2. Contents
OVERVIEW 3 Health Care 9
Improved disease prevention
Improved disease detection
INDUSTRIES
Improved disease treatment
Plants as drug factories
Animal Agriculture 4
Household Products 10
Animal health
Improved breeding Biodegradable plastics
Improved animal feed Improved detergents and cleansers
Improved or reduced animal waste Healthier foods
Improved food safety
Industrial Processing 10
Aquatic Life 4–5
Biodegradable plastics
Resistance to common diseases Improved manufacturing
Improved cultivation practices Biodegradable materials to replace other chemicals
Improved sustainability Improved food processing methods
Improved food quality
Natural Products 10 – 11
Identification of novel compounds
Identification of active compounds
Defense 5
Improved propagation techniques
Improved defense from biological weapons
Plant Agriculture 11 – 12
Improved response to biological weapons
Improved yield
Energy 6
Improved quality
Improved energy technologies Improved stress tolerance
Improved sustainable energy sources Insect and disease resistance
Reduced waste Better weed control
Reduced air pollution Plants as bio-factories
Environment 6–8 Textiles and Furniture 12
Improved pollution detection Improved strength and appearance
Improved pollution removal Improved manufacturing efficiency
Improved chemical safety
Improved wastewater treatment
Improved recycling processes
RESOURCES
Better control of invasive species
Better conservation tools
U.S. Biotechnology Product Sales Forecast 13
Forensics 8
Web Sites and Guides 13
Improved identification tests
Improved tools for anthropology Guide to Biotechnology
Improved understanding of epidemiology Fact Sheets for Educators
Scientific research tools Glossary of Biotechnology Terms
Transgenic Crops: An Introduction and Resource Guide
Forestry 8
Articles and Reports 14 – 15
Improved growth and breeding
Improved resistance to insects and disease
Protection and restoration of endangered species
Reduced manufacturing waste
3. Biotechnology tools for industries
Biotechnology: Adding New Life
to North Carolina’s Industries
Ov e rv i e w
Like the tall pines of North Carolina’s heritage, biotechnology has found this
state a fertile landscape for establishing the deep roots and steady growth
needed for strength and breadth.
The wide-ranging techniques and processes of biotechnology are becoming
woven into the fabric of the state’s most notable industries, including human
health, agriculture, forestry and even biofuels.
This document explores that range of applications — business opportunities
representing extraordinary value to North Carolinians and making the world
a better place for future generations. Some of the more familiar fruits of
biotechnology are well established, with proven results and obvious benefits.
Others are earlier in their movement from science lab to marketplace. Even
more haven’t yet been conceived. But with nurturing, the promise of
biotechnology will bring robust growth for North Carolina in coming decades.
Every application of biotechnology requires new strategies, targeted effort
and patience. Disparate parties — agencies and companies, institutions and
community leaders, growers and processors, entrepreneurs and investors —
must work together to convert biotechnology’s promise into biotechnology
products. Research at North Carolina’s many universities must be directed to
real needs, problems and industries.
It’s been a long-term task to develop this richly complicated new toolkit called
biotechnology. But the rewards are becoming manifest in satisfying careers and
worthwhile products for new generations of North Carolina’s citizens, and
valuable opportunities for the state’s industries.
Significantly, North Carolina is gaining particular regional benefits from these
applications of biotechnology. Resources and strengths vary across the state, as
do opportunities. But few states are so well positioned to enjoy the spectrum of
opportunity biotechnology brings to North Carolina.
In January 2004 the North Carolina Biotechnology Center published “New Jobs
Across North Carolina,” a strategic plan to help guide this growth in every part
of the state. What follows in this report are some examples of how biotechnology
is improving processes and products, adding new life — cellular and commercial —
to North Carolina’s industries.
NORTH C A ROLIN A B IOTECHNOLOGY CENTER
4. Biotechnology tools for industries
Industries North Carolina example: North Carolina State
University poultry scientist Dr. Jason Shih has
created and patented enzymes capable of improving
Animal Agriculture poultry feeding. The enzymes have been commercial-
ized with early help from the Biotechnology Center,
Animal health through two loans totaling $40,000 to Research
Triangle Park-based BioResource International (BRI).
Vaccines and diagnostic tests for improved animal health The firm subsequently raised more than $2.6 million
are being developed for both companion and farm animals. in federal and venture capital funding.
