Madina book1-notes

ِ‫م‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ح‬َّ‫الر‬ ِ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ح‬َّ‫الر‬ ِ‫هلل‬‫ا‬ ِ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ب‬
ARIC – Arabic Class Notes
Part 1 (ver. 1.1)
1
Topics
Parts of Speech – English vs. Arabic
Arabic Alphabets
Arabic Vowel Signs
Indefinite & Definite
Noun Endings
The Nominal Sentence
Visiit ResourcesMoreforhttp://AbdurRahman.Org/

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1)
Revision History
2
Date Ver Author Revision Comments
Mar. 1, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version
Mar. 10, 2010 1.1 Zahid Naeem Multiple Corrections (e.g., ٌ‫ة‬ّ‫م‬‫د‬ to ٌ‫ة‬ّ‫م‬‫ض‬, genetive to genitive)
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Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to arabic.aric@gmail.com

 English has eight parts of speech
1. Noun (A word which refers to a person, a place, or a thing, e.g. teacher, town, bus)
2. Pronoun (A word like he, they, and we used to replace a noun)
3. Adjective (A word that describes a noun, e.g. a tall man)
4. Adverb (A word that gives additional information about how, when or where an action takes
place, e.g. He walked slowly, They will arrive tomorrow)
5. Interjection (A word that is independent of other words and is used as is, e.g. hello and hi)
6. Verb (The action or doing word, e.g. sleep, eat, drink)
7. Conjunction (A word joining two clauses in a sentence, e.g. and, because, but)
8. Preposition(A word used to relate a noun or pronoun to some other part, e.g. of, at)
 Arabic has only three parts of speech
1. Noun ٌ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬
2. Verbٌ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬ِ‫ف‬
3. Particleٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬
3

4
English Arabic
Noun
Noun ٌ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬
Pronoun
Adjective
Adverb
Interjection
Verb Verb ٌ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬ِ‫ف‬
Conjunction
Particle ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬
Preposition

Arabic Alphabets
 Arabic has 29 letters of alphabet
 Consonants (have speech sound) : 28
 Alif: serves two purposes
 Elongates a consonant, e.g. ٌ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
 Act as a bearer of ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬ (hamza), e.g. ٌ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬
5
‫ر‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
‫ف‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ش‬ ‫س‬ ‫ز‬
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
‫ء‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ق‬
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21

Arabic Vowel Signs
 There are 3 short vowel signs in Arabic
 Fathah (ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ح‬ْ‫ت‬َ‫ف‬) – denoting “a”, e.g. da (ٌَ‫د‬)
 Kasrah (ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫َس‬‫ك‬) – denoting “i”, e.g. di (ٌِ‫د‬)
 Dummah (ٌ‫ة‬َّ‫م‬ َ‫ض‬) – denoting “u”, e.g. du (ٌ‫د‬)
 Absence of a vowel sign is denoted by Sukun (ٌ‫ن‬ْ‫و‬‫ك‬‫س‬), e.g. notice ٌْ‫د‬ in ٌ‫ة‬َ‫س‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫د‬َ‫م‬
 Long vowels are formed by adding the associated letters to the short vowels
 ٌ‫ا‬ to elongate fathah, e.g. daa (‫ا‬َ‫د‬)
 ‫ي‬ to elongate kasrah, e.g. dii (‫ي‬ِ‫د‬)
 ‫و‬ to elongate dummah, e.g. duu (‫و‬‫د‬)
6

Indefinite & Definite
 Like English, Arabic nouns can be indefinite (ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬ِ‫َك‬‫ن‬) or definite (ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫م‬)
 An indefinite noun is indicated by ٌ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫و‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ت‬, which doubles the vowel sign at the end
of the word, e.g.
 A book – ٌ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
 A chair - ٌ‫ي‬ِ‫س‬ْ‫ر‬‫ك‬
 A Definite noun is indicated by ٌْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬ prefixed to the noun. This also results in
eliminating the ٌ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫و‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ت‬ at the end of the word, e.g.
 The book - ٌ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬
 The chair - ٌ‫ي‬ ِ‫س‬ْ‫ر‬‫ك‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬
 ٌْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬ and ٌ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫و‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ت‬ cannot coexist. So ٌ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬ will be incorrect
 Please note many proper nouns, e.g. ٌ‫د‬َّ‫م‬َ‫ح‬‫م‬,ٌ‫د‬ِ‫ال‬َ‫خ‬ end with ٌ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫و‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ت‬, but they are still
definite
7

Noun Endings
 In Arabic, nouns have different endings to show their function in a sentence
 These are called noun cases (ٌ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ك‬ْ‫ش‬َّ‫ت‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬)
8
English
Name
Arabic
Name
Ending
Vowel Sign
Function in a
sentence
Examples
Nominative ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫و‬‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬ Dummah Subject ٌ‫الكتاب‬,ٌٌ‫كتاب‬,ٌ‫محمد‬,
ٌ‫باب‬
Accusative ٌ‫ب‬ْ‫و‬‫ص‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ Fathah Object of a verb ٌَ‫الكتاب‬,ٌ‫كتابا‬,ٌ‫محمد‬,ٌٌ‫بابا‬
Genitive ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ Kasrah Possessor of a
thing, or comes
after a preposition
or an adverb
ٌِ‫الكتاب‬,ٌ‫كتاب‬,ٌ‫محمد‬,ٌ
ٌ‫باب‬

The Nominal Sentence (ٌ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ٌالإ‬‫ة‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬)
 A sentence that starts with a noun
 Has a subject (ٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬‫م‬) and a predicate (ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬)
 The subject is always nominative (ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫و‬‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬)
 The predicate is always nominative (ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫و‬‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬), if it is one word
 The subject is mostly definite (ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫م‬)
 The predicate is mostly indefinite (ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬ِ‫َك‬‫ن‬)
9
ٌٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬‫م‬
ٌٌ‫ع‬ْ‫و‬‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬
ٌٌ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫م‬
ٌٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬
ٌٌ‫ع‬ْ‫و‬‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬
ٌٌ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬ِ‫َك‬‫ن‬
ٌ‫د‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ٌٌج‬‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬
ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬‫س‬ْ‫ك‬َ‫م‬ٌٌٌ‫م‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ب‬ٌٌٌٌ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬

ِ‫م‬ِ‫ي‬ِ‫ح‬َّ‫الر‬ ِ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ح‬َّ‫الر‬ ِ‫هلل‬‫ا‬ ِ‫م‬ِ‫س‬ِ‫ب‬
Part 2 (ver. 1)
1
Topics
This (‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬) vs. That (ََ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ذ‬)
Solar vs. Lunar Letters
The Joining Hamza (َِ‫ل‬ ْ‫ص‬ َ‫و‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬)
َِ‫ع‬ ْ‫َط‬‫ق‬ْ‫َُال‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬
Examples from Quran ( ُ‫ة‬َّ‫ِي‬‫ر‬َ‫م‬َ‫ق‬‫َال‬‫و‬ ُ‫ة‬َّ‫ِي‬‫س‬ِ‫م‬ََّ‫ش‬‫ال‬ ُ‫ف‬ِ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ُ‫حل‬‫ا‬,ِ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ُ‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ِ‫م‬َ‫ه‬,ِ‫ع‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ُ‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ِ‫م‬َ‫ه‬ )
What (‫ا‬َ‫م‬) vs. Who (َْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬)
Particle of Interrogation and Answer
Visiit ResourcesMoreforhttp://AbdurRahman.Org/

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1)
This (‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬) vs. That (ََ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ذ‬)
2
This is a book (َ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬َ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬)
That is a door (َ‫اب‬َ‫ب‬َََ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ذ‬)
 Demonstrative pronoun (َِ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬‫ا‬ َ‫ش‬ِ‫ا‬ْ‫ل‬‫َا‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬)
 ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬ : َِ‫ب‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫َل‬ِ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬‫ا‬ َ‫ش‬ِ‫ا‬ْ‫ل‬‫َا‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬
 ََ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ذ‬ : َِ‫د‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ع‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫َل‬ِ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬‫ا‬ َ‫ش‬ِ‫ا‬ْ‫ل‬‫َا‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬
 Like all pronouns, these are definite
 These are masculine , i.e. these are used when pointing to
masculine nouns
 They have feminine counterparts – will learn later
 ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬ and ََ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ذ‬ are pronounced as ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ and ََ‫ك‬ِ‫ال‬َ‫ذ‬ respectively,
but are written without the alif

Solar vs. Lunar Letters (1 of 2)
3
 Of 28 consonant letters, 14 letters are called solar letters ( َُ‫ف‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ُ‫الح‬ََُ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬ ِ‫س‬ْ‫م‬َّ‫الش‬ ) and 14
are called lunar letters ( َُ‫ر‬ُ‫الح‬َُ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬َ‫م‬َ‫ق‬‫َال‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫و‬ )
 This distinction is only for pronunciation of words starting with these letters
when prefixed with ‫ال‬ (the definite article)
 Articulation of solar letters involves the tip of the tongue, e.g., ‫ت‬,‫س‬,‫ش‬,‫ن‬,‫ر‬
 Tip of the tongue plays no role for lunar letters, e.g., ‫ب‬,‫ق‬,‫م‬,‫ك‬,‫و‬
 When ‫ال‬ is prefixed to a noun beginning with a solar letter, the ‫ل‬ of the ‫ال‬ is
assimilated to the solar letter, e.g., al-shamsu is pronounced as ash-shamsu
 The assimilation is indicated by the shaddah on the first letter of the noun
 In writing, the ‫ل‬ is not assimilated, e.g., َُ‫س‬ْ‫م‬َّ‫الش‬
 No such assimilation takes place for lunar letters, e.g., al-qamaru is pronounced
as al-qamaru (َُ‫ر‬َ‫م‬َ‫ق‬‫ال‬)

