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AmericanRevolution Overview
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2. The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere b. 1734 in Boston Son of a French Hugenot father who came to America at age 13, ApollosRivoire, and a Bostonian mother Apollos was apprenticed as a silversmith Anglecized his name to “Paul Revere,” after which his son was named
3. The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere Apollos’s son, also Paul Revere, took up his father’s silversmithing trade and business Revere fought briefly in the Seven Years War as a Lt. Also a prominent Freemason As Revere’s work as a silversmith gained fame, he also started making radical political connections Joined the Sons of Liberty
4. The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere Married twice, 11 total kids His political engravings suggest he may have been present at both the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party (unconfirmed) After the Tea Party, Revere started working as a messenger for the Boston “Committee of Public Safety” Took messages between Boston, New York and Philadelphia
6. The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere The British army (the King's "regulars") had been stationed in Boston since the ports were closed in the wake of the Boston Tea Party The army had been under constant surveillance by Revere and other patriots as word began to spread that they were planning a move. On the night of April 18, 1775, the army began its move across the Charles River toward Lexington The Sons of Liberty immediately went into action. Revere and William Dawes were sent by Dr. Joseph Warren to ride from Boston to Lexington to warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams of the movements of the British Army
7. The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere To ensure success, Revere and Dawes were sent by two different routes. British patrols were posted along the roads, which is why more than one messenger was used for the mission About 9 p.m., Dawes was sent the long way around, via the Boston Neck and the land route to Lexington. He was known to British guards, and several helped him that night. Also a good actor, pretended to be a drunk At about 11 pm, Revere was sent across the Charles River to Charlestown, on the opposite shore, where he could begin a ride to Lexington He would warn Charlestown on his way to Lexington
8. The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere Revere had previous instructed the sexton of the Old North Church in Boston to send a signal by lantern across the river to Charlestown regarding movements of the British troops. One lantern in the steeple would signal the army's choice of the land route… (“one if by land”) Two lanterns would signal the route by water across the Charles River… (“two if by sea”) This was done to get the message through to Charlestown in the event that both Revere and Dawes were captured. Patriots in Charlestown received the message, and waited for Revere after he crossed the river
10. The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere Many towns sent out riders of their own By midnight, there may have been as many as 40 riders Contrary to myth, Revere did not shout “the British are coming!” as he rode. His mission depended on secrecy, and British patrols were all along his route Also, everyone was British…so what would that cry really have meant at the time? Revere’s actual warning: “the Regulars are coming out” Revere arrived in Lexington about midnight, Dawes about half an hour later. The warning was delivered safely.
11. The Story of the Third Horseman Dawes and Revere decided to ride on to Concord, where the militia weapons were stored They were joined by young Dr. Samuel Prescott All three riders were detained by the British at a roadblock in Lincoln. In a feat of incredible horsemanship, Prescott jumped his horse over a fence and escaped Dawes also escaped, but headed back toward Lexington Revere was detained at gun point and marched back toward Lexington
12. The Story of the Third Horseman Near dawn, the soldiers heard shots at Lexington, stole Revere’s horse, and rode on Revere made his way to Hancock and Adams and helped them escape the British soldiers.
13. Militia “Alarm & Muster” System The ride of the Patriot messengers triggered a flexible system of "alarm and muster” This system was an improved version of an old network of widespread notification and fast deployment of local militia forces in times of emergency. System was used during the early years of Indian wars in the colony, before it fell into disuse in the French and Indian War. Messengers, bells, drums, alarm guns, bonfires and a trumpet were used for rapid communication between towns
14. Militia “Alarm & Muster” System Through the “alarm and muster” system, rebels in dozens of eastern Massachusetts villages were notified that they should muster their militias The system told them that regulars in numbers greater than 500 were leaving Boston, with possible hostile intentions. This system was so effective that people in towns 25 miles (40 km) from Boston were aware of the army's movements while they were still unloading boats in Cambridge. These early warnings played a crucial role in assembling a sufficient number of colonial militia to inflict heavy damage on the British regulars later in the day.