North Carolina example: Poultry hatcheries around BRI, a technology spinout of North Carolina State
the world use an automated, in ovo (in the egg) University headed by Jason Shih’s son Giles, has be-
vaccination system that was developed by Embrex gun selling its Valkerase powdered enzyme product
of Durham. Embrex to one of the largest poultry processors in Thailand.
has a new vaccine- Valkerase helps turn feathers into a digestible and
production plant in nutritious poultry feed additive. Another BRI enzyme
Laurinburg. product, Versazyme, improves digestibility of poultry
The Biotechnology feed to improve efficiency and reduce feed costs.
Center provided more
than $260,000 in four Improved or reduced animal waste
separate rounds of
funding to Embrex, Addition of an enzyme called phytase to animals’ diges-
starting in 1986. tive systems can decrease phosphorus content in waste, a
The company raised major source of farm pollution. Feed crop plants can also
$16.7 million in 1991 be modified for a similar effect.
through an initial
public offering. On Improved food safety
Jan. 19, 2007, Pfizer
Animal Health, a Farmers can use biotechnology techniques to rapidly
division of Pfizer Inc., bought Embrex for $155 mil- diagnose infectious diseases such as trichinosis, foot-
lion. By the time of the Pfizer buy-out, Embrex, now and-mouth disease, bacterial contamination and mad
a wholly-owned subsidiary of Pfizer, employed 169 cow disease. This prevents diseased products from
people in North Carolina, 307 worldwide. Pfizer said entering our food.
it will keep Embrex headquarters in Durham.
Improved breeding
Aquatic Life
Resistance to common diseases
With selective breeding farmers can avoid genetic
diseases, increase growth rates and muscle mass and Vaccines and genetic improvements in cultivated fish
select the gender in their livestock. and shellfish species can help protect against more than
50 common diseases and parasites, reducing the need
Improved animal feed for use of antibiotics and other drugs during cultivation.
North Carolina example: North Carolina Sea Grant
Thanks to biotechnology, farmers can build nutrients
into feed crops, reducing costs and increasing animal researchers have isolated a peptide antibiotic from
health. the American oyster that may have implications
for managing many diseases in oysters. American
Potentially useful feed additives, such as enzymes and oyster defensin (AOD) may protect against bacteria
antibiotics, can be identified and produced through in Crassostrea virginica, a species that is native to
biotechnology. North Carolina and important economically to
Atlantic and Gulf Coast fisheries.
Ed Noga, a professor at the North Carolina State
University College of Veterinary Medicine, said the
peptide may also be helpful in selecting disease-resis-
tant oysters for aquaculture and fisheries, and may
even allow for the development of a test to monitor
NORTH C A ROLIN A B IOTECHNOLOGY CENTER
6. Biotechnology tools for industries
Improved sustainable energy sources
Many biofuels require source material, often from
crops such as soybeans and corn. As renewable energy
technologies become more economically favorable, this
new source of income for farmers will continue to grow.
Many economic and socio-political advantages will come
from reducing U.S. dependence on foreign petroleum
sources, while increasing the income potential for
America’s farmers.
Reduced waste
Another renewable energy source is from waste,
including used vegetable oils from restaurants, animal
manure, and vegetative debris left after crop or timber
harvests. Recycling these products not only creates
bioenergy, but reduces waste.
Reduced air pollution
Burning biofuels produces fewer harmful air pollutants
than burning petroleum-based fuels.
Environment
Improved pollution detection
Antibodies, enzymes, microbes and some algae can be
used as environmental monitoring tools to detect and
measure harmful pollutants in soil and water.
North Carolina example: Dr. Vincent Henrich and
other scientists at EcoGenomix Inc., a spinoff from
the University of North Carolina-Greensboro, are
developing a product called WaterChip to analyze
Energy microbes in water for environmental quality.
Improved energy technologies Improved pollution removal
Biofuels are made from organic matter and may involve Biotechnology can be used to clean up toxic waste,
the use of enzymes. Ethanol and biodiesel are quickly radioactive waste, chemical spills and other pollution in
becoming viable renewable energy sources to complement soil, air and water. Bioremediation is the use of living
and reduce current petroleum usage. organisms such as bacteria and algae to break down toxic
Because algae are fast growing and some species produce contaminants into harmless byproducts.
high amounts of oil, they may also be a feasible source North Carolina example: Raleigh-based Ensolve
of biodiesel and biofuel energy. Fast-growing plants such Biosystems has developed the PetroLiminator system,
as switchgrass may also be important energy sources. the only biologically based certified system in the
Biotechnology techniques can increase the efficiency of world for treating bilge water in ships. It uses friendly
these processes. bacteria in a biomechanical process to remove oil,
North Carolina example: The first large-scale grease and other pollution from bilge effluent.
ethanol plants on the East Coast are being built in
North Carolina. In addition, there are numerous
small biodiesel processors and stations throughout
the state.