Solar vs. Lunar Letters (2 of 2)
4
َُ‫س‬ْ‫م‬َّ‫الش‬ ‫ش‬ َُ‫ر‬ِ‫اج‬َّ‫ت‬‫ال‬ ‫ت‬
َُ‫ر‬ْ‫د‬ َّ‫الص‬ ‫ص‬ َُ‫ب‬ْ‫و‬َّ‫ث‬‫ال‬ ‫ث‬
َُ‫ف‬ْ‫ي‬ َّ‫الض‬ ‫ض‬ َُ‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬ِّ‫د‬‫ال‬ ‫د‬
َُ‫ب‬ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬َّ‫ط‬‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ َُ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َّ‫ذ‬‫ال‬ ‫ذ‬
َُ‫ر‬ْ‫ه‬َّ‫ظ‬‫ال‬ ‫ظ‬ َُ‫ل‬ُ‫ج‬َّ‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫ر‬
َُ‫م‬ْ‫ح‬َّ‫ل‬‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ َُ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫ه‬َّ‫ز‬‫ال‬ ‫ز‬
َُ‫م‬ْ‫ج‬َّ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ َُ‫ك‬َ‫م‬َّ‫الس‬ ‫س‬
َُ‫م‬َ‫ف‬‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ َُ‫ب‬ّّ‫ا‬‫ال‬ َ‫ا‬
َُ‫ر‬َ‫م‬َ‫ق‬‫ال‬ ‫ق‬ َُ‫اب‬َ‫الب‬ ‫ب‬
َُ‫ب‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ك‬‫ال‬ ‫ك‬ َُ‫ة‬َّ‫ن‬َ‫الج‬ ‫ج‬
َُ‫اء‬َ‫م‬‫ال‬ ‫م‬ َُ‫ر‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ِ‫الح‬ ‫ح‬
َُ‫د‬َ‫ل‬َ‫و‬‫ال‬ ‫و‬ َُ‫ز‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫الخ‬ ‫خ‬
َُ‫اء‬َ‫و‬َ‫اله‬ ‫ه‬ َُ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ع‬‫ال‬ ‫ع‬
َُ‫د‬َ‫الي‬ ‫ي‬ َُ‫َاء‬‫د‬َ‫غ‬‫ال‬ ‫غ‬

The Joining Hamza (َِ‫ل‬ ْ‫ص‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬)
5
 The ‫ا‬ in ‫ال‬ (the definite article) is called َِ‫ل‬ ْ‫ص‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬
 If it is preceded by another word, it is not pronounced
 E.g., َُ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬ (the house) is pronounced al-baitu and َُ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫و‬ (and the house) is pronounced
as wa l-baitu and not wa al-baitu
 َِ‫ل‬ ْ‫ص‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬ also appears words without the ‫ال‬, e.g.,
 َ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬ (name) – َِ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬‫َال‬ِ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ب‬
 َ‫ن‬ْ‫ب‬ِ‫ا‬ (son) – ََ‫م‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬َ‫م‬َُ‫ن‬ْ‫ب‬‫ىَا‬َ‫س‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ع‬
 To signify ‫ا‬ as َِ‫ل‬ ْ‫ص‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬, look for one of the following three conditions:
 A symbol on alif, as
 Without any or ‫ء‬ symbol on alif
 Completely omitted in writing, e.g., َِ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬‫َال‬ِ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ب‬
 Both ‫ا‬ and ‫ل‬ in ‫ال‬ are not pronounced when a word starts with a solar letter and
is preceded with another word
 E.g., ََ‫و‬َُ‫م‬ْ‫ج‬َّ‫ن‬‫ال‬ is pronounced as wan-najmu and not wa al-najmu or wa an-najmu
َ‫ل‬ ْ‫ص‬َ‫و‬
(Joining, uniting,
attaching)

َِ‫ع‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬
6
 As opposed to َِ‫ل‬ ْ‫ص‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬ , َِ‫ع‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬ is always pronounced, regardless of its
position in the sentence
 َِ‫ع‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬ is usually written with a ‫ء‬ symbol on (or below) the Alif, as follows:
 ‫أ‬
 ‫إ‬
 Examples:
 َ‫د‬َ‫ح‬ّّ‫ا‬ (one) – َ‫د‬َ‫ح‬ّّ‫ا‬َُ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬‫َال‬َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬َْ‫ل‬ُ‫ق‬
 َْ‫ذ‬ِ‫ا‬ (when) – َ َ‫ك‬ُّ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬ََ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ق‬َْ‫ذ‬ِ‫ا‬َ‫و‬...
َ‫ع‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬
(Cutting,
Discontinuing,
Separating)

Examples from Quran ( َُ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬َ‫م‬َ‫ق‬‫ال‬َ‫َو‬ُ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬ِ‫س‬ْ‫م‬َّ‫َالش‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ُ‫الح‬,َِ‫ل‬ ْ‫ص‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬,َِ‫ع‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬ )
7
ََ‫ٱ‬َ ِّ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬َِ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬ِ‫َُل‬‫د‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ح‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٱ‬َ‫۝‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬َ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ع‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٱ‬َِ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ح‬َّ‫ر‬‫ل‬‫ٱ‬َِ‫م‬ْ‫و‬َ‫ي‬َ ِ‫ك‬ِ‫ال‬َ‫م‬َ‫۝‬ِ‫م‬ْ‫ي‬ ِ‫ح‬َّ‫ر‬‫ل‬‫ٱ‬َ‫۝‬ِ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬ِّ‫د‬‫ل‬
َ‫۝‬ُ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ع‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫َس‬‫ن‬ََ‫ك‬‫ا‬َّ‫ي‬ِ‫ا‬َ‫َُو‬‫د‬ُ‫ب‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ََ‫ك‬‫ا‬َّ‫ي‬ِ‫ا‬َِ‫ٱ‬َ‫َا‬‫ن‬ِ‫د‬ْ‫ه‬‫ٱ‬ََ‫اط‬َ‫ر‬ ِّ‫لص‬‫ٱ‬ََ‫اط‬َ‫ر‬ِ‫۝َص‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ق‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫س‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬
‫ٱ‬َِ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫غ‬َْ‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ َ‫ت‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ع‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ََ‫ين‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ٱ‬َ‫ا‬َ‫ل‬َ‫َو‬ْ‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ ِ‫ب‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ض‬ْ‫غ‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٱ‬َ‫۝‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬ِّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ َّ‫لض‬
Find solar letters (َُ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬ ِ‫س‬ْ‫م‬َّ‫َالش‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ُ‫الح‬), lunar letters (َُ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬َ‫م‬َ‫ق‬‫َال‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ُ‫الح‬) and instances
of َِ‫ل‬ ْ‫ص‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬ and َِ‫ع‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬ in Surah Al-Fatiha
Solar letter َِ‫ل‬ ْ‫ص‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬Lunar letter َِ‫ع‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬‫َُا‬‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ه‬

What (‫ا‬َ‫م‬) vs. Who (َْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬)
8
‫ا‬َ‫م‬ َْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬
Meaning “What” “Who”
Usage Used for irrational things
(َ‫ل‬ِ‫اق‬َ‫ع‬َُ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫غ‬), e.g. non-living
things, animals, plants
etc.
Used for rational beings
(َ‫ل‬ِ‫اق‬َ‫ع‬). Three categories
include humans, jinns, and
angels.
Example What is this? (‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ا‬َ‫م‬) Who is he? (‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬َْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬)

Particle of Interrogation and Answer
9
 This is a house (َ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬)
 Is this a house? (‫؟‬‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬ّّ‫ا‬)
 Prefixing َّّ‫ا‬ to a statement turns it into a question
 Used in this context َّّ‫ا‬ is called َِ‫م‬‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ْ‫ف‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫َالا‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬ (particle of interrogation)
 ‫لا‬ means “no”
 َْ‫م‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ means “yes”
 ‫لا‬ and َْ‫م‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ are called َِ‫اب‬َ‫و‬َ‫َالج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ُ‫ح‬ (particles of answer)

Part 3 (ver. 3)
1
Topics
Preposition (‫ر‬َ‫ج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬) & Genitive Case (‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬)
Detached Pronoun (‫ل‬ِ‫َص‬‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬ َ‫ض‬)
Possessed & Possessor (ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬)

Revision History
2
Mar. 14, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added section for ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ and more description for ‫ل‬ِ‫َص‬‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬ َ‫ض‬
Mar. 20, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added more content for َ‫و‬ ٌّ‫ر‬‫ا‬َ‫ج‬‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ and ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah – ِ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬‫إل‬ ِ‫يل‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬

Preposition (‫ر‬َ‫ج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬) & Genitive Case (‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬)
3
 Literal meaning of ‫ر‬َ‫ج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬ is “a particle of pulling”
 Examples of preposition (‫ر‬َ‫ج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬):
 In – ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬
 On – ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬
 From – ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬
 To – ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬
 When a noun is preceded by a preposition, it is said to
be in genitive case (‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬)
 The house - ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫لب‬َ‫إ‬, In the house – ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫إلب‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬
 A house - ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ب‬, In a house – ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬
 ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫إلب‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ is a ِ‫ة‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫إلج‬ ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ب‬ ِ‫ش‬ (phrase) – It looks like a
sentence but is not one
ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫إلب‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬
‫ر‬َ‫ج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫إ‬
Same as
‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ٌّ‫ر‬‫ا‬َ‫ج‬
ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫لب‬َ‫إ‬
ُ‫ت‬ got pulled to ِ‫ت‬ because
of the preceding ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 4
More Prepositions and Examples from Quran
(59:21) Had We sent down this
Quran on a mountain …
َ‫ن‬‫إ‬ْ‫ر‬ُ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إ‬َ‫ذ‬ٰ‫ـ‬َ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ز‬‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ل‬‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬‫ل‬َ‫ب‬َ‫ج‬... On ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬
(96:2) He created man from a
clot
َ‫ن‬‫ا‬َ‫نس‬ِ‫إ‬ْ‫ل‬‫إ‬ َ‫ق‬َ‫ل‬َ‫خ‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬‫ق‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ From ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬
(26:50) we shall but return to
our Lord
‫َّا‬‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬‫ى‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬َ‫ن‬‫و‬ُ‫ب‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ق‬‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ِّ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬ To ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬
(97:1) We have indeed revealed
this (Message) in the Night of
Power
ُ‫ه‬‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ز‬‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬ ‫َّا‬‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ر‬ْ‫د‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬‫إ‬ ِ‫ة‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ In ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬
(2:119) And thou will not be
asked about the owners of hell-
fire
ُ‫ل‬ّّ‫ا‬ْ‫س‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫إ‬َ‫ل‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬‫ي‬ ِ‫ح‬َ‫ج‬ْ‫ل‬‫إ‬ ِ‫اب‬َ‫ح‬ ْ‫ص‬ّّ‫إ‬ About,
concerning ْ‫ن‬َ‫ع‬
(2:284) To Allah belongs
whatever is in the heavens and
whatever is in the earth.
ِ‫ل‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ ِ‫ه‬‫ـ‬َّ‫ل‬ٰ‫م‬َّ‫إلس‬ِ‫إت‬َ‫و‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬َ‫و‬
ِ‫ض‬ْ‫ر‬ّّ‫إ‬ْ‫ل‬‫إ‬
Belongs to,
for
ِ‫ل‬‫ي‬
(2:153) O ye who believe! seek
help with patient perseverance
and prayer; for Allah is with
those who patiently persevere.
‫وإ‬ُ‫ن‬‫ي‬ِ‫ع‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫إس‬ ‫وإ‬ُ‫ن‬َ‫م‬‫إ‬ َ‫ين‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ُّ‫ي‬ّّ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ب‬ َّ‫الص‬
َ‫ِين‬‫ر‬ِ‫ب‬‫ا‬ َّ‫إلص‬ َ‫ع‬َ‫م‬ َ‫ه‬‫ـ‬َّ‫ل‬‫إل‬ َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬ ۚ ِ‫ة‬‫َا‬‫ل‬ َّ‫إلص‬َ‫و‬
By, at, in ِ‫ب‬‫ي‬

