2. Settling the Chesapeake
James I
The Virginia Company
Established by James I
Members could buy shares and receive a return on the profits.
Distributed the risk
Differences between English and Spanish colonization attempts
Spanish conquered large and established empires and
incorporated some of their culture and hierarchy into their own.
English settled in territory where by comparison there was sparse
settlement by Native Americans.
3. Settling the Chesapeake
The Virginia Colony: 1607
Jamestown settlement
Chief Powhatan
Wahunsunacock: paramount chief of 30 tribes, each of whom had
a chief.
Powhatans numbered about 25,000 before arrival of Europeans.
Lived in towns on high ground located near rivers.
Up to 100 houses with 16-20 people in each.
John Smith
Reinforcement attempts
Discovery of tobacco as revenue
8. Settling the Chesapeake
The Virginia Colony
John Rolfe and Pocahontas
Tobacco
Made peace between Powhatan and English settlers for a time.
Later growth as a colony
9. From the British Museum
Portrait Engraving of Pocahontas
By Simon de Passes 1617
10. Settling the Chesapeake
The Virginia Colony
Governor William Berkeley
Nathaniel Bacon
Bacon’s Rebellion
13. Settling the Chesapeake
Maryland: 1634
Lord Baltimore
First proprietary colony
Owned by the Baltimore family -- not a joint stock company.
Created as a safe haven for Catholics
Governmental system
Two legislative chambers
Governor
Council of advisors
15. Settling New England
Differences between New England and the Chesapeake
colonies
New England settlers paid own way to New World
Few indentured servants.
Settlements/colonies founded to follow religious principles
New England soil less productive and growing season shorter than
VA and MD
Plymouth Colony: Pilgrims (more radical Puritans)
William Bradford
The Mayflower Compact
Squanto
16. Settling New England
Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629
The Puritans
John Winthrop leader of Puritans
Trading company as government
Charter granted by Charles I to Massachusetts Bay Company
17.
18. Settling New England
Rhode Island
Creation
Roger Williams
Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson
Roger Williams
19. Settling New England
Connecticut 1638
Thomas Hooker
Suffrage
Freemen: suffrage linked to religious belief
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
New Haven
20. Settling New England
New Hampshire and Maine 1622
Sir Ferdinando Gorges
Captain John Mason
Land issues
21. Indians in New England
Anglo-Indian relations in New England
Taking land from Native Americans was OK
God had a covenant with New England settlers not “Indians”
New England settlers obligations toward “Indians” was
conversion and civilization
The New England Indians
The Pequot War 1636
Pequot accused of murdering a colonist
Colonists set fire to a Pequot village, killing women and
children.
22. Settling the Carolinas
Restoration (of monarchy in England) and new colonies
North Carolina
South Carolina
Granted to 8 lord proprietors
23.
24. Settling the Carolinas
Southern Indian trade
Proprietors promoted trade with Native Americans
25. Settling the Middle Colonies
and Georgia
New Netherland becomes New York
1614 New Netherlands Trading Company replaces the Hudson
Bay trading company
Annexed by the British in 1664
Judaism in North America:
first Jewish settlers arrived in 1654
Had fewer rights than other citizens
The Iroquois League/Confederacy
Confederation of 6 tribes (today, 6 Nations)
26.
27. Settling the Middle Colonies
and Georgia
New Jersey 1702
Pennsylvania and Delaware: both founded by William Penn
Georgia: created as a buffer territories between British
colonies and Florida (controlled by Spain)
Notes de l'éditeur
When Queen Elizabeth died (1603), she left no heir. Therefore, the throne fell to the Stuart family, and James VI of Scotland, who in England would be crowned James I (1603—25). In 1606, James established a joint stock company that allowed members to buy shares and receive a return on the profits. This allowed the Virginia Company to finance settlements in the New World while at the same time spreading the risk so that should it fail, they would be financially safe.By settling along the Atlantic seaboard, the English chose a place already sparse in Native American settlements. There existed nothing similar to the advanced civilizations that the Spanish subjugated in Central America, when they conquered the Inca and Aztec Empires and incorporated them into their own. The English had to start anew, with very little help from Native Americans to guide them in their attempts to colonize.
The Virginia Colony would be established in 1607, when settlers traveled up the James River (which they named) and settled inland to hide their colony from the sea. This settlement they named Jamestown. Virginia Company was expected to turn a profit for their investors, the majority of settlers were more interested in discovering gold than in planting. This led to hard times the first winter. The Indians of the area were led by Chief Powhatan. He established trade with Jamestown and helped keep the Europeans alive the first winter. The Jamestown settlement was also aided by John Smith, who would rise in leadership in the colony and eventually enact a policy that dictated that only those who worked would be provided food. Jamestown would be sent more settlers in 1609, including several women. Over the next several years, a series of revisions would be made to the charter to make the colony more effective and as it grew. Finally in 1612, tobacco was discovered to be a profitable export, and the colony began to experience a dramatic rise in its fortunes.
John Rolfe had made a name for himself in growing tobacco. He would further establish himself in Jamestown by marrying Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas.
William Berkeley, governor of Virginia, was not well liked because he used his authority to help the rich at the expense of the poor. After a battle between natives and colonists in which Nathaniel Bacon’s overseer was killed, Berkeley ruled that no more land would be open to settlement. Bacon led a group of vigilantes against the Indians, ordered Berkeley arrested, and burned Jamestown. Bacon died of an illness soon after, and Berkeley regained control of the colony.