NORTH C A ROLIN A B IOTECHNOLOGY CENTER
7. Biotechnology tools for industries
The company has garnered some $2 million in fed- Improved wastewater treatment
eral and venture capital funding since the Biotech-
nology Center loaned the company $218,000 in the Biotechnology-enhanced microorganisms are used in
1990s. One recent award was a $600,000 Small Busi- wastewater treatment. Researchers are using similar
ness Innovative Research contract by the U.S. Navy techniques for improved biodegradation of landfill waste,
to develop a complete hydrocarbon removal solution and are also investigating ways to recover valuable
for use during the cleanup of decommissioned ships. byproducts from the process.
North Carolina example: As the second-leading
pork-producing state, North Carolina is constantly
Improved recycling processes
searching for economically feasible methods of hog- Biotechnology can improve and accelerate recycling of a
waste disposal. One system being tested in Sampson variety of materials. For example, enzymes can be used to
County uses microorganisms to convert solid waste de-ink recycled paper and can decrease the disintegration
into gases, which can then be used to create electricity. time of recycled pulp.
Improved chemical safety Better control of invasive species
Paints and cements can be made to include bacteria or Harmful and invasive organisms such as kudzu and red
enzymes to prevent the corrosion and contamination algae may be better controlled through biotechnology,
that come from bacterial slimes, fungi or algae. This is or even used for beneficial purposes. In fact, kudzu has
particularly useful for outdoor surfaces of buildings, been proposed for use in herbal medicines and biofuel
boats, and transportation infrastructure. production.
NORTH C A ROLIN A B IOTECHNOLOGY CENTER
8. Biotechnology tools for industries
Biotechnology is also providing tools such as environ-
mentally friendly pesticides to control populations of
Forestry
insect pests, including gypsy moths. Improved growth and breeding
Better conservation tools Rapid propagation of trees through tissue culture
techniques provides speed and accuracy to the tree-
Biodiversity of plant and animal species may be breeding process.
conserved by using biotechnology tools to characterize Growth rates of trees can be increased by helping trees
existing genetic diversity. use energy more efficiently for wood production. In-
creased growth rates will allow timber harvest and forest
preservation to co-exist.
Forensics
Improved identification tests Improved resistance to insects and disease
Since everyone has a unique DNA sequence, identity can Biotechnology can be used to improve a tree’s resistance
be confirmed through DNA tests. This can be useful in to pests, diseases and climatic stress. Certain fungi and
solving crimes and determining biological ancestry. bacteria can be effective in protecting living trees from
disease.
North Carolina example: LabCorp, headquartered
in Burlington, is a leader in paternity testing, han- In addition, felled trees can be treated with fungi to
dling more than 100,000 tests each year. protect the wood from decay until it’s ready to be used.
North Carolina example: North Carolina is the
Improved tools for anthropology second-largest Christmas tree producer in the nation.
Researchers at North Carolina State University are
Forensic anthropology uses DNA testing on human
using biotechnology and genetics to create evergreens
remains and animal fossils to shed light on criminal
that are taller, bushier, and more resistant to disease.
investigations and evolutionary history.
North Carolina example: Fox’s TV series “Bones” Protection and restoration of endangered
is based on the life of Dr. Kathy Reichs, best-selling species
author and forensic anthropologist for the Office of
the Chief Medical Examiner in North Carolina. Biotechnology can be used to rescue and restore threat-
ened and endangered species, such as the American chest-
Improved understanding of epidemiology nut, a tree once found throughout Appalachian forests.
Forensic pathologists can study historically relevant North Carolina example: Restoration of “heritage
pathogens (such as the 1918 Spanish flu) to predict and trees” is a major project at the Institute of Forest
prevent future outbreaks. Biotechnology, located on North Carolina State
University’s Centennial Campus in Raleigh. The
initiative is focused on the American chestnut,
Scientific research tools
elm and Fraser fir.
