefits.

18. 1. Extension uses democratic methods in educating the
farmers.
2. Extension helps in adoption of innovations.
3. Extension helps in studying and solving the rural
problems.
4. Extension increases farm yields and improve the
standard of living of farmers
5. Extension makes good communities better and
progressive.
6. Extension contributes to national development
programmes
Importance of Extension Education

19. It includes all activities of rural development. So extension
programmes should be dynamic and flexible. The areas indicating
scope of Extension are listed below :
1. Increasing efficiency in agricultural production.
2. Increasing efficiency in marketing, distribution and utilization
of agricultural
3. inputs and outputs
4. Conservation, development and use of natural resources.
5. Proper farm and home management
6. Better family living.
7. Youth development.
8. Leadership development.
9. Community and rural development.
10. Improving public affairs for all round development.
11. To raise the standard of living of the rural people by helping
them in right use of their resources.
Scope of Extension Education

20. 12. To help in planning and implementing the family and village plans for
increasing production in various occupations.
13. To provide facilities for better family living.
14. To provide knowledge and help for better management of farms and
increase incomes.
15. To encourage the farmers to grow his own food, eat well and live well.
16. To promote better social, natural recreational intellectual and spiritual file
among the people.
17. To help rural families in better appreciation of SWOT in the village.
18. To open new opportunities for developing talents and leadership of rural
people.
19. To build rural citizens who are:
20. Proud of their occupation
21. Independent in thinking.
22. Constructive in outlook.
23. capable, efficient and self-reliant in character
24. having love of home and country m their heart
Scope of Extension Education, Cont…….

21. 1. We are sustainers: of green revolutions
2. We are catalysts: of change – NAIP
3. We are an agency of empowerment: SHG/WIG/CIG
4. We are human infrastructure: Multiplier effect
5. We are contextualizers: more than GOOGLE-how to
use it
6. We are synergists: ICAR-SAU-DEPT-FARMERS
7. We are collaborators: PPP mode ICT etc
Seven reasons why Extension is needed today
MEXTENSION – MOBILE PHONES FOR
AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY SERVICES

22. 1 22
NEED FOR EXTENSION
1.Need for extension arises out of fact that the condition of
the rural people in general and in the farm families in
particular has to be improved
2. There is a gap between what is and what aught to be (
Actual desirable situation)
3. The gap has to be narrow down by the application of
science and technology in their livelihood system and
bringing appropriate change in their behaviour

23. 1 23
NEED FOR EXTENSION…cont
Supe ( 1987) explained “ the researcher neither have the time nor are
they equipped for the job of persuading the villagers to adopt scientific
methods and to ascertain from them their problems. Similarly, it is
difficult for all the farmers to visit the research station and obtained first
hand information. Thus, there is need for an agency to interpret the
findings of research to the farmers and to carry the problems of the
farmers to the researchers for solution. This gap is filled by extension
agencies.

24. 1 24
Concept of Extension Educational Process

25. Animal Production (Goat) + Crop Production + Fish
Production + Fodder Production + Agro Forestry

26. 1 26
Concept of Extension Educational Process
It is a continuous educational process which has following five
stages ( Leagans, 1971)
1. Study of situation and problems
2. Objective and solution:…1.
i. .limited and extremely important
ii. Participation of local people be compulsory
iii. Objective should be able to bring about desirable change in human behaviour
1. Teaching plan of work
i. What should be
ii. How it should be
1. Evaluation
2. Reconsideration

27. 1 27
Process and Steps involved The Extension
Educational Process
Extension education is a participatory process and involves five
essential and interrelated steps. The sequence of steps is
discussed on the basis of concept developed by Leagans
(1967).

28. 1 28
First Step.
 The first step consists of collection of
facts and analysis of the situation.
 Facts about the people and their
enterprises: the economic, social,
cultural, physical and technological
environment in which they live and
work.
 These may be obtained by appropriate
survey and establishing rapport with
the people.

29. 1 29
Second Step.
The next step is deciding on realistic
objectives which may be
accomplished by the community.
A limited number of objectives should
be selected by involving the local
people.
The objectives should be specific and
clearly stated, and on completion,
should bring satisfaction to the
community.
Objectives should state the behavioral
changes in people as well as desired
economic and social outcomes.

30. 1 30
Third Step.
The third step is teaching, which involves choosing
what should be taught (the content) and
how the people should be taught (the methods and
aids/tools to be used).
It requires selective research findings of economic
and practical importance relevant to the
community, and selection and combination of
appropriate teaching methods and aids.

31. 1 31
Fourth Step.
The fourth step is evaluating the
teaching, i.e. determining the extent to
which the objectives have been reached.
To evaluate the results of an educational
programme objectively, it is desirable to
conduct a re-survey.
The evidence of changed behaviour
should be collected, which shall not only
provide a measure of success, but shall
also indicate the deficiencies, if any.

