Shame on... Us?: The Effect of Shame Culture on Student Development
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We live in an age of instant judgement, but social media has simply shed light on a challenge campuses have always faced - public shaming & the affects it has on student development. From groupthink to building resilience, this session will use current literature to investigate how shame affects our students & how we can educational opportunities around public shaming in the digital age.
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Shame on... Us?: The Effect of Shame Culture on Student Development
- 4. What is shaming? The walk of shame “Bad dog” Body image Slut-shaming Mental health “Party foul”
- 5. An intentional act in response to a violation of social norms in order to make an individual feel embarrassed, ashamed or disgraced.
- 7. Pew Internet Research 92% of teens on social media daily (24% “almost constantly) Among 18-29 year olds: 87% use Facebook 37% use Twitter 53% use Instagram
- 8. Online Harassment 73% of adult internet users witnessed harassment… 60% witnessed offensive names 53% witnessed efforts to purposely embarrass someone 24% witnessed someone being physically threatened 19% witnessed someone being sexually harassed 18% witnessed someone being stalked
- 9. Online Harassment 40% of adult internet users witnessed harassment… 27% called offensive names 22% had someone purposely embarrass them 8% have been physically threatened 8% have been stalked 6% have been sexually harassed
- 12. An intentional act in response to a violation of social norms in order to make an individual feel embarrassed, ashamed or disgraced.
- 14. “When we deployed shame, we were utilizing an immensely powerful tool. The silenced were getting a voice. It was like the democratization of justice.”
- 15. • Serious vs unserious transgressions • Mob mentality (Shaming occurs in the absence of due process) • Good people do silly things • “We want to destroy people, but not feel bad about it.”
- 20. “People had forgotten that this woman was dimensional and had a soul and was once unbroken”
- 21. •Shame can be useful •Shame can be scaled •Shame vs Guilt •Hard-wired
- 22. •“Shame Campaigns” against corporations •California tax list •Traffic mimes in Colombia
- 23. Current Examples
- 24. Walter Palmer the Dentist – Cecil the Lion
- 27. Kennesaw State University Abby Dawson May 13, 2015
- 28. Where does SHAME fit into Student Development Theory?
- 29. ACHA-NCHA Data Within the last 12 months, diagnosed or treated by a professional for DEPRESSION: 7.5% of men 14.2% of women
- 30. ACHA-NCHA Data Within the last 12 months, diagnosed or treated by a professional for ANXIETY: 17.4% of women 7.8% of men
- 31. ACHA-NCHA Data Within the last 12 months, “other social relationships” (non-intimate) have been traumatic or very difficult to handle: 30.0% of women 20.7% of men
- 32. ACHA-NCHA Data Within the last 12 months, have felt “more than average” overall level of stress: 46.4% of women 37.0% of men
- 33. Pew Internet Research 2015 • 92% of teens are on social media daily (24% “almost constantly) Among 18-29 year olds: • 87% use Facebook • 37% use Twitter • 53% use Instagram
- 36. Erikson (1959, 1963, 1968) 5th stage – Identity vs Role Confusion 6th stage – Intimacy & Solidarity vs Isolation
- 37. Erikson (1959, 1963, 1968) 5th stage – Identity vs Role Confusion 6th stage – Intimacy & Solidarity vs Isolation
- 38. Sanford (1967) Developmental change involves stimulus (or challenge) and response, with development (or lack thereof) determined by the nature of the response.
- 39. Sanford (1967) Developmental change involves stimulus (or challenge) and response, with development (or lack thereof) determined by the nature of the response.