15. The Colonial Militia “Minutemen” In most colonial militias, a small proportion of men where selected to be “minutemen” Minutemen were a highly mobile, rapidly deployed force that allowed the colonies to respond immediately to threats of fellow soldiers in the war Theoretically, they were ready to be deployed in one minute or less Minutemen were the first to be mobilized in the battles of Lexington and Concord
16. Battles at Lexington & Concord At the same time Dawes was riding out of Boston, the British began to muster their troops and were ready to cross the river by 10 pm. The British march to and from Concord was a disorganized experience from start to finish. Colonel Smith was late in arriving, and there was no organized boat-loading operation, resulting in confusion at the staging area. The boats used were naval barges that were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit down. When they disembarked at Phipps Farm in Cambridge, it was into waist-deep water at midnight.
17. Battles at Lexington & Concord The regulars began their 17 mile march to Concord at 2 a.m. in wet, muddy shoes and soggy uniforms. As they marched through colonial towns, they heard the sounds of colonial “alarm & muster” system. The element of surprise was gone.
18. Battles at Lexington & Concord At about 4 am, the British regulars sent a messenger back to Boston asking for reinforcements. As the regulars entered Lexington at sunrise, 77 Lexington militiamen emerged from Buckman Tavern and stood in ranks on the village common watching them Between 40 and 100 spectators watched from along the side of the road.
20. Battles at Lexington & Concord The militia was let by Captain John Parker He was later supposed to have made a statement that is now engraved in stone at the site of the battle: "Stand your ground; don't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here.“ The British surrounded the militia, and demanded the rebels disperse Parker ordered his men to disperse, but no one heard him Both Parker and the British commander ordered their men to hold their fire, but a shot was fired from an unknown source After a short fight, the British gained control of Lexington.
22. Battles at Lexington & Concord In Concord, the militia heard the shots fired in Lexington and debated what to do They needed reinforcements in order to stand against more than 700 British regulars Reluctantly, they withdrew and surrendered Concord to the British, who searched for weapons and destroyed cannons At the North Bridge in Concord, several hundred militiamen fought and defeated three companies of the King's troops. The outnumbered regulars fell back from the Minutemen after a pitched battle in open territory.
24. Battles at Lexington & Concord British Retreat from Concord
25. Battles at Lexington & Concord More militiamen arrived soon thereafter and inflicted heavy damage on the regulars as they marched back towards Boston. Upon returning to Lexington, Smith's expedition was rescued by reinforcements The combined force of about 1,700 men, marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown. The accumulated militias blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston, starting the Siege of Boston.
27. Siege of Boston General Gage wrote of his surprise of the number of rebels surrounding the city: "The rebels are not the despicable rabble too many have supposed them to be....In all their wars against the French they never showed such conduct, attention, and perseverance as they do now.” British Gen. Thomas Gage
28. Siege of Boston The British restricted movement in and out of the city, fearing infiltration of weapons. Colonials and the British eventually agreed to allow pedestrian traffic in/out of Boston, provided no firearms were carried Residents of Boston turned in almost 2,000 muskets Most Patriots left the city Many Loyalists who lived in the countryside surrounding Boston left their homes and fled into the city. Some men, after arriving in Boston, joined Loyalist regiments attached to the British army.
29. Siege of Boston The siege was started by the Massachusetts militia and minutemen. Other New England colonies quickly sent militia to reinforce Massachusetts By the time George Washington arrived in June 1775 to take control of the army, more than 14,000 men were on site The 11-month siege lasted from April 1775 to March 1776
31. Siege of Boston Illustration depicting the British evacuation of Boston
32. On Christmas night 1775, George Washington led 2,400 men across the Delaware River to attack and capture the British held city of Trenton, New Jersey The Delaware runs along the border between New Jersey and Pennsylvania He killed 100 German mercenaries (known as Hessians) and captured 900 more Battles at Trenton & Princeton
33. Battles at Trenton & Princeton An 1851 oil-on-canvas painting by German American artist Emanuel Leutze. It commemorates General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware at Trenton on Christmas night.
