2. Chapter 4
“ Pioneers of Teaching and Learning”
Lecturer: Group Members:
SOEUNG Sopha 1. Chhit Seyha
2. Seng Saksreyney
3. Norng Chanmoninich

3. Pioneer(s) of Teaching and Learning ?
person who is one of the first people to
do something

4. This chapter aims to show:
 How the leading educational
pioneers constructed their
philosophies and theories of
education and then to shape
teachers in today’s classroom.

5. Pioneers
1. Comenius (Czech)
2. Roussseau (Swiss)
3. Pestalozzi (Swiss)
4. Herbart (German)
5. Froebel (German)
6. Spencer (English)
7. Dewey (American )
8. Addams (American)
9. Montessori (Italian)
10. Piaget (Swiss)
11. Freire (Brazilian)

6. 4 things to discuss:
I. Pioneers’ Background
II. Principles of Teaching and
Learning
III. Education and Schooling
IV. Influences on Educational
Practices Today

7. 1. Comenius:„The Search for a New Method‟
Name: Jan Komensky
Known as: Comenius
Born: Moravian Town,
Nivnitz, Czech
( 1592-1670)

8. Comenius‟s teaching method is
(abilities to see, hear, smell, taste,& feel)
„Using the senses, rather than passive
memorization‟.
 Lessons began with short, simple phrases
and gradually moved to longer, more
complex sentences.

9. Comenius
Principles of Teaching and Learning
Respecting children‟s needs and development
Children‟s natural needs and interests by
requiring teachers to be caring persons
who created pleasant classroom. Lessons
should be appropriate to children‟s natural
stages of development.

10.  Principles of Teaching
1. use objects or picture
2. practical lives
3. present directly and simply
4. general principles before details
5. creatures and objects are parts of
universe
6. present in sequence, stressing one thing
at a time
7. do not leave a specific skill or subject

11. Comenius
Education & Schooling
multicultural
and
international
educator
promote
international
understanding,
peace and non
violent world

12. Influence on
Educational
Practices Today
He advised
teachers:
 use objects and
pictures to
encourage
children to use
their senses in
learning.
x not to rush or
pressure children

13. 2. Rousseau:„Educating the Natural Person‟
Name: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Known as: Swiss-born,
French Theorist
Born: ( 1712-1778)

14. Rousseau‟s teaching method is,
through his novel Emile ,
„Reliance on sensation; experience
with nature.‟
 Learn directly by using senses to
examine the objects in the
environment.

15. Rousseau
Principles of Teaching and Learning
Five Stages of Development:
1. Infancy : first contacts with environment
2. Childhood: exploring the world through senses
3. Boyhood : natural science
4. Adolescence : entering society
5. Youth : broaden cultural awareness

16. Education vs Schooling
Letting children
grow according
to their own
natural instincts,
interests, and
needs
Force children
into the routines

17. Influence on
Educational
Practices Today
Rousseau’s argument
that:
 Teachers
should follow
children’s
interest
 so that they
can learn from
their direct
interaction
and
environment

18. 3. Pestalozzi: „ Educator of the Senses &
Emotion‟
Name: Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Known as: Swiss educator
Born: ( 1746- 1827)

19. Pestalozzi‟s teaching method is that,
„Emphasize the right of children to
learn in an unhurried manner in a
caring environment.‟
 reliance on sensation; object lessons;
simple to complex, near to far.

20. Pestalozzi
Principles of Teaching and Learning
Warm, Secure School
Create a permissive and
emotionally healthy
homelike learning
environment
Sensory learning
The object lesson- plants,
rocks, artifacts, in daily
experience which they can
draw and trace it.
Instructional Strategies
1. begin with concrete objects
2. begin with the learner’s immediate environment
3. begin with simple and easy exercises
4. always proceed gradually and cumulatively

21. Education & Schooling
Naturalistic
Schooling
Based learning on
natural principles and
stress the importance
of human emotions
Slow, precise learning in
a loving environment
A teacher is not only
skilled in instructional
methods, but also
capable of loving all
children

22. Influence on
Educational
Practices Today
Pestalozzi
advised that:
Schooling
should base
on emotion
security and
object
learning.

23. 4. Herbart: „ Systematizing Teaching‟
Name: Johann Friedrich Herbart
Known as: German professor
of philosophy & psychology
Born: ( 1746- 1827)

24. Herbart‟s teaching method is,
„Systematized instruction &
encouraged students‟ moral
development.‟
 Organized instruction into system and
concerned with moral development of
student .

25. Herbart
Principles of Teaching and Learning
Apperceptive mass
A large mass or network
of ideas would generate a
great number of interests
by introducing students to
an increasing number of
ideas and to help them
construct relationships
between ideas.
Moral development
The humanistic studies of
history or literature as
rich sources of moral
values by studying the
living of great men and
women, student could
discover how people
made their moral
decision.

26. Education & Schooling
Instruction as a sequence of steps
1. Preparation
2. Presentation
3. Association
4. Generalization
5. Application

27. Influence on
Educational
Practices Today
Herbart advised
that:
1. Clearly identify
the skills &
concepts
2. Plan organized
&
unambiguous
lessons
3. Test students

28. 4. Froebel: „ The Kindergarten Movement‟
Name: Friedrich Froebel
Known as: German Educator
Born: ( 1782-1852)

29. Froebel‟s teaching method is,
„Self-activity; play ; imitation.‟
 Be sensitive to children’s readiness and
needs rather than be taskmasters who
heart preset recitations and forced
children to memorize words they did
not understand.

30. Froebel
Principles of Teaching and Learning
Kindergarten
A prepared, permissive
environment in which
children could
externalize their inner
spirituality through
activity such as games,
play, songs, stories, and
crafts.
Gifts
Objects with fixed form
such as spheres, cubes,
cylinders, intended to
bring to full consciousness
the underlying concept.
Occupations
Materials that children
should shape and use in
design and construct
activities.

31. Education & Schooling
Importance of teacher’s personality
Kindergarten teacher’s personality is
paramount importance. And preservice
experiences should help teachers
become sensitive to children’s needs and
give them the knowledge and skills
required to create caring and
wholesome environment.

32. Influence on
Educational
Practices Today
Froebel
influenced on:
Preschools
designed to
liberate the
child’s
creatively.