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Part A- We presented four impairments to physical transmission of signals â€“ attenuation, noise, attenuation distortion, and delay distortion. How will these affect the guided media of copper wires and optical fibre cable, and wireless media? Suggest some techniques that are used at the physical layer to counteract these effects (that is ignore techniques like error detection and correction used at higher layers). Part B - Consider again the above three media, but in this case how does security affect these media and again what physical measures can be taken to secure these media Please do not provide copy pasted material otherwise your Q-A previlges can be revoked. Please answer carefully. Solution A) Four impairments to physical transmission of signals Attenuation : Attenuation is a general term that refers to any reduction in the strength of a signal.It occurs with any type of signal whether digital or analog.sometimes called loss.Reduction of signal strength durin transmission In Fiber optic cable attenuation is significantly lower for optical fiber than for other media. In copper wires is more and lots of distruptions. In wireless technologies the medium is air ,radio waves for communication.less attenutation noise : the wireless technoloies have noise more which incurred in the tranismission of data. In copperwires the wire cutting or any twisting will cause the noise incuding in data .

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The Financial Management Decision Process What are the three types of financial management decisions? For each type of decision, give an example of a business transaction that would be relevant. Solution Three types of financial management decisions are as under: 1. Investment decision Investment decisions are also called capital budgeting decisions. These decisions involved careful selection of assets / project to be purchased or invested. Example: Purchasing a machine. 2. Financing decision: After deciding about the investment, next big decision is arranging the funds for the investment. In this decision management decides the source of finance like : debt, Equity etc. Example: Issuing common stock to raise funds. 3. Dividend decision: When Management has invested the fund in the business it will probably earn profits. And now they have to take one more decision that is distributing of profits that is also called as dividend decision. In this decision they decided how much amount of profits is to be distributed as dividend and how much is to be retained for business. .

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The Federal Reserve attempts to keep prices stable and unemployment low. Is there are a contradiction in these objectives? Describe the monetary policy tools that are available to the Federal Reserve to achieve these objectives. Solution The Federal Reserve, like many other central banks, is an independent government agency but also one that is ultimately accountable to the public and the Congress. The Congress established maximum employment and stable prices as the key macroeconomic objectives for the Federal Reserve in its conduct of monetary policy. The Congress also structured the Federal Reserve to ensure that its monetary policy decisions focus on achieving these long-run goals and do not become subject to political pressures that could lead to undesirable outcomes. So, members of the Board of Governors are appointed for staggered 14-year terms and the Chairman of the Board is appointed for a four-year term. Elected officials and members of the Administration are not allowed to serve on the Board. The Federal Reserve does not receive funding through the congressional budgetary process. The Fed\'s income comes primarily from the interest on government securities that it has acquired through open market operations. Other sources of income are the interest on foreign currency investments held by the Federal Reserve System; fees received for services provided to depository institutions, such as check clearing, funds transfers, and automated clearinghouse operations; and interest on loans to depository institutions. After paying its expenses, the Federal Reserve turns the rest of its earnings over to the U.S. Treasury. .

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