DNA sequencing, protein analysis, cell culture and other
advances in research technologies allow scientists to more Reduced manufacturing waste
quickly and accurately do their work. Biotechnology
is combined with information technologies to create Biopulping, the use of enzymes in pulp processes, can
powerful research tools for sifting through large volumes greatly decrease cost and increase efficiency. Similarly,
of data. using enzymes in biobleaching can reduce the use of
bleaching chemicals, energy costs and toxic waste and
North Carolina example: A research services com- improve paper quality.
pany in High Point, MWG Biotechnology, provides
DNA sequencing and custom molecular products for Reduction in lignin content and/or increases in cellulose
researchers around the world. content in trees result in a reduced chemical input for
paper mills.
North Carolina example: Zen-Bio, located in Re-
search Triangle Park, has developed a novel method
for growing human fat cells in the laboratory. The
technique may be used to investigate new drugs and
understand diseases related to obesity.
NORTH C A ROLIN A B IOTECHNOLOGY CENTER
9. Biotechnology tools for industries
Health Care The North Carolina Biotechnology Center awarded a
$150,000 faculty recruitment grant to help Dr. Atala
Improved disease prevention bring another world-class research faculty member
into his lab.
Vaccines are being developed against cancer, rabies,
malaria and many other diseases. Plants as drug factories
Improved disease detection In addition to producing industrial enzymes, plants can
be engineered to produce large quantities of vaccines and
Rapid and cost-effective diagnostic tests for strep throat, other biologics for health care uses.
cancer and high cholesterol have been developed with the
use of biotechnology. Early diagnosis of these and other North Carolina example: Biolex Therapeutics, a
diseases leads to earlier and more effective treatment. drug-development company based in Pittsboro, uses a
tiny aquatic plant called lemna, or duckweed (below),
Genetic tests can warn of potential diseases, such as to make complex proteins and monoclonal antibodies.
diabetes, cancer and asthma so therapies can begin as
early as possible. The North Carolina Biotechnology Center awarded
Biolex a $100,000 Small Business Research loan in
North Carolina example: LabCorp, headquartered 2000. Since then, Biolex has raised more than $83
in Burlington, is a pioneer in technologies for diag- million in venture capital.
nostic testing and genetic analysis of diseases such
as cancer, HIV and cystic fibrosis.
North Carolina example: An Asheville company,
Genova Diagnostics, specializes in developing non-
invasive tests to diagnose digestive diseases.
Improved disease treatment
Biotechnology techniques are used to develop and
manufacture therapeutic proteins as well as insulin
and blood-clotting factors.
North Carolina example: In Clayton, Talecris
Biotherapeutics makes Gamimune N and Gamunex,
immunoglobulin intravenous therapy products used
to prevent or treat some illnesses that can occur
when a person’s immune system alone cannot prevent
those diseases.
Gene therapy may be used as a technique for treating a
number of hereditary diseases.
The intricacies of organ transplantation are being inves-
tigated as scientists discover ways to provide replacement
organs from animals, as well as cell transplants to tempo-
rarily substitute for working organs. North Carolina example Ventria Bioscience, a
Sacramento, Calif., biotechnology company, has
North Carolina example: Anthony Atala, M.D., begun testing a North Carolina-grown experimental
director of the Institute for Regenerative Medicine medical treatment incorporating human proteins
at Wake Forest University School of Medicine in grown in plants. The proteins are produced in trans-
Winston-Salem, has achieved long-term success with genic rice grown on a Washington County farm and
implanted bladders grown in his laboratory from are being examined for their ability to combat child-
cells taken from the same children and teenagers who hood diarrhea — the world’s second-biggest infec-
received the organs. Such laboratory-grown organs tious killer of children under the age of 5.
may help solve the shortage of donated organs avail-
able for transplantation.
NORTH C A ROLIN A B IOTECHNOLOGY CENTER
10. Biotechnology tools for industries
Household Products Industrial Processing
Biodegradable plastics Biodegradable plastics
Plastic materials can be bioplastics, making them biode- Biodegradable plastics can be manufactured from plant
gradable and decreasing oil consumption by 90 to 145 material through biotechnology, which could reduce the
million barrels per year. demand for petroleum products by 20 to 80 percent.
Adoption of bioplastics could also reduce our current
North Carolina example: The Research Triangle
plastic waste by up to 80 percent.
Park campuses of the Environmental Protection
Agency and the National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences use bio-based, compostable plastic Improved manufacturing
flatware at their cafeterias. The use of biological molecules in industrial processes
can help companies conserve energy and reduce toxic
Improved detergents and cleansers waste emissions, thereby lessening the environmental
impact of manufacturing.