- 40. Chickering & Reisser (1993) Managing emotions Mature interpersonal relationships Establishing Identity Developing Integrity
- 41. Chickering & Reisser (1993) Managing emotions Mature interpersonal relationships Establishing Identity Developing Integrity
- 42. Kohlberg (1972) Stage 1: obeying rules to not be punished Stage 2: Follow rules if it’s in their interest to do so Stage 3: Living up to expectations of those close to you Stage 4: Social system has rules & procedures Stage 5: Rightness of laws evaluated to promote values Stage 6: Equal consideration of all individual perspectives in a moral situation
- 43. Kohlberg (1972) Stage 1: obeying rules to not be punished Stage 2: Follow rules if it’s in their interest to do so Stage 3: Living up to expectations of those close to you Stage 4: Social system has rules & procedures Stage 5: Rightness of laws evaluated to promote values Stage 6: Equal consideration of all individual perspectives in a moral situation
- 44. Implications for us? •Shame is felt & understood differently (culture, gender, privilege) •At-risk populations •“I’m right… AND YOU’RE WRONG!” •Pushing the boundaries •Uncontrollable responses (violence, anger, aggression)
- 45. “Shame is a very painful emotion that involves a negative evaluation of the global self. Thus, the pain of shame, and its resulting (if only temporary) loss of self- esteem, may give rise to unfocused anger and hostility.” Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher & Gramzow (1992)
- 46. Case Study
- 49. Thank you for attendance. Please take a few minutes to fill out the program evaluation for this session. Come To The Edge UMR-ACUHO 2015: La Crosse, Wisconsin Wednesday, October 21st - Friday, October 23rd, 2015
Notes de l'éditeur
- See it in our work constantly: -the walk of shame -”bad dog” approach with men -body image (11 million people in U.S. suffer from anorexia or bulimia) -slut-shaming -stigma attached to counseling, to addiction -social ostracizing
- See it in our work constantly: -the walk of shame -”bad dog” approach with men -body image (11 million people in U.S. suffer from anorexia or bulimia) -slut-shaming -stigma attached to counseling, to addiction -social ostracizing
- Defining shame: An intentional act in response to a violation of social norms in order to make an individual feel embarrassed, ashamed or disgraced. In this age of digital connection and social media, the argument can be made that it’s US that are responsible for this. Shame on US in that we, the collective, have made shaming so readily accessible and use-able as a weapon against others. We all feel shame differently and we’ll get into that a bit. Factors include: Cultural definitions of shame (eastern culture as collectivist, western culture as invididualistic); Gender (men and women feel shame, but how is it different? Women body shaming, slut shaming); Power & privilege: Absolutely. Who has something to lose? Who is trying to establish identity?
- So where did this all begin? This idea that social media was a place for shaming?
- Lewinsky is infamously linked to the Bill Clinton sex scandal in the late 1990s. She calls herself “Patient Zero” of losing personal reputation on a global scale almost instantly. This was the start of rapid and mass information sharing – the earlier days of the internet – before social media. “Public Shaming as a blood sport has to stop”
- Defining shame: An intentional act in response to a violation of social norms in order to make an individual feel embarrassed, ashamed or disgraced. And I wanted to really focus on this in digital spaces since I think that’s such a vital part of our lives and the lives of our students – and student development.
- Last April, Jon Ronson’s book came out and I read it. Fantastic book. It was about shaming in digital spaces and it really resonated with me. I’m working on a dissertation that will focus on how social media use influences male gender identity development, and a couple of the stories in here about grown men dealing with shame blew me away. Ronson’s book was the impetus for this presentation and really got me thinking about shame and how our students deal with it. Counter to that is this book by Jacquet. (JACK-QWET) Both see shame as “the democratization of justice” – the little guy gets to take on the big guy in a forum that allows all voices. But they diverged on their thinking a bit. Jacquet sees shame as a form of nonviolent protest. As a way for the common person to rise above and take on the big dog – corporations, institutions, systems that experience shame through social exposure. To hold the powerful accountable. Ronson was very focused on how individuals are affected by shame. About how mob mentality takes something and just runs with it. Judge, Jury & Executioner without a trial. And how shaming can be this tremendous weight that crushes the human spirit.
- Central theme in Ronson’s book is that we don’t (or are incapable of) distinguishing between serious and unserious transgressions. We treat someone who does something stupid or impulsive the same way (or even worse than) we treat someone who actually did something really really wrong (i.e. Justine Sacco’s tweet vs Adrian Peterson beating his child) Ronson said that we pick up on something someone did – a breaking of a social norm – and we jump on it as a clue about their inherent evil. It’s just not true. It’s something we talk about in conduct meetings all the time, right? Don’t judge someone by the one incident – they are more than their mistake, etc.
