12. Awake & Alert During strong mental engagement, the brain exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta waves (15-30 cps) . An awake person involved in a conversation shows beta activity. Beta Waves
13. Awake but Relaxed When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps) . A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.
14. Sleep Stages 1-2 During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps) . A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity. Theta Waves
15. Sleep Stages 3-4 During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps) .
16. Stage 5: REM Sleep After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state. A person during this sleep exhibits Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and reports vivid dreams.
17. 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases.
18. Why do we sleep? We spend one-third of our lives sleeping. If an individual remains awake for several days, they deteriorate in terms of immune function, concentration, and accidents. Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis
35. Facts and Falsehood Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too. Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Yes. Lamaze can do that too. Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? No.
55. Influences on Drug Use The graph below shows the percentage of US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late 90s.
56. Influences on Drug Use The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.
57. Marijuana Use The use of marijuana in teenagers is directly related to the “perceived risk” involved with the drug.
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Notes de l'éditeur
OBJECTIVE 1 | Discuss the history of psychology’s study of consciousness and contrast conscious and unconscious information processing.
OBJECTIVE 2 | Distinguish four types of biological rhythms, and give and example of each.
OBJECTIVE 3 | Describe the cycle of our circadian rhythm, and identify some events that can disrupt this biological clock.
OBJECTIVE 4 | List the stages of sleep cycle, and explain how they differ.
OBJECTIVE 5 | Explain why sleep patterns and duration vary from person to person.
OBJECTIVE 6 | Discuss several risks associated with sleep deprivation.
OBJECTIVE 7 | Identify four theories of why we sleep.
OBJECTIVE 8 | Identify major sleep disorders.
OBJECTIVE 9 | Describe the most common content of dreams.
OBJECTIVE 10 | Compare the major perspectives on why we dream.
OBJECTIVE 11 | Define hypnosis , and note some similarities between the behavior of hypnotized people and that of motivated unhypnotized people.
OBJECTIVE 12 | Discuss the characteristics of people who are susceptible to hypnosis, and evaluate claims that hypnosis can influence people’s memory, will, health, and perception of pain.
OBJECTIVE 13 | Give arguments for and against hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness.
OBJECTIVE 14 | Define psychoactive drug.
OBJECTIVE 15 | Discuss the nature of drug dependence, and identify three common misconceptions about drug addiction.
Addictive drugs quickly corrupt: After taking drugs only (perhaps) 10% become addict. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily: It can be to a large extent. Addiction not different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors: Indeed. But should we stretch the concept to cover social behaviors?
OBJECTIVE 16 | Name the main categories of psychoactive drugs, and list three ways these substances can interfere with neurotransmission in the brain.
OBJECTIVE 17 | Explain how depressants affect nervous system activity and behavior, and summarize the findings on alcohol use and abuse.
OBJECTIVE 18 | Identify the major stimulants, and explain how they affect neural activity and behavior.
OBJECTIVE 19 | Describe the physiological and psychological effects of hallucinogens and summarize the effects of LSD and marijuana.
OBJECTIVE 20 | Discuss the biological, psychological and social-cultural factors that contribute to drug use.
OBJECTIVE 21 | Describe the near-death and the controversy over whether it provides evidence for mind-body dualism.
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