Founded in 1634, Maryland was the first colony owned by one family and not a joint stock company. The owners were the Lords Baltimore, who created it as a safe haven for Catholics. The actual colony was established by the second Lord Baltimore, and the established government system had a two-chambered legislature and a separate governor and council.
New England colonies were founded mostly by settlers who paid their own way to establish themselves in the New World. Very few were indentured servants. Most of the early settlers left their homes for purely religious reasons. They wished to worship how and when they pleased, and they usually settled with liked minded individuals. The soil in New England was not as conducive to cultivation, nor was the growing season.Plymouth Colony was settled by the Pilgrims, who were the most radical of the Puritans. They believed that the Church of England retained too many Catholic institutions, and they needed to be purified. They would cross the Atlantic to escape persecution in 1620. William Bradford was their charismatic leader. On the voyage, they crafted the Mayflower Compact to govern their lives and their settlement. They arrived in the middle of winter and by spring were reduced to half their number. They soon met Squanto, an Indian who showed them how to plant and fish.
The Puritans believed that the Church of England needed to be purified of any Catholic remnants left over from the Reformation. In 1629, Charles I granted a charter to the Massachusetts Bay Company to allow Puritans led by John Winthrop to settle in the New World. Winthrop headquartered the company in the colony itself, a revolutionary idea at the time.
The Massachusetts Bay Colony’s strict adherence to their Puritan beliefs left no room for those who disagreed. As a result, disgruntled former residences began forming their own colonies. Rhode Island was one such settlement. Roger Williams and John Winthrop did not get along. Winthrop cherished his authority over the land and the people as granted him by the king’s royal charter. Williams believed in the liberty of man and his ability to commune with God directly. Obviously this did not go over well with Winthrop, and Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Williams established his own colony at the mouth of Narragansett Bay, south of Massachusetts, and it soon became known to all for allowing freedom of worship. Perhaps Rhode Island’s most famous resident was Anne Hutchinson who, although a woman, taught that God saved individuals through a covenant of grace, in which a person obtains salvation through the grace of God, not through doing good deeds, known as a covenant of works. She was banished from Massachusetts Bay and took up residence in Rhode Island.
The colony of Connecticut was originally created as a overflow colony of Massachusetts Bay. It was led by Thomas Hooker, and in 1639, the citizens of the colony established their government through the Fundamental Orders of Commonwealth. Near the colony, another settlement was established, that of New Haven. It was originally founded as a place of commerce for Puritans from Massachusetts Bay, but in 1662 it was absorbed into Connecticut.
In 1622, Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason were granted land that is today Maine and New Hampshire. Gorges took New Hampshire, and Mason took Maine. Due to an overlap of boundaries between Maine and Massachusetts, eventually all of Maine would be given to Massachusetts.
Because the settlers of New England were principally fundamental Christians who viewed it as their duty to settle the land and convert its people to Christianity, they did not have ethical dilemmas in taking territory from the original inhabitants. In many of these areas, as the Anglo settlers moved in, the natives were forced out, fought back, or died of diseases unknown to them before the Europeans’ arrival. Initially the natives helped the English settlers on the coast, but once the settlements began to flourish, they found themselves unable to stop encroachment on their lands. In 1636, a Pequot was accused of murdering a colonist in Massachusetts. For revenge, the colonists set fire to a Pequot village and killed its inhabitants. The Pequots in turn fought back, and by 1638, what few Pequots still survived signed the Treaty of Hartford, and the Pequot nation ceased to exist.
Charles II granted the area that is now North and South Carolina to eight lord proprietors. North Carolina was first settled by people of Virginia who had drifted south. The colony, named Albemarle, was established in the 1650s. It gained a governor in 1664 and an assembly in 1665. South Carolina was the focus of the lord proprietors. There they established the colony of Charles Town (Charleston).
In an effort to bolster the Carolinas’ agricultural economy, the lord proprietors promoted trade with the local Indians. This increased the native peoples’ exposure to deadly diseases and made southern tribes dependent on British trade goods, like guns and rum.
Although the Dutch colony of New Netherland (present-day New York) was older than the settlements of New England, the Dutch were slowly losing their grip on their empire. King James II realized that the Dutch were too weak to stop a takeover, ordered New Netherland captured, and added to his colonies. The first settlers of Jewish descent arrived in 1654 and were almost thrown out of New York. They were forced to be accepted when the Dutch West India Company ordered that they be allowed to stay. Although Jews were allowed to remain, they were not granted the same rights as the other citizens. The Iroquois League forced the colonists to work with them in the beaver trade. It was by far the largest Native American organization, at one point numbering over 12,000 members.
New Jersey was formed in 1702 from parts of New York that separated and created their own royal colony.Pennsylvania was formed by William Penn and his Quaker followers. Unlike Winthrop, Penn encouraged members of all denominations to move to his colony. Delaware was also given to Penn, who was to create another colony. In 1704, Delaware chose its own assembly but shared a governor with Pennsylvania. Georgia was created as a buffer state between the colonies and the lawless lands of Spanish-controlled Florida. It was led by James Ogelthrope. In 1754, control of Georgia reverted back to the crown.