Nominal Sentence with ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ٌّ‫ر‬‫ا‬َ‫ج‬
5
Muhammad is in the mosque
the mosque in Muhammad
ِ‫د‬ ِ‫ج‬ْ‫س‬َ‫م‬‫إل‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ‫د‬َّ‫م‬َ‫ح‬ُ‫م‬
‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫إ‬‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ ‫ر‬َ‫ج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬ ‫َإ‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
َ‫و‬ ٌّ‫ر‬‫ا‬َ‫ج‬‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ ،ِ‫ة‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫إلج‬ ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ب‬ ِ‫ش‬ ،‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬
It is on a table
a table on It
‫ب‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ك‬َ‫م‬ ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬
‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫إ‬‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ ‫ر‬َ‫ج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬ ‫َإ‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
َ‫و‬ ٌّ‫ر‬‫ا‬َ‫ج‬‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ ،ِ‫ة‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫إلج‬ ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ب‬ ِ‫ش‬ ،‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬

6
3rd Person
Masculine
Singular He, It َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫د‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫م‬
‫ر‬َّ‫ك‬َ‫ذ‬ُ‫م‬
‫ب‬ِ‫ي‬‫ا‬َ‫غ‬
“Dual” They (2) ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬َّ‫ن‬َ‫ث‬ُ‫م‬
Plural They ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ج‬
Feminine
Singular She, It
َ‫ي‬ِ‫ه‬ ‫د‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫م‬
‫َّث‬‫ن‬َ‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬“Dual” They (2) ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬َّ‫ن‬َ‫ث‬ُ‫م‬
Plural They َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ج‬
2nd person
Masculine
Singular You َ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬ ‫د‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫م‬
‫ر‬َّ‫ك‬َ‫ذ‬ُ‫م‬
‫ب‬َ‫ط‬‫ا‬َ‫خ‬ُ‫م‬
“Dual” You (2) ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬ ‫ى‬َّ‫ن‬َ‫ث‬ُ‫م‬
Plural You (>2) ْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬ ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ج‬
Feminine
Singular You ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬ ‫د‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫م‬
‫َّث‬‫ن‬َ‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬“Dual” You (2) ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬ ‫ى‬َّ‫ن‬َ‫ث‬ُ‫م‬
Plural You (>2) َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬ ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ج‬
1st person Masc. & Fem.
Singular I ‫َا‬‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬ ‫د‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫م‬
‫َّث‬‫ن‬َ‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬َ‫و‬ ‫ر‬َّ‫ك‬َ‫ذ‬ُ‫م‬ ‫م‬ِّ‫ل‬َ‫ك‬َ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬
Plural We ُ‫ن‬ْ‫َح‬‫ن‬ ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ج‬

7
َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
َ‫ي‬ِ‫ه‬
‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬
َ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬
‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬
ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬
‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬
َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬
‫َا‬‫ن‬ّّ‫إ‬
ُ‫ن‬ْ‫َح‬‫ن‬
 Are never attached with any other word
 Are always ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫م‬ (definite)
 Are considered ‫ع‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬ (nominative case), even
though most of them do not have a ‫ة‬َّ‫م‬ َ‫ض‬
(dummah) ending
 Are fixed in their case, i.e. their ending does not
change
 In Arabic such nouns are called ٌّ‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬ْ‫ب‬َ‫م‬ (fixed)

ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ – Possessed & Possessor
‫َال‬‫ل‬ِ‫ب‬ ُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
(of) Bilal book
Bilal’s book
ِ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫د‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫إ‬ ُ‫ب‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ك‬َ‫م‬
(of) the teacher table
The teacher’s table
 Used to convey a “possession” relationship between two nouns
 Also referred to as ُ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬‫ا‬ َ‫ض‬ِ‫لإ‬َ‫إ‬ (Al-Idaafatu)
 English uses “of” or “’s” for such relationship, e.g. Book of Bilal or Bilal’s book
 Made up of two parts:
 Possessed (or possession) – ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
 Possessor – ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
Possessed - ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
 Can take any case ending,
as the need be
 Never takes ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫و‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ت‬ (tanwin)
or ‫إل‬ (the definite article)
 Is ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫م‬ (definite) by
position
Possessor - ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
 Is always ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ (genitive
case)
 Can take ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫و‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ت‬ (tanwin) or
‫إل‬ (the definite article)
 Can be ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬ِ‫َك‬‫ن‬ (indefinite) or
‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫م‬ (definite)

Definite vs. indefinite ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
Different case endings for ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
Noun after َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬ is
always ‫ب‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬
9
Examples of Valid ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
ِ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫د‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫إ‬ ِ‫ب‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ك‬َ‫م‬ ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬
(of) the teacher table on
On the teacher’s table
ِ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫د‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫إ‬ َ‫ب‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ك‬َ‫م‬ َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬
(of) the teacher table Verily
Verily the teacher’s table
ِ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫د‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫إ‬ ُ‫ب‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ك‬َ‫م‬
(of) the teacher table
The teacher’s table
‫ب‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬
‫ع‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬
‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬
ِ‫ب‬ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬َّ‫ط‬‫إل‬ ُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
(of) the student book
The student’s book
‫ب‬ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ط‬ ُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
(of) a student book
A student’s book
‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫م‬
‫ة‬َ‫ر‬ِ‫ك‬َ‫ن‬

Incorrect vs. Correct ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
‫َال‬‫ل‬ِ‫ب‬ ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ cannot have ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫و‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ت‬
‫َال‬‫ل‬ِ‫ب‬ ُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫إلك‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ cannot have ‫إل‬
‫َال‬‫ل‬ِ‫ب‬ ُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ cannot be ‫ع‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬
‫َال‬‫ل‬ِ‫ب‬ ُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
‫َال‬‫ل‬ِ‫ب‬ ُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ cannot be ‫ب‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬

More on ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
Whose book?
(of) who book
ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ ُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
Even though ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ is ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ , it does not have ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫َس‬‫ك‬
(kasrah) ending, because it is ٌّ‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬ْ‫ب‬َ‫م‬ (indeclinable).
Other similar examples:
 ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ ُ‫م‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ق‬ (Whose pen?)
 ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ ُ‫ن‬ْ‫ب‬ِ‫ٱ‬ (Whose son?)
Mosque of Allah’s Prophet
(of) Allah (of the) prophet mosque
‫إلل‬ِ‫ه‬ ِ‫ول‬ُ‫س‬َ‫ر‬ ُ‫د‬ ِ‫ج‬ْ‫س‬َ‫م‬
Notice two sets of ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬.
ِ‫ول‬ُ‫س‬َ‫ر‬ is ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ in ُ‫د‬ ِ‫ج‬ْ‫س‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ول‬ُ‫س‬َ‫ر‬ and it
is ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ in ِ‫ه‬‫إلل‬ ِ‫ول‬ُ‫س‬َ‫ر‬.

Examples from Quran - ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
(110:1) When comes the help of Allah … َ‫اء‬َ‫ج‬ ‫إ‬َ‫ذ‬ِ‫إ‬‫إلل‬ ُ‫ر‬ ْ‫َص‬‫ن‬ِ‫ه‬
(114: 1) Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind ِ‫ب‬ ُ‫ذ‬‫و‬ُ‫ع‬ّّ‫إ‬ ْ‫ل‬ُ‫ق‬ِ‫س‬‫ا‬َّ‫ن‬‫إل‬ ِّ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬
(24:35) Allah is the light of the heavens and the
earth
‫لل‬َ‫إ‬ُ‫ه‬ٰ‫م‬َّ‫إلس‬ ُ‫ر‬‫ُو‬‫ن‬ِ‫إت‬َ‫و‬ِ‫ض‬ْ‫ر‬ّّ‫إ‬ْ‫ل‬‫إ‬َ‫و‬
(7:73) This is the she camel of Allah ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬‫إلل‬ ُ‫ة‬َ‫ق‬‫َا‬‫ن‬ِ‫ه‬
(48:29) Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah ‫د‬َّ‫م‬َ‫ح‬ُ‫م‬‫إلل‬ ُ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫س‬َ‫ر‬ِ‫ه‬
(6:127) For them is the home of safety ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫م‬َ‫ا‬‫ل‬َّ‫إلس‬ ُ‫ر‬‫إ‬َ‫د‬
(40:55 & 77) Therefore have patience (O
Muhammad). Lo (surely, certainly)! The promise
of Allah is true
َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬ ْ‫ر‬ِ‫ب‬ ْ‫اص‬َ‫ف‬ِ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬‫إل‬ َ‫د‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫و‬ٌّ‫ق‬َ‫ح‬