Enzymes discovered and produced through biotechnol-
ogy methods are used as detergents and detergent
additives. Proteases, amylases and lipases are used to Biodegradable materials to replace
dissolve protein, starch, and fatty stains on clothing, other chemicals
while other enzymes are used to prevent dye leaching
Vegetable oils can be modified to meet industrial needs
and fraying of fabric.
for coatings, plastics, cosmetics, lubricants and inks.
North Carolina example: Novozymes, a Denmark-
based world leader in enzymes and microorganisms Improved food processing methods
for home and industrial uses, has a major presence in
North Carolina. Modification of the structure of starch from crops such
as corn and potatoes may improve freezing stability and
North Carolina example: EarthWellTech, which
nutritional content.
originated in Asheville, is a specialty chemical
company that researches, produces and markets
bio-based cleaning solutions. Natural Products
Healthier foods Identification of active compounds
Naturally caffeine-free coffee and tea, reduced-cholesterol Many medicinal herbs are gaining popularity for use in
vegetable oil and a variety of other functional foods are complementary and alternative medicine. Biotechnology
being developed through biotechnology. tools can be used to identify and characterize active com-
pounds in medicinal herbs, improving public acceptance
Biotechnology has been used for thousands of years of these alternative medicines.
to make food products such as cheese, wine, beer and
yogurt. North Carolina example: The antioxidant proper-
ties of grapes and blueberries, grown throughout the
North Carolina example: ZuZu Bioceuticals of
state, have increased the marketability of these fruits
Wrightsville Beach has patented processes to produce in recent years.
omega-3 and the red pigment astaxanthin, both use-
ful food additives. North Carolina example: The newly emerging
North Carolina Research Campus in Kannapolis
North Carolina example: Nitta Gelatin has opened
includes plans for the Dole Research Institute. There,
a new manufacturing plant in Cumberland County to scientists will study nutrition and seek improvements
produce 3,000 tons of gelatin a year. Gelatin is a pro- in fruits and vegetables.
tein product made from the byproducts of the meat
industry. Gelatin has many uses in food, biotechnol-
ogy, medicine, cosmetics and other industries.
NORTH C A ROLIN A B IOTECHNOLOGY CENTER 10
11. Biotechnology tools for industries
Improved propagation techniques North Carolina example: Researchers at Sun Dance
Genetics and Duke University have used biotechnology
Many plants grow better from cuttings and shoots than tools to create a new hybrid corn with drought toler-
from seeds. Using tissue culture techniques can speed up ance and improved yield.
the propagation process for many fruits and herbs, and
can even be used to recover endangered plant species. Insect and disease resistance
Plants with built-in resistance to pests and disease can
Plant Agriculture greatly reduce the use of agricultural chemicals. In 2004,
biotech crops reduced pesticide use by 62 million pounds
Improved yield in the U.S. while reducing costs and increasing overall
Genetically modi- crop yields.
fied crops can yield North Carolina example: Syngenta, a global
more or bigger agribusiness company with locations in
seeds, fruits or Research Triangle Park and Greensboro, has
tubers per acre developed Bt Corn that contains a protein
planted. They may to repel destructive pests such as
also be encouraged caterpillars and corn
to produce more borers, without the use
nutrients, such as of chemical sprays.
oils, proteins or
vitamins. North Carolina
example: In 2004,
Biotechnology in- 6 percent and
creased crop yields and 80 percent of the
reduced production costs state’s corn and
worth $2.3 billion for U.S. cotton crops,
growers in 2004. respectively, were
North Carolina example: North Carolina’s farm insect resistant.
income was improved by more than $64 million from
its four main biotech crops: corn, cotton, soybeans Better weed control
and squash.
Crops can be engineered to resist
certain herbicides, allowing farmers to use smaller amounts
Improved quality and less-hazardous versions of weed-control chemicals.
Fruits, vegetables and other crops can be improved North Carolina example: Herbicide-resistant cotton
through biotechnology to increase nutritional value and is grown in eastern North Carolina. Beaufort County
to improve taste, color and freshness. farmer Milton Prince grows 2,700 acres of biotech
Allergen-free wheat, rice, peanuts, milk, eggs and fish cotton that resists the environmentally friendly but
may be produced. broadly effective herbicide Roundup. Prince has said,
“These genetically engineered cultivars gave us the op-
North Carolina example: Nicotine-free tobacco, portunity to grow cotton and control weeds effectively.
developed by Vector Tobacco, of Mebane, is used to Without biotechnology, cotton would not be grown in
make low- and no-nicotine cigarettes. this area today— no question about it.”