32. 1 32
Fifth Step.
 The fifth step is re-consideration of the
entire extension educational programme
on the light of the results of evaluation.
 The problems identified in the process of
evaluation may become the starting point
for the next phase of the extension
educational programme, unless new
problems have developed or new situations
have arisen.
 Thus, the continuous process of extension
education shall go on, resulting in progress
of the people from a less desirable to a
more desirable situation.

33. 1 33
Teaching in extension education
Teaching in extension education reflects the
philosophy of change in knowledge, skills, attitudes,
values, beliefs and understanding.
It is the process of arranging situation that initiates
and facilitates the learning activity among the learners
towards the goal that brings about the desirable
changes in their behavior.
Leagans defined teaching as the process of arranging
situation in which the important things to be learnt
are called to the attention of the learners, their
interest developed, desire aroused and action
promoted.
The teaching learning process is usually explained with
the help of the following six steps:

34. 1 34
Teaching in extension education
Attention: Bringing attention of the learner is the
first and foremost step in the teaching learning
process.
Interest: Once the learner’s attention is focused,
next responsibility of the teacher is to arouse the
interest in the learner towards the subject matter.
Desire: Once the interest is created the teacher
has to sustain the interest and stimulate the
learner to convert the interest into desire.
Conviction: The action followed when desire,
conviction and satisfaction of the learners is
achieved. Therefore, the teacher should see that
the learner knows what action is necessary and just
how to take that action. He also should help the
learner to visualize the action in terms of his own
situation and gets confidence in his ability to apply
the things by himself in practice.

35. 1 35
Teaching in extension education
Action: In this step the conviction is
converted into action and the job of the
teacher is to make his student act in the
lines of the knowledge acquired. Action
means implementation in the actual
situation.
Satisfaction: The end product of the
teaching effort is the satisfaction that
comes to the learner as a result of solving
the problem, meeting a need, acquiring a
new skill or some other change in
behaviour. The goals of learning are
achieved through accomplishment of the
learner in applying the knowledge and
achieving satisfaction out of the results.

36. 1 36
Learning

37. 1 37
Learning

38. 1 38
Learning
Learning is a process through which the
learner gains knowledge or by which he
changes his behaviour through his own
effort and experiences.
Learning occurs out of the application
of knowledge gained by the learner and
through his own experience.
Research revealed that people learn
1 % through taste,
1.5 % through touch,
3.5 % through smell,
11 % through hearing and 83 % through
sight.

39. 1 39
Learning............
Dale Edgar‟s (1964) Cone of
experience provides a linkage
between learning activity and
participants ‟involvement in the
process of learning. It illustrates
that
people tend to remember 10 %
of what they read,
20 % of what they hear,
30 percent what they see,
50 percent of what they hear
and see,
70 percent of what they say and
90 percent of what they say and
do.

40. LEVELS OF EXTENSION
EXTENSION EDUCATION
This role is generally performed by the
learning institution like SAUs, college and
apex level training and training organization
.
At SAU level, extension is integrated with
teaching and research, while at research
university, ext. is integrates with research.
While a the apex level organization,
extension is integrated with training
1.EXTENSION EDUCATION /2. EXTENSION SERVICES

41. LEVEL OF EXTENSION ..cont…
EXTENSION EDUCATION : FUNCTIONS
 It is to educate, train and develop professionals for
teaching and research in extension and for the extension
services and
to develop methodologies for research in extension and
field extension work.
The field extension work is generally limited to the
neighboring village or block, which are considered as
their extension laboratories

42.  It is mainly to provide educational service to the people according
to their need, for improving their life through better working.
 The main responsibility of extension service is with State
Department.
 The department maintain close contact with the relevant
university/research institute for obtaining appropriate technology and
methodology for extension work and for providing them with
feedback information from the field for research.
 Extension service is provided by the department is location specific,
input-intensive and target and result oriented .
EXTENSION SERVICE

43. LEVEL OF EXTENSION ..cont…
Extension System:
It refer to extension organization such as MOA, Univ ext.
system. NGOs extension system, Private extension system.

44. Extension Strategies:
It refers to a chosen course of action such as multi-step
information flow strategy or multimedia strategy
Specific target based strategy
Market led Ext. Strategy

45. Extension Methods
It refers to educational techniques used as extension
system i.e., personal, group or mass methods.
Result demonstration
Individual contact methodDisplay/ exhibition

46. Extension Approaches
It refers to model used by a system
1. The National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act: Sustainable Livelihood Models
2. PPP Model for transfer of technology
Green house gas
Emission model