Nominal Sentences with ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
13
Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah
(of) Allah Messenger Muhammad
ِ‫ه‬‫إلل‬ ُ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫س‬َ‫ر‬ ‫د‬َّ‫م‬َ‫ح‬ُ‫م‬
،ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ ،ِ‫ة‬َ‫ل‬‫َا‬‫ل‬َ‫ج‬ْ‫ل‬‫إ‬ ُ‫ظ‬ْ‫ف‬َ‫ل‬‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫و‬ ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ ‫َإ‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
The student’s pen is broken
broken (of) the student pen
‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫س‬ْ‫ك‬َ‫م‬ ِ‫ب‬ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬َّ‫ط‬‫إل‬ ُ‫م‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ق‬
‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ ‫َإ‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫و‬‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬

Part 4 (ver. 5)
1
TopicsTopics
Gender Introduction
Substitute (ٌ‫َل‬‫د‬َ‫ب‬)
Adverb (ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ظ‬)
Adjective (ٌ‫َعت‬‫ن‬)
The Relative Pronoun (ٌُ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫الا‬)
The Past Tense Verb (‫ي‬ِ‫اض‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬ِ‫ف‬‫ال‬)

Revision History
2
Apr. 4, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added Substitute and Adverb slides
Apr. 10, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added Adjective slides
Apr. 24, 2010 4 Zahid Naeem Added more slides for Adjective and the Past Tense Verb
May 1, 2010 5 Zahid Naeem Added slides for The Relative Pronoun
ٌِ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬‫ٌال‬ِ‫يل‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫يٌس‬ِ‫ف‬There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah – ٌِ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬‫ٌال‬ِ‫يل‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫يٌس‬ِ‫ف‬

Gender Introduction
3
 All nouns in Arabic are either masculine or feminine
ٌ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫د‬ُ‫م‬ٌ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫د‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ة‬َ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫د‬ُ‫م‬ٌ‫ة‬َ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫د‬ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫ب‬ِ‫ال‬َ‫ط‬ٌ‫ب‬ِ‫ال‬َ‫ط‬ ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ب‬ِ‫ال‬َ‫ط‬ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ب‬ِ‫ال‬َ‫ط‬
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫ب‬ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫ب‬
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫خ‬ّْ‫ا‬ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫خ‬ّْ‫ا‬
ٌ‫ن‬ْ‫ب‬ِ‫ا‬ٌ‫ن‬ْ‫ب‬ِ‫ا‬
ٌ‫خ‬ّّ‫ا‬ٌ‫خ‬ّّ‫ا‬
ٌُ‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ح‬ٌُ‫ة‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ح‬
Usually a masculine noun can be changed to
feminine, by:
1. Adding a ‫ة‬(closed ta – ٌُ‫ة‬َ‫ط‬‫و‬ُ‫ب‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫اء‬َّ‫ت‬‫ال‬) at the end and,
2. Putting a ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ح‬ْ‫ت‬َ‫ف‬ (fathah) on the letter before ‫ة‬
Not all feminine nouns have a ‫ة‬or ‫ت‬ ending
Not all nouns ending with ‫ة‬ or ‫ت‬ are feminine
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ب‬ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ب‬
Two feminine nouns with a ‫ت‬(open ta – ٌُ‫ة‬َ‫وح‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ف‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫اء‬َّ‫ت‬‫ال‬)
ending
ٌ‫م‬ّْ‫ا‬ٌ‫م‬ّْ‫ا‬
ٌ‫س‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ش‬ٌ‫س‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ش‬

ٌِ‫ه‬ِ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫ت‬Feminine: This (ٌِ‫ه‬ِ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬) vs. That (ٌَ‫ك‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫ت‬)
4
 ٌِ‫ه‬ِ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬ is pronounced as ٌِ‫ه‬ِ‫ذ‬‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ but is written without the alif
ٌ‫ر‬َّ‫ك‬َ‫ز‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫َّث‬‫ن‬َ‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬
‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬ ٌِ‫ه‬ِ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬ ٌِ‫ب‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫ٌل‬ِ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬‫ا‬َ‫ش‬ِ‫ا‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٌا‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬
ٌَ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ذ‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫ت‬ ٌِ‫د‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ع‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫ٌل‬ِ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬‫ا‬َ‫ش‬ِ‫ا‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٌا‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬
This is a watch (ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ع‬‫ا‬َ‫ٌٌس‬ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬)This is a watch (ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ع‬‫ا‬َ‫ٌٌس‬ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬)
That is a car (ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬‫ا‬َّ‫ي‬َ‫كٌٌَس‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫ت‬)That is a car (ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬‫ا‬َّ‫ي‬َ‫كٌٌَس‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫ت‬)

Gender of Body Members
5
ٌ‫س‬ْ‫ا‬َ‫ر‬ (head)
ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ (nose)
ٌ‫ه‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫و‬ٌ‫ه‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫و‬ (face)
ٌ‫م‬َ‫ف‬ٌ‫م‬َ‫ف‬ (mouth)
ٌ‫د‬َ‫ي‬ٌ‫د‬َ‫ي‬ (hand)
ٌ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ع‬ٌ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ع‬ (eye)
ٌ‫ن‬ُ‫ذ‬ّْ‫ا‬ٌ‫ن‬ُ‫ذ‬ّْ‫ا‬ (ear)
ٌ‫ل‬ْ‫ِج‬‫ر‬ٌ‫ل‬ْ‫ِج‬‫ر‬ (leg)
Double members are
usually feminine
Single members are
usually masculine

Gender and Nominal Sentence
6
 Gender of ٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬‫ب‬ُ‫م‬ and ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ must be the same
ٌ‫ر‬َّ‫ك‬َ‫ز‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫َّث‬‫ن‬َ‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫د‬َّ‫م‬َ‫ح‬ُ‫م‬ٌٌ‫ب‬ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ط‬ ٌُ‫ة‬َ‫م‬ِ‫اط‬َ‫ف‬ٌٌ‫ة‬َ‫ب‬ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ط‬
ٌُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫لك‬َ‫ا‬ٌٌ‫يد‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬ ٌُ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬‫ا‬َّ‫ي‬َّ‫لس‬َ‫ا‬ٌٌ‫َة‬‫د‬‫ي‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬
‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬ٌٌ‫يك‬ِ‫د‬ ٌِ‫ه‬ِ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬ٌٌ‫ة‬َ‫اج‬َ‫ج‬َ‫د‬
ٌَ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ذ‬ٌٌ‫اب‬َ‫ب‬ ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ذ‬ِ‫َاف‬‫ن‬ٌ َ‫لك‬ِ‫ت‬

ٌ‫يد‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬ ٌُ‫يت‬َ‫الب‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬
(is) new The house This
This house
This house is new
ٌ‫َل‬‫د‬َ‫ب‬Substitute - ٌ‫َل‬‫د‬َ‫ب‬
7
ٌ‫يد‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬ ٌ‫يد‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬ ٌُ‫يت‬َ‫الب‬
This is new
ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ ٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
The house is new
ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ ٌ‫َل‬‫د‬َ‫ب‬ ٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
A substitute (ٌ‫َل‬‫د‬َ‫ب‬) is a definite noun (ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ِ‫ر‬‫ع‬َ‫م‬ٌ‫سم‬ِ‫ا‬) following a
demonstrative pronoun (ٌِ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬‫ا‬َ‫ش‬ ِ‫ٌالا‬ُ‫م‬‫س‬ِ‫ا‬)

ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ظ‬Adverb - ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ظ‬
Examples of Adverb of Place (ٌِ‫ان‬َ‫ك‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٌا‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ظ‬Examples of Adverb of Place (ٌِ‫ان‬َ‫ك‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٌا‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ظ‬)
 ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ظ‬ is a noun that indicates the place or time
 ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ظ‬ acts like a ٌ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ , so the noun following it is ٌ‫اف‬ َ‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ٌِ‫ه‬‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬
 ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ظ‬ can never be a ٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬ (subject), even if the sentence starts with it
ٌَ‫ت‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ت‬ (under)ٌَ‫ت‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ت‬ (under)
ٌَ‫ف‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫خ‬ (behind)ٌَ‫ف‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫خ‬ (behind)
ٌَ‫م‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ّّ‫ا‬ٌَ‫م‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ّّ‫ا‬ (in front)
Examples of Adverb of Time (ٌِ‫ان‬َ‫م‬َّ‫ز‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٌا‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ظ‬Examples of Adverb of Time (ٌِ‫ان‬َ‫م‬َّ‫ز‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٌا‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ظ‬)
ٌَ‫ك‬‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ (there)ٌَ‫ك‬‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ (there)
‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ (here)‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ (here)
ٌَ‫ق‬ْ‫و‬َ‫ف‬ (over)ٌَ‫ق‬ْ‫و‬َ‫ف‬ (over)
ٌَ‫م‬‫و‬َ‫الي‬ٌَ‫م‬‫و‬َ‫الي‬ (today)
ٌَ‫رب‬ُ‫ق‬ (near)ٌَ‫رب‬ُ‫ق‬ (near)
ٌَ‫ين‬َ‫ب‬ (between)ٌَ‫ين‬َ‫ب‬ (between)
ٌ‫دا‬َ‫غ‬ (tomorrow)ٌ‫دا‬َ‫غ‬ (tomorrow)ٌِ‫س‬‫م‬ّّ‫ا‬ (yesterday)ٌِ‫س‬‫م‬ّّ‫ا‬ (yesterday)
ٌ‫يلا‬َ‫ل‬ٌ‫يلا‬َ‫ل‬ (night) ٌ‫اح‬َ‫ب‬ َ‫ص‬ (morning)ٌ‫اح‬َ‫ب‬ َ‫ص‬ (morning) ٌ‫اء‬َ‫س‬َ‫م‬ٌ‫اء‬َ‫س‬َ‫م‬ (evening)ٌ‫هرا‬ُ‫ظ‬ٌ‫هرا‬ُ‫ظ‬ (noon)