Improved stress tolerance
After plants are genetically improved for drought and
salt tolerance, they can be grown in places where they
could not be grown before. Growing seasons can also be
lengthened by modifying plants’ cold and frost tolerance.
NORTH C A ROLIN A B IOTECHNOLOGY CENTER 11
12. Biotechnology tools for industries
Plants as bio-factories Improved manufacturing efficiency
Plants can act as factories to produce high quantities of Biotechnology processes will allow textile mills to reduce
industrial enzymes and polymers. This method is often their water consumption by 20 to 50 percent.
cheaper and quicker than traditional production tech-
Bio-based polymers use less petroleum to manufacture.
niques. Tobacco has a number of positive qualities that
make it ideal for this purpose. North Carolina example: DuPont’s corn-derived
nonwoven polymer Sorona, to be manufactured in
Kinston, for use in clothing, carpeting, upholstery,
Textiles and Furniture plastics and other items, requires 30 to 40 percent
less energy to produce.
Improved strength and appearance
North Carolina example: Socks made from a corn-
Cotton can be genetically modified to produce longer based fiber called Ingeo are being manufactured in
and stronger fibers and a wider array of natural colors. Conover, Hickory and High Point.
Spider silk and other strong and flexible natural and
synthetic textiles can be made rapidly and in large
quantities with biotechnology tools.
Biotechnology can help improve dye uptake and retention
in textiles, and enhance absorbency of the final product.
In addition, biotech cotton has improved wrinkle and
shrink resistance.
North Carolina example: In 2005, DuPont announ-
ced plans to make a bio-based fiber at its plant in
Kinston. DuPont says its Sorona is a new brand of
fabric made from corn sugar that takes dyes well, has
great stretch recovery and makes a stain-resistant
carpet fiber.
North Carolina example: Laam Sciences, a spinout
company from North Carolina State University, is
developing a coating for textiles that will confer
antiviral properties to treated fabrics.
NORTH C A ROLIN A B IOTECHNOLOGY CENTER 12
13. Biotechnology tools for industries
Resources
U.S. Biotechnology Product Sales Forecast
(dollars in millions)
Base Year Forecast Years ’04–’14 Growth
Key Sectors 2004 2009 2014 (annual %)
Human Therapeutics $19,800 $33,400 $56,000 11
Human Diagnostics $3,400 $4,700 $6,100 6
Agriculture $1,900 $3,800 $7,000 14
Specialties $900 $1,700 $2,800 12
Non-Medical Diagnostics $500 $900 $1,300 10
TOTAL $26,500 $44,500 $73,200 11
Source: Consulting Resources Corporation, http://www.consultingresources.net/biotechnology.html
Note: In an effort to make conservative estimates, CRC’s sales forecasts for agriculture include genetically enhanced crops on a value-added basis,
rather than on the basis of total seed or crop revenues.
Web Sites and Guides Transgenic Crops: An Introduction and
Resource Guide
Guide to Biotechnology
This publication from Colorado State University
The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) contains background information and graphics. It
publishes a guide to biotechnology annually. was last updated in 2004.
It contains some great practical examples for more
in-depth study on particular topics within biotech. http://cls.casa.colostate.edu/TransgenicCrops/
http://www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/ North Carolina Biotechnology Center
Fact Sheets for Educators The North Carolina Biotechnology Center Web site
is the most comprehensive access point for informa-
A series of fact sheets was developed by the GEO-PIE tion about biotechnology throughout the state. It’s
Project to cover a broad range of issues related to updated daily with news items, virtual versions of
genetically engineered organisms and genetic engi- publications such as this one, and a wide range of
neering in U.S. agriculture. There are individual other resources.
fact sheets for major crops (corn, soybean, cotton,
tomato), as well as some that describe the technology http://www.ncbiotech.org/
in more detail. The fact sheets were last updated in
May 2003, so the statistics may be outdated, but the
explanations are very clear for a lay audience.
http://www.geo-pie.cornell.edu/educators/
educators.html
NORTH C A ROLIN A B IOTECHNOLOGY CENTER 13
14. Biotechnology tools for industries
Articles and Reports Organization.