34. Battles at Trenton & Princeton On December 30 1776, Washington led his forces across the Delaware River from Pennsylvania into British-held territory in New Jersey. Lord Charles Cornwallis arrived at Princeton on January 1, 1777 and left 1200 soldiers there while the other 5500 marched towards Trenton. Washington faked out the British by pretending to prepare for defense at the camp and fleeing. He then led his army to Princeton in the middle of the night on January 3.
35. Battles at Trenton & Princeton Lieutenant Colonel Mawhood left a small force behind in Princeton and proceeded south to join Cornwallis. The Americans under General Mercer and the British under Mawhood met eachother and started to fire. Mercer was fatally wounded. John Cadwalader's 600 men of the Pennsylvania militia arrive, but then start to fall back. Washington runs in with his army to save the day, and when the British start to scatter he exclaims "Its a fine fox hunt, boys!"
37. Battles at Trenton & Princeton As legend has it, when the armies met up at Princeton, John Sullivan fired his cannon at a building at the College of New Jersey and decapitated a portrait of King George II. The British soldiers promptly surrendered. The College of New Jersey later became Princeton University
38. Battles at Trenton & Princeton Cornwallis heard of the small battles that were happening and headed toward Princeton but had a rough time on the journey; the Americans had burned the bridges behind them! Washington and the Continental Army headed for Morristown, arriving on January 5 and 6 to establish its winter quarters. Cornwallis retired to New Brunswick.
39. Battles at Trenton & Princeton Cornwallis heard of the small battles that were happening and headed toward Princeton but had a rough time on the journey; the Americans had burned the bridges behind them! Washington and the Continental Army headed for Morristown, arriving on January 5 and 6 to establish its winter quarters. Cornwallis retired to New Brunswick.
40. Battle at Yorktown Date: Sept 28 to Oct 19, 1781 Place: Virginia Combatants: Americans & French against the British Size of the armies: 8,800 Americans, 7,800 French against 6,000 British SUMMARY: General George Washington's resounding defeat of Lord Cornwallis's British army causing the British to surrender and effectively ending the American Revolutionary War.
41. Battle at Yorktown Cornwallis marched his army into Virginia and seized Yorktown and Gloucester With the arrival of the French fleet of Admiral De Grasse, General Washington marched south from New York with the joint American and French army to attack Cornwallis. The Americans began formal siege operations on the eastern side of Yorktown and were sufficiently close to began an artillery bombardment.
42. Battle at Yorktown Americans and French stormed two redoubts in front of their trenches and the position of the British in Yorktown became untenable. With no sign of reinforcements and with inadequate supplies of artillery ammunition and food, on 19th October 1781 Cornwallis’ army marched out of Yorktown and surrendered. Yorktown ended the fighting in the war and led to the Treaty of Paris that acknowledged the independence of the American states.
43. The Treaty of Paris, 1783 Signed September 3, 1783, ratified in May 1784. Formally ended the war between Great Britain and the United States Key Points in 10 Articles: 1. Acknowledging the 13 colonies to be free, sovereign and independent States, and that the British Crown and all heirs and successors relinquish claims to the Government, propriety, and territorial rights; 2. Establishing the boundaries between the United States and British North America;
44. The Treaty of Paris, 1783 Key Points in 10 Articles: 3. Granting fishing rights to United States fishermen in the Grand Banks, off the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence; 4. Recognizing the lawful contracted debts to be paid to creditors on either side; 5. The Congress of the Confederation will "earnestly recommend" to state legislatures to recognize the rightful owners of all confiscated lands "provide for the restitution of all estates, rights, and properties, which have been confiscated belonging to real British subjects [Loyalists]";
45. The Treaty of Paris, 1783 Key Points in 10 Articles: 6. United States will prevent future confiscations of the property of Loyalists; 7. Prisoners of war on both sides are to be released and all property left by the British army in the United States unmolested (including slaves); 8. Great Britain and the United States were each to be given perpetual access to the Mississippi River; 9. Territories captured by Americans subsequent to treaty will be returned without compensation; 10. Ratification of the treaty was to occur within six months from the signing by the contracting parties. Spain received East & West Florida in a separate agreement