Examples from Quran - ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ظ‬
9
(16:88) Those who disbelieved and averted
[others] from the way of Allah - We will increase
them in punishment over [their] punishment for
what corruption they were causing.
ٌ‫ا‬‫اب‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ع‬ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬‫َا‬‫ن‬ْ‫د‬ِ‫ز‬ٌِ‫ه‬‫ـ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ٌال‬ِ‫يل‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫نٌس‬َ‫ع‬ٌ‫ُّوا‬‫د‬ َ‫ص‬َ‫واٌو‬ُ‫َر‬‫ف‬َ‫ك‬ٌَ‫ين‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ٌَ‫ق‬ْ‫و‬َ‫ف‬ٌ
‫ٌٌَ﴿النحل‬‫ن‬‫ُو‬‫د‬ِ‫س‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫ي‬ٌ‫ُوا‬‫ن‬‫َا‬‫ك‬ٌ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ب‬ٌ ِ‫اب‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ع‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬:٨٨﴾
(48:18) Allah was pleased with the believers when
they swore allegiance to you under the tree and
He knew what was in their hearts. Therefore, He
sent down tranquility upon them and rewarded
them with a victory close by.
ٌ َ‫َك‬‫ن‬‫و‬ُ‫ع‬ِ‫ي‬‫ا‬َ‫ب‬ُ‫ي‬ٌْ‫ذ‬ِ‫ٌا‬َ‫ين‬ِ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ْ‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٌا‬ِ‫ن‬َ‫ع‬ٌُ‫ه‬‫ـ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ٌال‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ض‬َ‫ر‬ٌْ‫د‬َ‫ق‬َّ‫ل‬ٌَ‫ت‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ت‬ٌٌِ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬َ‫ج‬َّ‫الش‬
ٌ‫ا‬‫ِيب‬‫ر‬َ‫ق‬ٌ‫ا‬‫ح‬ْ‫ت‬َ‫ف‬ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫ب‬‫َا‬‫ث‬ّّ‫ا‬َ‫ٌو‬ْ‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ٌَ‫ة‬َ‫ن‬‫ي‬ِ‫ك‬َّ‫ٌالس‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ز‬‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬َ‫ف‬ٌْ‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬‫و‬ُ‫ل‬ُ‫ق‬ٌ‫ي‬ِ‫اٌف‬َ‫م‬ٌَ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ف‬
ٌ‫﴿الفتح‬:١٨﴾
(4:159) And there is none from the People of the
Scripture but that he will surely believe in Jesus
before his death. And on the Day of Resurrection
he will be against them a witness.
ٌٌِۖ‫ه‬ِ‫ت‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬ٌَ‫ل‬ْ‫ب‬َ‫ق‬ٌِ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬ٌَّ‫ن‬َ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ْ‫ؤ‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ٌ‫ا‬َّ‫ل‬ِ‫ٌا‬ ِ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٌِا‬‫ل‬ْ‫ه‬ّّ‫ا‬ٌْ‫ن‬ِّ‫م‬ٌ‫ن‬ِ‫ا‬َ‫و‬ٌَ‫م‬ْ‫و‬َ‫ي‬َ‫و‬ٌٌِ‫ة‬َ‫م‬‫ا‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬
‫اٌٌ﴿النساء‬‫يد‬ِ‫ه‬َ‫ٌش‬ْ‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ٌُ‫ن‬‫و‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ي‬:١٥٩﴾
(18:23-24) And never say of anything, "Indeed, I
will do that tomorrow," . Except [when adding],
"If Allah wills." And remember your Lord when
you forget [it] and say, "Perhaps my Lord will
guide me to what is nearer than this to right
conduct."
ٌ َ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬ََٰ‫ذ‬ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫اع‬َ‫ف‬ٌ‫ِّي‬‫ن‬ِ‫ٌا‬ٍ‫ء‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ش‬ِ‫ٌل‬َّ‫ن‬َ‫ل‬‫ُو‬‫ق‬َ‫ت‬ٌ‫ا‬َ‫ل‬َ‫و‬‫ا‬‫د‬َ‫غ‬ٌٌ‫﴿الكهف‬:٢٣ٌ‫ا‬َّ‫ل‬ِ‫﴾ٌا‬
ٌِ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫د‬ْ‫ه‬َ‫ي‬ٌ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ٌٰ‫ى‬َ‫س‬َ‫ع‬ٌْ‫ل‬ُ‫ق‬َ‫ٌو‬ َ‫يت‬ ِ‫َس‬‫ن‬ٌ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬ِ‫ٌا‬ َ‫ك‬َّ‫ب‬َّ‫ر‬ٌ‫ُر‬‫ك‬ْ‫ذ‬‫ا‬َ‫ٌۚو‬ٌُ‫ه‬‫ـ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ٌال‬َ‫اء‬َ‫ش‬َ‫ي‬ٌ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬
‫اٌٌ﴿الكهف‬‫د‬َ‫ش‬َ‫ر‬ٌ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َٰ‫ـ‬َ‫ه‬ٌْ‫ن‬ِ‫ٌم‬ َ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫ق‬ّّ‫ا‬ِ‫يٌل‬ِّ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬:٢٤﴾
(2:285) All of them have believed in Allah and His
angels and His books and His messengers,
[saying], "We make no distinction between any of
His messengers." And they say, "We hear and we
obey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, and
to You is the [final] destination."
ٌُ‫ق‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫ف‬ُ‫ن‬ٌ‫ا‬َ‫ل‬ٌِ‫ه‬ِ‫ل‬ُ‫س‬ُ‫ر‬َ‫ٌو‬ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬ُ‫ت‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ٌو‬ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ت‬َ‫ك‬ِ‫ئ‬‫َا‬‫ل‬َ‫م‬َ‫ٌو‬ِ‫ه‬‫ـ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ال‬ِ‫ب‬ٌَ‫ن‬َ‫م‬‫ٌا‬‫ُل‬‫ك‬ٌَ‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ب‬ٌٌ‫ن‬ِّ‫م‬ٌٍ‫د‬َ‫ح‬ّّ‫ا‬
ٌٌُ‫ير‬ِ‫ص‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٌا‬ َ‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬َ‫اٌو‬َ‫ن‬َّ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬ٌ َ‫َك‬‫ن‬‫ا‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫غ‬ٌٌۖ‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ط‬ّّ‫ا‬َ‫اٌو‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫واٌس‬ُ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ق‬َ‫ٌۚو‬ٌِ‫ه‬ِ‫ل‬ُ‫س‬ُّ‫ر‬
‫﴿البقرة‬:٢٨٥﴾

ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬Adjective - ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬
 In Arabic the ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ (adjective) comes after the ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬.
 In English, the adjective comes before the noun it qualifies
A new house
ٌ‫يد‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬ ٌ‫يت‬َ‫ب‬
A noun that describes or
qualifies another noun is
called ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ (adjective)
The noun being
described or qualified
is called ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬
A house
ٌ‫يت‬َ‫ب‬
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ is also called ٌ‫َة‬‫ف‬ِ‫ص‬
Adjective = ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ = ٌ‫َة‬‫ف‬ِ‫ص‬
ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬ is also called ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬
Noun Qualified = ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬ = ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬

ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬Agreements between ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ and ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬
 ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ and ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬ should be in agreement in the following:
This is a small boy
ٌ‫ير‬ِ‫غ‬ َ‫ص‬ ٌ‫د‬َ‫ل‬َ‫و‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬
This is a small girl
ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ير‬ِ‫غ‬ َ‫ص‬ ٌ‫نت‬ِ‫ب‬ ٌِ‫ه‬ِ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬Gender
1
The new teacher is in the class
ٌِ‫َصل‬‫ف‬‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ٌُ‫د‬‫ي‬ِ‫د‬َ‫الج‬ ٌُ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫د‬ُ‫م‬‫ال‬
Bilal is a new teacher
ٌ‫يد‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬ ٌ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫د‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫َال‬‫ل‬ِ‫ب‬
Indefinite vs.
definite
Indefinite vs.
definite
2
I am in a new house
ٌٍ‫د‬‫ي‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬ ٌٍ‫يت‬َ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ‫نا‬ّّ‫ا‬
This is a new house
ٌ‫يد‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬ ٌ‫يت‬َ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬Case
3
That is a new student
ٌ‫يد‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬ ٌ‫ب‬ِ‫ال‬َ‫ط‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ذ‬
Those are new students
ٌ‫ُد‬‫د‬ُ‫ج‬ ٌ‫َّاب‬‫ل‬ُ‫ط‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ِ‫ئ‬َ‫ل‬‫و‬ّْ‫ا‬Number
4
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬ ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬ ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬

ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫ٌو‬‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬Nominal Sentence with ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫ٌو‬‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬
The broken chair is in the room
ٌِ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬ُ‫غ‬‫ال‬ ٌ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ٌُ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫س‬ْ‫ك‬َ‫م‬‫ال‬ ٌُّ‫ي‬ ِ‫س‬ْ‫ر‬ُ‫ك‬‫ال‬
ٌ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬ٌٌ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ٌج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬ ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫و‬
ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫،ٌخ‬ِ‫ة‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫ٌالج‬ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ب‬ ِ‫،ٌش‬‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ٌَ‫ٌو‬‫ار‬َ‫ج‬
The sparrow is a small bird
ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫غ‬ َ‫ص‬ ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫ئ‬‫ا‬َ‫ط‬ ٌُ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ف‬ ْ‫ص‬ُ‫ع‬‫ال‬
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫و‬ ٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
I am in the secondary school
ٌِ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬ِ‫و‬َ‫ن‬‫َّا‬‫ث‬‫ال‬ ٌِ‫ة‬َ‫س‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫د‬َ‫م‬‫ال‬ ٌ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ‫َا‬‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ٌ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫و‬ ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ٌج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬ ٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫،ٌخ‬ِ‫ة‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫ٌالج‬ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ب‬ ِ‫،ٌش‬‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫م‬ٌَ‫ٌو‬‫ار‬َ‫ج‬

ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫ٌو‬‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬References from Quran - ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫ٌو‬‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬
(5:15) Undoubtedly, there has to come to
you from Allah light and a luminous Book.
ٌَ‫ٌو‬‫ُور‬‫ن‬ٌِ‫ه‬‫ـ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ٌال‬َ‫ن‬ِّ‫م‬ٌ‫ُم‬‫ك‬َ‫اء‬َ‫ٌج‬ْ‫د‬َ‫ق‬ٌ‫ين‬ِ‫ب‬ُّ‫م‬ٌ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬‫﴿اسورةٌالمائدة‬:١٥﴾
(68:4) And undoubtedly, you possess
excellent manners.
ٌٰ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ل‬ٌ َ‫َّك‬‫ن‬ِ‫ا‬َ‫و‬ٌٍ‫م‬‫ي‬ِ‫ظ‬َ‫ع‬ٌٍ‫ق‬ُ‫ل‬ُ‫خ‬‫﴿سورةٌالقلم‬:٤﴾
(44:17) and an honourable Messenger
came to them.
ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫اء‬َ‫ج‬َ‫و‬ٌ‫ِيم‬‫ر‬َ‫ك‬ٌ‫ول‬ُ‫س‬َ‫ر‬‫﴿اسورةٌالدخان‬:١٧﴾
(1:6) Guide us in the straight path. ٌ‫َا‬‫ن‬ِ‫د‬ْ‫ه‬‫ا‬ٌَ‫م‬‫ي‬ِ‫ق‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫س‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ٌا‬َ‫اط‬َ‫ر‬ ِّ‫الص‬﴾﴿﴿‫سورةٌالفاتحة‬:٦﴾
(45:10) And for them is a great torment. ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫ل‬َ‫و‬ٌ‫يم‬ِ‫ظ‬َ‫ع‬ٌ‫اب‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ع‬﴿‫سورةٌالجاثية‬:١٠﴾
(8:274) For them is forgiveness and
honourable provision.
ٌَ‫ٌو‬‫ة‬َ‫ر‬ِ‫ف‬ْ‫غ‬َّ‫م‬ٌ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬ٌ‫ِيم‬‫ر‬َ‫ك‬ٌ‫ق‬ْ‫ز‬ِ‫ر‬ٌ‫نفال‬‫﴿سورةٌالا‬:٧٤﴾
(61:13) help from Allah and a near victory ‫﴿سورةٌالصف‬:١٣﴾ ٌِ‫ه‬‫ـ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ٌال‬َ‫ن‬ِّ‫م‬ٌ‫ر‬ ْ‫َص‬‫ن‬ٌ‫ِيب‬‫ر‬َ‫ق‬ٌ‫ح‬ْ‫ت‬َ‫ف‬َ‫و‬ٌۗ

ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬Where is the ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬?
ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫ه‬َ‫س‬ ٌ‫ة‬َ‫غ‬ُ‫ل‬ ٌُ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬َ‫ع‬‫ال‬
The Arabic is an easy language
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫ٌو‬‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ ٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫ه‬َ‫س‬ ٌُ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬َ‫ع‬‫ال‬ ٌُ‫ة‬َ‫غ‬ُّ‫ل‬‫ال‬
The Arabic language is easy
ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫و‬ ٌٌٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
 Exercise
 Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern.
Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.

ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ or not
A new book
ٌ‫يد‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬ ٌ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬
The new book is heavy
ٌ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ق‬َ‫ث‬ ٌُ‫د‬‫ي‬ِ‫د‬َ‫الج‬ ٌُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬‫ال‬
ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬ٌ‫و‬ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬
The book is new
ٌ‫يد‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬ ٌ ُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫الك‬
This book is new
ٌ‫يد‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ج‬ ٌ ُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫الك‬ ٌ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬
ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ ٌ‫َل‬‫د‬َ‫ب‬ ٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
This new book is heavy
ٌ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ق‬َ‫ث‬ ٌُ‫د‬‫ي‬ِ‫د‬َ‫الج‬ ٌ ُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬‫ال‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬
ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫ٌو‬‫َل‬‫د‬َ‫ب‬ ٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
Abbas is a merchant
ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫اج‬َ‫ت‬ ٌ‫اس‬َ‫ب‬َ‫ع‬
11
22
33
44
55
66
 Exercise
 Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern.
Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.

ٌُ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫الا‬The Relative Pronoun - ٌُ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫الا‬
 ‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ is called the relative pronoun (ٌُ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫الا‬)
 It is translated as:
 “Who” – for all rational beings
 “Which” – for all irrational beings and things
 It is used for masculine singular. Feminine and plural will come later
 It is always followed by a description, which is known as ٌِ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫ة‬َّ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬
The man, who left the room, is a merchant
ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫اج‬َ‫ت‬ ٌِ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬ُ‫غ‬‫ال‬ ٌَ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ٌَ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ٌُ‫ل‬ُ‫ج‬َّ‫ر‬‫ال‬
ٌِ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫ة‬َّ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬ ٌُ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫الا‬
The book, which is on the table, belongs to the teacher
ٌِ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫د‬ُ‫م‬‫ل‬ِ‫ل‬ ٌِ‫ب‬َ‫ت‬‫ك‬َ‫م‬‫ال‬ ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ٌُ‫اب‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬‫ال‬
ٌِ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫ة‬َّ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬ ٌُ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫الا‬

‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ٌ‫َعت‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ as ٌ‫َعت‬‫ن‬
The man, who left the room, is a merchant
ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫اج‬َ‫ت‬ ٌِ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬ُ‫غ‬‫ال‬ ٌَ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ٌَ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ٌُ‫ل‬ُ‫ج‬َّ‫ر‬‫ال‬
ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ ٌِ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫ة‬َّ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬ ٌ‫َعت‬‫ن‬َ‫ٌو‬ُ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫و‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫الا‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫و‬ ٌٌٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
The man is a merchant
ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫اج‬َ‫ت‬ ٌُ‫ل‬ُ‫ج‬َّ‫ر‬‫ال‬
The tall man is a merchant
ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫اج‬َ‫ت‬ ٌُ‫ل‬‫ِي‬‫و‬َّ‫ط‬‫ال‬ ٌُ‫ل‬ُ‫ج‬َّ‫ر‬‫ال‬
ٌ‫ر‬َ‫ب‬َ‫خ‬ ٌ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ن‬ ٌ‫وت‬ُ‫ع‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫و‬ ٌٌٌ‫َا‬‫د‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬

The Past Tense Verb (‫ي‬ِ‫اض‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬ِ‫ف‬‫ال‬)The Past Tense Verb (‫ي‬ِ‫اض‬َ‫م‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬ِ‫ف‬‫ال‬)
 Verb = Action = ٌ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬ِ‫ف‬
 Doer = Subject = ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫اع‬َ‫ف‬
 Base form of all Arabic verbs is in the past tense (ٌٍ‫ض‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬)
 The base form of the verb always corresponds to the 3rd person
singular masculine pronoun, i.e. he (ٌَ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬)
 The doer of the action (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫اع‬َ‫ف‬) is hidden (ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫ت‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫س‬ُ‫م‬) within the base form of
the verb (ٌ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬ِ‫ف‬). Notice the hidden “he” in ٌَ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬
ٌَ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬(He left) ٌَ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬

Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb
 Almost all Arabic verbs can be traced back to a three letter verb. The
remaining few exceptions are traced to a four letter verb.
 To understand their structure, the three letter verbs are defined on
the pattern of ‫فعل‬ as follows.
ٌَ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬(He left) ٌَ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌَ‫ج‬ ٌَ‫ر‬ ٌَ‫خ‬
‫فعل‬‫فعل‬‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬
ٌ‫ة‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ك‬ٌ‫ف‬ (1st radical)
ٌ‫ة‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ك‬ٌ‫ع‬ (2nd radical)
ٌ‫ة‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ك‬ٌ‫ل‬ (3rd radical)

Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb
 In the base form for all 3 letter past tense verbs:
 ٌ‫ة‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ك‬ٌ‫ف‬ and ٌ‫ة‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ك‬ٌ‫ل‬ always have a ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ح‬ْ‫ت‬َ‫ف‬
 ٌ‫ة‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ك‬ٌ‫ع‬ can have a ٌ‫ة‬َّ‫م‬ َ‫ض‬, ٌ‫ة‬َ‫ح‬ْ‫ت‬َ‫ف‬, orٌ‫ة‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫َس‬‫ك‬
ٌ‫ة‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ك‬ٌ‫ل‬ ٌ‫ة‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ك‬ٌ‫ع‬ ٌ‫ة‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ك‬ٌ‫ف‬ Meaning ٌ‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬ِ‫ف‬
ٌَ‫ب‬ ٌَ‫ه‬ ٌَ‫ذ‬ He left ٌَ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬
ٌَ‫س‬ ٌَ‫ل‬ ٌَ‫ج‬ He sat ٌَ‫س‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ج‬
ٌَ‫ر‬ ٌَ‫ص‬ ٌَ‫ن‬ He helped ٌَ‫ر‬ َ‫َص‬‫ن‬
ٌَ‫ع‬ ٌِ‫م‬ ٌَ‫س‬ He heard ٌَ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬
ٌَ‫م‬ ٌُ‫ر‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ He became noble ٌَ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬

Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb
ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫اع‬َ‫ف‬ Suffix
ٌَ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫ت‬َ‫ت‬‫س‬ُ‫م‬ ٌَ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ He
ٌَ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌْ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ They (2)
ٌُ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌْ‫و‬‫ا‬ ٌْ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬ ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ They (>2)
ٌْ‫ت‬َ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫ت‬َ‫ت‬‫س‬ُ‫م‬ ٌْ‫ت‬ ٌَ‫ي‬ِ‫ه‬ She
ٌَ‫ت‬َ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌْ‫ا‬َ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ They (2)
ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌَ‫ن‬ ٌَ‫ن‬ ٌَ‫ن‬ ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ They (>2)
ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌَ‫ت‬ ٌَ‫ت‬ ٌَ‫ت‬ ٌَ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ You
ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ You (2)
ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ You (>2)
ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌِ‫ت‬ ٌِ‫ت‬ ٌِ‫ت‬ ٌِ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ You
ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ You (2)
ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ You (>2)
ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌُ‫ت‬ ٌُ‫ت‬ ٌُ‫ت‬ ‫َا‬‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ I
ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ ‫َا‬‫ن‬ ‫َا‬‫ن‬ ٌُ‫ن‬ْ‫َح‬‫ن‬ We
All ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫اع‬َ‫ف‬ in this group are
either ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫ت‬َ‫ت‬‫س‬ُ‫م‬ or have a
sukun on them, so this
group is called ٌ‫ن‬ِ‫ك‬‫ا‬َ‫س‬
All ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫اع‬َ‫ف‬ in this group
have some vowel sign on
them so this group is
called ٌ‫ك‬ِّ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬َ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬
This alif is called ٌِ‫ة‬َ‫ي‬‫ا‬َ‫ق‬ِ‫و‬‫ٌال‬ ُ‫ف‬ِ‫ل‬ّّ‫ا‬ (alif of
protection). It protects the ‫و‬ from
being mistaken for the conjunction ‫و‬
(and). It is written but not pronounced
This is ٌِ‫ث‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬‫ا‬َّ‫ت‬‫ٌال‬ُ‫اء‬َ‫ت‬(ta of feminine)

Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb Examples
ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫اع‬َ‫ف‬ Suffix
ٌَ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬ ٌَ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬ ٌَ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬ ٌَ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫ت‬َ‫ت‬‫س‬ُ‫م‬ ٌَ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ He
ٌَ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌَ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌَ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌَ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌْ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ They (2)
ٌُ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬ٌْ‫و‬‫ا‬ ٌُ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬ٌْ‫و‬‫ا‬ ٌُ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬ٌْ‫و‬‫ا‬ ٌُ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌْ‫و‬‫ا‬ ٌْ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬ ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ They (>2)
ٌْ‫ت‬َ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬ ٌْ‫ت‬َ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬ ٌْ‫ت‬َ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬ ٌْ‫ت‬َ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫ت‬َ‫ت‬‫س‬ُ‫م‬ ٌْ‫ت‬ ٌَ‫ي‬ِ‫ه‬ She
ٌَ‫ت‬َ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌَ‫ت‬َ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌَ‫ت‬َ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌَ‫ت‬َ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌْ‫ا‬ ٌْ‫ا‬َ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ They (2)
ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬ٌَ‫ن‬ ٌْ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬ٌَ‫ن‬ ٌْ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬ٌَ‫ن‬ ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌَ‫ن‬ ٌَ‫ن‬ ٌَ‫ن‬ ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ They (>2)
ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬ٌَ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬ٌَ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬ٌَ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌَ‫ت‬ ٌَ‫ت‬ ٌَ‫ت‬ ٌَ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ You
ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ You (2)
ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ You (>2)
ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬ٌِ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬ٌِ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬ٌِ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌِ‫ت‬ ٌِ‫ت‬ ٌِ‫ت‬ ٌِ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ You
ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ You (2)
ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ ٌَّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ You (>2)
ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬ٌُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬ٌُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬ٌُ‫ت‬ ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ٌُ‫ت‬ ٌُ‫ت‬ ٌُ‫ت‬ ‫َا‬‫ن‬ّّ‫ا‬ I
ٌْ‫م‬ُ‫َر‬‫ك‬‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ ٌْ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫س‬‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ ٌْ‫ب‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ذ‬‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ ٌْ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ ‫َا‬‫ن‬ ‫َا‬‫ن‬ ٌُ‫ن‬ْ‫َح‬‫ن‬ We

ِ‫ل‬‫ال‬ ِ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ب‬‫م‬ْ‫ح‬َّ‫ر‬‫ال‬ ِ‫ه‬ِ‫م‬ْ‫ي‬ ِ‫ح‬َّ‫ر‬‫ال‬ ِ‫ن‬
Part 5 (ver. 7)
1
TopicsTopics
Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬)
Early Predicate and Late Subject ( ٌ‫ر‬َّ‫خ‬‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ا‬‫د‬‫بت‬ُ‫م‬‫و‬ ٌ‫م‬َّ‫د‬‫ق‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬‫ب‬‫خ‬)
Plural (ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬)
Numbers (ٌ‫د‬‫ا‬‫عد‬َ‫ا‬)
Diptotes ( ِ‫رف‬ َّ‫الص‬ ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ُ‫ع‬‫و‬ُ‫ن‬‫م‬‫الم‬)
Types of khabar (ِ‫ر‬‫ب‬‫الخ‬ ُ‫ع‬‫ا‬‫نو‬َ‫ا‬)

Revision History
2
Apr. 24, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version
May 1, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added more notes on Attached Pronoun
May 8, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added Early Predicate and Late Subject ( ٌ‫ر‬َّ‫خ‬‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ا‬‫د‬‫بت‬ُ‫م‬‫و‬ ٌ‫م‬َّ‫د‬‫ق‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬‫ب‬‫خ‬)
May 15, 2010 4 Zahid Naeem Added Plural (ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ج‬) slides
Jun. 19, 2010 5 Zahid Naeem
Added a slide for plurals of irrationals and adjective for muda’f vs. muda’f
ilaihi
Jun. 26, 2010 6 Zahid Naeem Added slides for Numbers (ٌ‫د‬‫ا‬‫عد‬َ‫ا‬)
Jul. 10, 2010 7 Zahid Naeem
Added slides for singular, dual and plural case endings, grammatical analysis
& Diptotes
Jul. 24, 2010 8 Zahid Naeem Added slide for types of khabar
ِ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬‫ال‬ ِ‫يل‬ِ‫ب‬‫س‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah – ِ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬‫ال‬ ِ‫يل‬ِ‫ب‬‫س‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬

Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬)Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬)
Muhammad’s book.
‫د‬َّ‫م‬‫ح‬ُ‫م‬ ُ‫اب‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
His book
ُ‫ه‬ ُ‫اب‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
His book
ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬‫و‬ ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
Your book
‫ك‬ ُ‫اب‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
Your book
‫ك‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬‫و‬ ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
ُ‫ه‬ and ‫ك‬ are attached
pronouns (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬)
 An attached pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬), when attached to a noun, is
always ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ and the noun it is attached to is ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
 The attached pronoun in this case is always ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬‫م‬
+
+

Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬)Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬)
From Muhammad
‫د‬َّ‫م‬‫ح‬ُ‫م‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬
‫ار‬‫ج‬ٌ‫ر‬‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬‫م‬‫و‬
Him From
ُ‫ه‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬
ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬‫م‬ ٌ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬‫ج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬‫ح‬
From him
ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬
Them From
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬
ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬‫م‬ ٌ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬‫ج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬‫ح‬
From them
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬
ُ‫ه‬ and ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ are attached
pronouns (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬)
 An attached pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬), when attached to a ‫ر‬‫ج‬ ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬‫ح‬
(preposition), is always ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬‫م‬ ٌ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ا‬
+
+

Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬) vs. Detached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬)Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬) vs. Detached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬)
5
3rd Person
Masculine
Singular He, It ُ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ ٌ‫د‬‫ر‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫ر‬َّ‫ك‬‫ذ‬ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫ب‬ِ‫ي‬‫ا‬‫غ‬
“Dual” They (2) ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬َّ‫ن‬‫ث‬ُ‫م‬
Plural They ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬
Feminine
Singular She, It ‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ه‬ ٌ‫د‬‫ر‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫َّث‬‫ن‬‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬“Dual” They (2) ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ى‬َّ‫ن‬‫ث‬ُ‫م‬
Plural They َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬
2nd person
Masculine
Singular You ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬ ٌ‫د‬‫ر‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫ر‬َّ‫ك‬‫ذ‬ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫ب‬‫اط‬‫خ‬ُ‫م‬
“Dual” You (2) ‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬َّ‫ن‬‫ث‬ُ‫م‬
Plural You (>2) ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬
Feminine
Singular You ِ‫ك‬ ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬ ٌ‫د‬‫ر‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫َّث‬‫ن‬‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬“Dual” You (2) ‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬َّ‫ن‬‫ث‬ُ‫م‬
Plural You (>2) َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬
1st person Masc. & Fem.
Singular I ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬َ‫ا‬ ٌ‫د‬‫ر‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫َّث‬‫ن‬‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬‫و‬ ٌ‫ر‬َّ‫ك‬‫ذ‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫م‬ِّ‫ل‬‫ك‬‫ت‬ُ‫م‬
Plural We ‫ا‬‫ن‬ ُ‫ن‬ْ‫ح‬‫ن‬ ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬
ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬ (Detached Pronoun)ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬ (Detached Pronoun)ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬ (Attached Pronoun)ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬ (Attached Pronoun)

Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬) vs. Detached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬)Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬) vs. Detached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬)
6
ُ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ِ‫ك‬ ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫ن‬ ُ‫ن‬ْ‫ح‬‫ن‬
ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬
 Always ٌ‫ة‬‫ِف‬‫ر‬ْ‫ع‬‫م‬ (definite)
 Are ٌ‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬ْ‫ب‬‫م‬ (fixed)
 Always ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬‫م‬ (nominative)
ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬
 Always ٌ‫ة‬‫ِف‬‫ر‬ْ‫ع‬‫م‬ (definite)
 Are ٌ‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬ْ‫ب‬‫م‬ (fixed)
 Always ٌ‫ر‬‫و‬ُ‫جر‬‫م‬ (genitive) or
ٌ‫وب‬ ُ‫نص‬‫م‬ (accusative)
 Can be attached to a noun,
verb or a particle
This ‫ي‬ is called ِ‫م‬ِّ‫ل‬‫ك‬‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ُ‫اء‬‫ي‬ (ya-ul
mutakallim) – Ya of the first
person

Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬) as ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬) as ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬
ٌ‫ة‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ٌ‫اب‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ His ُ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ Their (2 mas.) ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ Their (>2 mas.) ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫ه‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ‫ا‬‫ه‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ Her ‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ Their (2 fem) ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ Their (>2 fem) َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ك‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ‫ك‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ Your ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ Your (2 mas.) ‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ Your (>2 mas.) ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ِ‫ك‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ِ‫ك‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ Your (fem) ِ‫ك‬ ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ Your (2 fem) ‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ Your (>2 fem) َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ My ْ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬‫ار‬َّ‫ي‬‫س‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬ُ‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬ Our ‫ا‬‫ن‬ ُ‫ن‬ْ‫ح‬‫ن‬
The last letter of the
ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ gets a ٌ‫ة‬‫سر‬‫ك‬ when
attached to ِ‫م‬ِّ‫ل‬‫ك‬‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ُ‫اء‬‫ي‬. A
ٌ‫ة‬َّ‫م‬‫ض‬ on the last letter
would have made the
pronunciation difficult.
The ُ‫ة‬‫وط‬ُ‫ب‬‫ر‬‫الم‬ ُ‫اء‬‫الت‬ changes
to a ُ‫ة‬‫وح‬ُ‫ت‬‫ف‬‫الم‬ ُ‫اء‬‫الت‬ when it
is followed by an
attached pronoun.

Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬) with Special NounsAttached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬) with Special Nouns
ٌ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ ٌ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ ُ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫ه‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ه‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ك‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ك‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬ِ‫ك‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬ِ‫ك‬ ِ‫ك‬ ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ ْ‫ي‬ ِ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ ْ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ُ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬ ُ‫ن‬ْ‫ح‬‫ن‬
Notice the extra ‫و‬ between
ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬ and ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬ُ‫م‬. By same
token “Muhammad’s father”
will be ‫د‬َّ‫م‬‫ح‬ُ‫م‬ ‫و‬ُ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬
ٌ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬‫و‬ ٌ‫ب‬َ‫ا‬ are 2 of the 4 special
nouns, which take this extra ‫و‬.
Will learn the other two later.
The rule for extra ‫و‬ does not
apply when these nouns are
followed by ِ‫م‬ِّ‫ل‬‫ك‬‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ُ‫اء‬‫ي‬

Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬) as ٌ‫ر‬‫و‬ُ‫جر‬‫م‬ ٌ‫م‬‫اس‬
‫ى‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬
ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ُ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
ْ‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
َّ‫ن‬ِ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ِ‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ِ‫ك‬ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ِ‫ك‬ ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ن‬‫ع‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
َّ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ْ‫ي‬ِّ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ْ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫ن‬ْ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬َّ‫ن‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬ ُ‫ن‬ْ‫ح‬‫ن‬
َّ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ = ْ‫ي‬ + ‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬
The ‫ورة‬ ُ‫ص‬ْ‫ق‬‫م‬ ‫ف‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬ at the end of ‫ى‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬
changes to a ‫ي‬ (ya) when it is
followed by an attached
pronoun.
Also notice the change from ُ‫ه‬ to
ِ‫ه‬ for the attached pronoun.
Same is true for ‫ى‬‫ل‬‫ع‬

Attached Pronoun (ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬) as ٌ‫ر‬‫و‬ُ‫جر‬‫م‬ ٌ‫م‬‫اس‬
ُ‫ه‬‫ل‬ ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬ ُ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬‫ل‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬‫ل‬ ْ‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫ه‬‫ل‬ ‫ا‬‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ه‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬‫ل‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬‫ل‬ َّ‫ن‬ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ك‬‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ِ‫ب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬‫ل‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ِ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬‫ل‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ِ‫ب‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ِ‫ك‬‫ل‬ ِ‫ك‬ِ‫ب‬ ِ‫ك‬ ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬‫ل‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ِ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬‫ل‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ِ‫ب‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬ ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬ ْ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ل‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬ِ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬ ُ‫ن‬ْ‫ح‬‫ن‬
The preposition gets a ٌ‫ة‬‫ح‬ْ‫ت‬‫ف‬
when it is followed by an
attached pronoun, with one
exception; see below.
The preposition retains its ٌ‫ة‬‫سر‬‫ك‬
when it is attached to ِ‫م‬ِّ‫ل‬‫ك‬‫ت‬ُ‫م‬‫ال‬ ُ‫اء‬‫ي‬

Past Tense Verb Suffix vs. ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬ vs. ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬
Past Tense Verb Suffix ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬َّ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬ ٌ‫ل‬ِ‫ص‬‫ف‬ْ‫ن‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ض‬
ُ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬
ْ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
ْ‫و‬‫ا‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
ْ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ه‬
‫ت‬ْ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ن‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ه‬
‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ِ‫ت‬ ِ‫ك‬ ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫ُم‬‫ك‬ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ َّ‫ن‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
ُ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬َ‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬ ُ‫ن‬ْ‫ح‬‫ن‬

ٌ‫ر‬َّ‫خ‬‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ا‬‫د‬‫بت‬ُ‫م‬‫و‬ ٌ‫م‬َّ‫د‬‫ق‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬‫ب‬‫خ‬Early Predicate and Late Subject ( ٌ‫ر‬َّ‫خ‬‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ا‬‫د‬‫بت‬ُ‫م‬‫و‬ ٌ‫م‬َّ‫د‬‫ق‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬‫ب‬‫خ‬)
The man is in the house
ِ‫يت‬‫الب‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ُ‫ل‬ُ‫ج‬َّ‫ر‬‫ال‬
‫و‬ ‫ار‬‫ج‬ٌ‫ر‬‫ب‬‫خ‬ ،ِ‫ة‬‫ل‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫الج‬ ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ب‬ ِ‫ش‬ ،ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬‫م‬ ٌ‫ا‬‫د‬‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
A man is in the house
ٌ‫ل‬ُ‫ج‬‫ر‬ ِ‫يت‬‫الب‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬
A ِ‫ة‬‫ل‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫الج‬ ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ب‬ ِ‫ش‬ (phrase), e.g.
ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬‫م‬‫و‬ ‫ار‬‫ج‬ (prepositional
phrase) or ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬‫ظ‬ (adverbial
phrase) can never beٌ‫ا‬‫د‬‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬
(subject), even though a
sentence may begin with it.
ٌ‫ر‬َّ‫خ‬‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ا‬‫د‬‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ار‬‫ج‬ٌ‫م‬َّ‫د‬‫ق‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬‫ب‬‫خ‬ ،ِ‫ة‬‫ل‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫الج‬ ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ب‬ ِ‫ش‬ ،ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬‫م‬
A garden is in front of the masjid
ٌ‫ة‬‫يق‬ِ‫د‬‫ح‬ ِ‫د‬ ِ‫سج‬‫الم‬ ‫ام‬‫م‬َ‫ا‬
ٌ‫ر‬َّ‫خ‬‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ا‬‫د‬‫ت‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫اف‬‫ض‬‫م‬ِ‫ه‬‫ي‬‫ل‬ِ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬‫ظ‬ٌ‫م‬َّ‫د‬‫ق‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ر‬‫ب‬‫خ‬ ،ِ‫ة‬‫ل‬ْ‫م‬ُ‫الج‬ ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ب‬ ِ‫ش‬ ،

ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬Plural ( ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬)
Plural ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬Plural ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬
Broken Plural ٌ‫ر‬‫ي‬ ِ‫كس‬‫ت‬ ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬Broken Plural ٌ‫ر‬‫ي‬ ِ‫كس‬‫ت‬ ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬
ٌ‫م‬ِ‫ال‬‫س‬ ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬Sound Plural ٌ‫م‬ِ‫ال‬‫س‬ ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬
Sound Masculine PluralSound Masculine Plural
ٌ‫م‬ِ‫ال‬‫س‬ ٌ‫ر‬َّ‫ك‬‫ذ‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬
Sound Feminine PluralSound Feminine Plural
ٌ‫م‬ِ‫ال‬‫س‬ ٌ‫َّث‬‫ن‬‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫ع‬ْ‫م‬‫ج‬
The singular word is broken to create the plural,
e.g. ٌ‫ب‬ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ط‬ -> ٌ‫َّاب‬‫ل‬ُ‫ط‬ , ٌ‫م‬‫ل‬‫ق‬ -> ٌ‫م‬‫ا‬‫ل‬ْ‫ق‬َ‫ا‬. Broken plurals have
many patterns, as explained later.
The singular word stays
intact in the plural, e.g.
ٌ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬‫د‬ُ‫م‬ -> ‫ن‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫س‬ِّ‫ر‬‫د‬ُ‫م‬
Has an ûna ( ‫ن‬ْ‫و‬) ending,
e.g. ٌ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬‫س‬ُ‫م‬ -> ‫ن‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬‫س‬ُ‫م‬
Has an âtun ( ٌ‫ات‬) ending,
e.g. ٌ‫ة‬‫م‬ِ‫ل‬‫س‬ُ‫م‬ -> ٌ‫ات‬‫م‬ِ‫ل‬‫س‬ُ‫م‬
Some nouns have
multiple plural
forms, e.g., ٌ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬ has
two plural forms
1) ٌ‫ة‬‫و‬ْ‫ِخ‬‫ا‬ and 2) ُ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫و‬ْ‫ِخ‬‫ا‬

ٌ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ع‬ُ‫ف‬
14
Patterns of Broken Plural
ٌ‫م‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ُج‬‫ن‬ٌ‫م‬ْ‫ج‬‫ن‬
ٌ‫خ‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫ي‬ُ‫ش‬ٌ‫خ‬ْ‫ي‬‫ش‬
ٌ‫ل‬ُ‫ع‬ُ‫ف‬
ٌ‫ب‬ُ‫ت‬ُ‫ك‬ٌ‫اب‬‫ت‬ِ‫ك‬
ٌ‫ل‬ُ‫س‬ُ‫ر‬ٌ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬ُ‫س‬‫ر‬
ٌ‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ِ‫ف‬
ٌ‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ب‬ِ‫ج‬ٌ‫ل‬‫ب‬‫ج‬
ٌ‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ج‬ِ‫ر‬ٌ‫ل‬ُ‫ج‬‫ر‬
ٌ‫ل‬‫ا‬َّ‫ع‬ُ‫ف‬
ٌ‫ر‬‫ا‬َّ‫ج‬ُ‫ت‬ٌ‫ر‬ِ‫اج‬‫ت‬
ٌ‫اب‬َّ‫ل‬ُ‫ط‬ٌ‫ب‬ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ط‬

ٌ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫ز‬
ٌ‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ْ‫ف‬َ‫ا‬
15
Patterns of Broken Plural
ٌ‫د‬‫ا‬‫ل‬ْ‫و‬َ‫ا‬ُ‫د‬‫ل‬‫و‬
ٌ‫م‬‫ا‬‫م‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ا‬‫م‬‫ع‬
ُ‫اء‬‫ل‬ِ‫ع‬ْ‫ف‬َ‫ا‬
ُ‫اء‬‫ق‬ِ‫د‬ ْ‫ص‬َ‫ا‬ٌ‫ق‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫د‬‫ص‬
ُ‫اء‬َّ‫ب‬ِ‫ط‬َ‫ا‬ٌ‫ب‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬‫ط‬
ٌ‫ة‬‫ل‬ْ‫ع‬ِ‫ف‬
ٌ‫ة‬‫و‬ْ‫خ‬ِ‫ا‬ٌ‫خ‬َ‫ا‬
ٌ‫ة‬‫ي‬ْ‫ت‬ِ‫ف‬‫تى‬‫ف‬
ُ‫اء‬‫ل‬‫ع‬ُ‫ف‬
ُ‫اء‬‫ل‬‫م‬ُ‫ز‬
ُ‫اء‬‫ر‬‫ق‬ُ‫ف‬ٌ‫ر‬ْ‫ي‬ِ‫ق‬‫ف‬
ُ‫اء‬‫ب‬ِ‫ب‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫ا‬
We will learn more patterns later Diptote ( ِ‫ف‬ْ‫ر‬ َّ‫الص‬ ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ُ‫ع‬‫و‬ُ‫ن‬ْ‫م‬‫لم‬‫ا‬)

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