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About Biotech: “The Smell of Wealth.” Access Excellence, The “Effective, Safe Anthrax Vaccine can be Grown in Tobacco Plants.”
National Health Museum. Science Daily, December 20, 2005.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/12/051220085354.htm
“Avian flu virus growing similar to lethal ‘Spanish flu’.” The
Washington Post, October 5, 2005. Environmental Biotechnology Cooperative Research Centre, Australia.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ http://www.ebcrc.com.au
article/2005/10/05/AR2005100501565.html
“Enzymes and Laundry Detergents.” Southwest Biotechnology and
“Bio-pharming.” Transgenic Crops: An Introduction and Resource Informatics Center (SWBIC).
Guide, Colorado State University. http://www.swbic.org/education/laundry.doc
http://cls.casa.colostate.edu/TransgenicCrops/
“Food Biotechnology.” International Food Information Council
“Biotechnology and its Applications.” Department of Food Science, Foundation, May 2004.
NC State University Cooperative Extension. http://www.ific.org/food/biotechnology/index.cfm
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/foodsci/ext/pubs/bioapp.html
Genetically Engineered Organisms — Public Issues Education Project.
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Agriculture.” National Center for Food Agricultural Policy.
December 2005.
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#6. 1998. European Food Information Council (EUFIC).
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“Biotechnology for the 21st Century: New Horizons.” National
Science and Technology Council, July 1995.
“How to Unlock the Magic of Nature.” Business North Carolina.
June 2005.
“Biotechnology in Forestry.” Canadian Forest Service (CFS),
April 2005.
McKeon, Thomas A. “Genetically Modified Crops for Industrial
http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/cfs-scf/science/biotechnology/
Products and Processes and their Effects on Human Health.” Trends
index_e.html
in Food Science and Technology. Vol. 14. 2003, p.229-241.
“Biotechnology Sparks an Industrial Revolution.” Solutions!
“New Biotech Tools for a Cleaner Environment.” BIO. June 2004.
Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), October 2004, p. 42-3.
http://www.bio.org/ind/pubs/cleaner2004/CleanerReport.pdf
http://www.bio.org/ind/background/solutions!200410.pdf
North Carolina Sea Grant Program Web site, accessed Jan. 20, 2005.
Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P. Biotechnology for Waste and Wastewater
Treatment. Westwood, NJ: Noyes Publications, 1996. http://www.ncseagrant.org/
“Bio 2005-2006 Guide to Biotechnology.” Biotechnology Industry Raloff, Janet. “Toxic Surfs.” Science News, July 23, 2005.
NORTH C A ROLIN A B IOTECHNOLOGY CENTER 14
15. Biotechnology tools for industries
Rawlins, Wade. “New hog waste treatments might prove too costly.” Prepared by
The News Observer. Dec. 27, 2006.
Karin Shank and Sperry Krueger
“The Role of Biotechnology for the Characterisation and Conservation
of Crop, Forest, Animal and Fishery Genetic Resources in Library and Information Services
Developing Countries” [e-mail conference held June–July 2005].
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science can help reduce the earth’s pollution.” Time. Dec. 19, 2005.
Acknowledgements
The authors were assisted in the development of this
“Scientists find genes to make fish fatter.” Food Navigator, January 18,
report by the contributions of many Biotechnology
2006.
Center staff, including:
Seo, Jung-Kil et al. “Purification of a novel arthropod defensin William Bullock
from the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica.” Biochemical
Steven Burke
and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 338, No. 4, 30
December 2005. Boris Hartl
Randall Johnson
“The Use of Genetically Modified Crops in Developing Countries.” Kathleen Kennedy, PhD
Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 2003.
Rob Lindberg, PhD
http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/go/browseablepublications/
Maria Rapoza, PhD
gmcropsdevcountries/report_212.htm
John Richert
“The Value of Biotechnology to Southern Appalachian Forests.” Christy Russell
Institute of Forest Biotechnology, Raleigh, NC, 2003. Bill Schy, PhD
Barry Teater
Van Deynze, Allen, et al. “Crop Biotechnology: Feeds for Livestock.”
Ken Tindall, PhD
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Seed Biotechnology
Center, UC-Davis, 2004.
http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/filelibrary/5283/17273.pdf
Design + Layout:
Sheilah Barrett-Carroll
Ward, Kevin A. “Phosphorus-Friendly Transgenics.” Nature
Biotechnology. Vol. 19, May 2001. Jay Harlow
Kim Marcom
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