- This last one hits home. We are all culpable. We likely have all done or said something in digital space that has shamed someone else. Ripping on a celebrity, destroying a bad customer service rep, etc. So Ronson goes on to give lots of examples…
- Jonah Lehrer – “self-plagiarized” in several articles in Wall Street Journal, Boston Globe, etc. Then he also falsified some quotes by Bob Dylan in a book in 2012. He admitted it and essentially derailed his career. Lost book deals, had book sales suspended, fired from job, etc. At a Knight Foundation conference, he gave an apology for doing what he did. Turns out he was paid to be there and speak. There was a Twitterfall on the screen behind him while he gave his apology. Absolutely demolished him.
- In 2013, Justine Sacco was a PR executive at IAC (InterActiveCorp) in New York City. She had 170 Twitter followers. 170. That’s it. She’d tweet a few weird (mostly unfunny) jokes about travel occasionally – talking about a German man’s body odor, the bad weather in London, etc. On Dec 20, 2013, she tweeted this on her way to South Africa. Gets on board for an 11-hour flight. Turns out another PR-type guy saw it and retweeted it to his thousands of followers. And it took off. By the time she landed she was the NUMBER ONE trending topic on Twitter. Threats, angry messages and she has no idea it’s all happening. Her friend called her when she landed and said “I’m so sorry to see what’s happening to you.” Fired, exiled, destroyed. Shamed into nothing.
- Lindsey Stone was a care worker with those with disabilities & special needs. Took this pic at Arlington National Cemetery. Mocking the sign. 32-year old woman had her friend take this pic. She and her friend routinely would disobey signs and then post pictures as a joke. Four weeks after posting this on Facebook, it broke and spread like wildfire. “Fire Lindsey Stone” Facbook page, cameras at her house, following her to work. She essentially didn’t leave home for the next year, suffering from PTSD, depression and insomnia.
- Alicia Ann Lynch, a 22-year old who dressed as a Boston Marathon bombing victim and posted it on Twitter. A woman tweeted back at her “You should be ashamed, my mother lost both her legs and I almost died.” Suddenly, it spread. And pretty soon her personal information was shared on Twitter and people sent her, her friends and her family threatening messages. She was fired. She’s basically a college student. This is your RA. This is your Hall Council member. This is your resident.
- Shame breaks us. The power of shaming an individual is almost unimaginable until we’ve experienced it ourselves. Even hearing about it can’t give us a full sense of what it means. Monica Lewinsky – for as much as she became a national joke, she was a driven, smart, high-achieving woman with nearly unlimited potential. And we destroyed her. So Ronson really focused on the individual. But what about larger ideas – how do we use shame to scale?
- Jennifer Jacquet is an assistant professor in environmental studies at NYU. Started as her interest in how we troll big businesses and corporations (particularly around environmental issues) Jacquet argues that shame has its place and can be useful. But where Ronson was about individuals and how we dole out punishment for individual missteps, Jacquet calls for the use of shame on a bigger scale. Democratization of justice in a different way. Shame vs Guilt – Guilt is internal, the remorse for an action. Shame is the feeling from an external judgement by others. Shame is hard-wired. Those who aren’t hard-wired for it are sociopaths. But the example was a study done on people who had been blind since birth… they showed the same postures when ashamed (Slumped shoulders, hidden faces) as those who could see. So it’s automatic, innate behavior rather than learned.
- California tax list: state sanctioned. State lists the top 500 people/businesses who still owe taxes in excess of $250,000 (so it targets those who aren’t paying, not necessarily those who cannot pay). Gathers the list and then threatens to publish it, gives people 6 months to take care of what they owe otherwise they’ll be exposed. Since it began in 2007, $405 million has been recovered (against a cost of $130,000 to do the work). Mayor of Bogota, Colombia, hired mimes to stand in traffic and ridicule bad behavior. They handed out 350,000 thumbs up or thumbs down cards to help people shame bad drivers. Traffic deaths dropped from 1300 per year in 1993 to about 600 per year in 2003. So the argument is that shaming can work. It can be put to scale and provide systemic change.
- Walter Palmer, a dentist in Bloomington, was named in July as the killer of Cecil, a famous lion in Zimbabwe. This was a prime example of how the social media mob takes over a story. Threatened his wife & family and his life. Raked through the coals for hunting and for being wealthy. Also made the story much bigger than what it turned out to be. All stories led with “incident that sparked international outrage.” Did it? Whether you feel he was wrong to hunt the lion or not, should he and his family be threatened? Two weeks ago it was announced that he would not even be charged. That his paperwork was in line and he was legally hunting. Whether he did the right ethical thing is another matter, of course.
- This is one of our students. One of our athletes, who are often subjected to the most scrutiny and the most ridicule. I read this tweet in fall 2012 and I absolutely shamed him. But then I thought more about it and realized… he was an 18-year old.
- Arizona State University’s Alpha Chi Omega chapter were mocked for taking selfies at a baseball game on September 30 (three weeks ago). Announcers commented on it, televised, etc. Mocked all over the internet. Millenials are terrible, this generation is self-absorbed, etc. The Diamondbacks felt bad that they were mocked after the incident so they were offered free tickets to another game. What did the women do? They gave all the tickets to A New Leaf, an Arizona org that supports victims of domestic violence.
- Kennesaw State woman Abby Dawson In this 30 second video, confronts a young man who was waiting to be seen by her (an academic advisor). Without any context, we see her aggressively address the young man (who is African-American) and threaten to call Campus Security because he’s harassing her. How many of us have wanted to talk to a student this way? Or a colleague? What if, in a moment of weakness and stress, we were caught on camera at our worst? Not defending her – just recognizing myself in her in that moment and understanding the power of social media. Went viral. She was suspended, reassigned & sensitivity training She has said very little, but you can imagine the toll it took on her and how much she must regret what she did. AND THIS IS ONE OF US, PEOPLE. THIS IS A STUDENT AFFAIRS PROFESSIONAL.
- Relate shame to theory… Where does it disrupt theory? To look into this a bit more, I wanted to see some of what our students were dealing with. We hear about the affects of shaming (depression, anxiety, reclusiveness) but I wanted to find out the baseline…
- American College Health Association’s National Collegiate Health Assessment 66,887 undergrads at 140 institutions
- And overall 10% of respondents said “Tremendous stress”
- So what does this tell us? So are all of these things: Depression, anxiety, relationship struggles, stress – RESPONSIBLE for social media shaming? Or the result of social media shaming? Absolutely not necessarily. But I think there’s a connection we shouldn’t deny that they are related. Are students who exhibit signs of depression, anxiety and stress more at-risk to feel the effects of shaming? Absolutely. Are those students more likely to shame others? Perhaps.
- So that’s some background data to set the table a bit… but let’s look at a couple prime examples of student development theory and where maybe shame fits into it.
- Picked out four of the seven vectors that seemed most appropriate here…
- Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Breaks down to “rules” (prescribes action) vs “principle” (which guides choice among alternative behaviors) Here’s the overview, but this theory is interrupted by SHAMING by both the SHAMER and the SHAMEE, right? We break norms by posting something online that offends or upsets. Social system has rules
- Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Breaks down to “rules” (prescribes action) vs “principle” (which guides choice among alternative behaviors) Here’s the overview, but this theory is interrupted by SHAMING by both the SHAMER and the SHAMEE, right? We break norms by posting something online that offends or upsets. Social system has rules
- Cultural differences Collectivist culture: Korea, China, Japan, Mexico, Somalia, Hmong, India, Vietnam, etc) Who are many of our first-gen students? And they are already at risk! Tyler Clementi from Rutgers (Sept 2010) secretly recorded by roommate as he was intimate with another man. A few days later, Tyler jumped off a bridge and killed himself. “I’m right and YOU ARE WRONG!” Pushing boundaries – students push & push on content because there is nothing worse than when we talk to the internet and the internet does not talk back. So what we can do to get noticed??? James Gilligan (psychiatrist) – “I have yet to see a serious act of violence that was not provoked by the experience of feeling ashamed or humiliated, disrespected or ridiculed.” Ronson “All violence is an attempt to replace shame with self-esteem”
- Yik Yak – specific incident, individual not named, individual might have broken social norm (use Sam case from spring 2015) Example of how a student was shamed – what do you do? How do you respond to the student?