2. Plan of this two-part lesson:-
• Theoretical basis
• Organisation of the field
• Emergency planning and management
• Information, perception and education
• Conclusion: challenges for the future.
5. Some characteristics of large emergencies
• events that cannot be managed
with normal resources
• 90% of emergencies do not
require special procedures
• 10% require a qualitative change
in management techniques
• the context of risk and vulnerability
can transform an incident into a disaster.
6. International
Catastrophe
National
Disaster
Major incident
Regional
Municipal
Incident
...but there are no quantitative definitions...
7. Partly after Major
Incidents Disasters Catastrophes
Tierney (2008) incidents
Very Generally Widespread Extremely
Impact
localised localised and severe large
Inter- Major
Local Some mutual
Response governmental international
efforts assistance
response response
Standard Emergency Emergency Plans
Plans and
operating plans plans fully potentially
procedures
procedures activated activated overwhelmed
Interregional Local
Local Some outside
Resources transfer of resources
resources assistance
resources overwhelmed
Public Very little Mainly not Public very Extensively
involvement involvement involved involved involved
Very few Few Major Massive
Recovery
challenges challenges challenges challenges
8. Emergency
Restoration of planning and
basic services organisation
of security
systems
Safety and
security
measures
Emergency Warning and
action and preparations;
damage damage
limitation prevention
measures measures
9. Anatomy of a major incident
Funerals
Debriefings
Anniversaries
Plan revision
Inquests
Public enquiries
Major Trials
incident Awards
Memorials
declared Training
Court cases
Consolidation Recovery
phase phase
Response
Emergency Investigation
isolation
phase Stand-down
Time
10. Hazard
monitoring &
Disaster forecasting
management
Policies
Major Plans Human &
incident Procedures material
management Protocols resources
Incident
management
Population
(community)
protection
11. Population
(community) Plans,
protection procedures,
protocols
Disaster risk
reduction
Hazard
forecasting, Human
monitoring, Incident and material
etc. management resources
12. Community disaster planning
Volunteerism Donations
Self-organisation Community
resources
Organisation Resources
Imposed Governmental
organisation resources
Laws, protocols, directives
Standards, norms, guidelines International resources
13. International:
exchange and support
Nation: policies of
Volontary compatibility, harmonisation
sector: and co-ordination
support and
integration Province, region, state, county:
co-ordination, assistance
Private Municipality or other local
sector: authority: emergency operations
integration
Disaster
14. Harmonisation from above
(national or regional levels)
Central
Devolution
control
Organisation and growth from below
(local level: municipalities, volunteers, etc.)
15. Local incident Local response A
Threshold of local capacity
Small regional
Co-ordinated local response B
incident
Threshold of intermunicipal capacity
Major regional Intermunicipal and
B
incident regional response
Threshold of regional capacity
National Intermunicipal, regional
C
disaster and national response
Threshold of national capacity
International Ditto, with more
C
catastrophe international assistance
16. Devolution Centrism
Nation state Nation state
Municipality Municipality
Civil protection Civil defence
17. Disaster relief as a barter
market for resources
DONATE ALLOCATE
Global National
Supernational Regional
National Local
REQUEST DEMAND
18. The pressures of devolution and centrism
The natural tendency The less than natural
from above tendency from above
subordinate harmonise
control negotiate
repress support
restrict accommodate
act autonomously conform
empower cede
enable comply
liberate submit
The natural tendency The less than natural
from below tendency from below
19. Organisational Natural
systems: systems:
management function
Hazard Vulnerability
Resilience
Social Technical
systems: systems:
behaviour malfunction
20. Lesson: There are functional
differences between the responses
to each level of incident or disaster.
23. A new class
Natural:
earthquakes,
Technological:
toxic spills,
floods, transportation
landslides, etc. crashes, etc.
Forms of
disaster
Social: Intentional:
riots, mass acts of
of disaster?
gatherings,
demonstrations
terrorism
24. "Civil Civil
contingencies" protection The
management security
industry
Emergencies
and disasters
"Homeland Business
security" continuity
Complex management
emergencies
25. Civil protection:
What are the what degree of What role for
limits of civil political support? the security
contingencies industry in
management? the general
emergency?
Emergencies
Homeland and disasters
What
security:
relationship
is reduction
of business
in civil liberties
continuity
acceptable?
Complex emergencies: management
How much aid from with civil
donor countries? authorities?
28. Armed aggression
on the part of states Natural disasters
Civil defence Civil protection
"Homeland security" "Civil contingencies"
(civil defence) (resilience)
Armed aggression
"Generic" disasters
on the part of
groups of dissidents
29. Paramilitary forces PMF
(National Guard)
PF MF
Police Military
forces forces
Italy
Fire Public FB PA
brigades administrations CVF
Civilian volunteer PMF
PMF forces PF MF
PF MF
USA UK
FB PA FB PA
CVF CVF
30. Command
Locus of function
control principle
Tension of Spectrum of
opposites alternatives
Locus of Support
collaboration function
(support) principle
31. Order..................Chaos
Locus of
Directed.......Ungovernable
control
Control.......Loss of control
Autonomy.........Constraint
Locus of
collaboration Initiative.......Obey orders
(support)
Collaboration.."Freelancing"
32. Military Civilian
Armed Civil administration
forces Volunteers (civil society)
Emergency services
(army)
[residual role]
Civil defence Civil protection
Command and control Co-ordination
and co-operation
Chain of command Autonomy
33. Emergency management:
an evolutionary approach
Civil defence...............Civil protection
Proxy Participatory
Command and control Collaboration
Vertical chain Task forces
of command Population consulted
Population excluded and included
Law and order Problem solving
Secrecy Openness
34. Military aid to civil
authorities and communities
Humanitarian Domestic
assistance disaster relief
Foreign civil Domestic civil
institutions: institutions:
• local • local
• regional • regional
• national • national
International organisations and NGOs:
UN, IFRC, etc.
36. Technical Organisational Social
Hazard Decision
to warn Warning
General
Scientists Administrators
Public
Risk
Evaluation communication Protective
action
The warning process
37. Lesson: There are functional
differences between the responses
to each level of incident or disaster.
39. Homeland security
• the age of CBRN?
• civil protection with a
more restricted scope?
• emergency planning dominated
by counter-terrorism preparations
• the resurgence of civil defence
• secrecy: "the public
does not need to know".
40. • Terrorism is a form of
teleological disaster (i.e. piloted)
• it is potentially infinitely mutable
• designing remedies is a
very expensive process
• the scenarios are highly debatable.
41. Aum Shinrikyo
(the "Religion of Supreme Truth")
20 March 1995 attack on
five Tokyo metro trains:-
• 5,510 people affected
• 278 hospitals involved
• 98 of them admitted 1,046 inpatients
• 688 patients transported by ambulance
• 4,812 made their own way to hospital.
42. Aum Shinrikyo attack (1995)
Dead: 12
Critically injured: 17
Seriously ill: 37
Moderately ill: 984
Slightly ill: 332
• 110 hospital staff and 10% of
first responders intoxicated
• "Worried well": 4,112 (85% of patients).
43. The case of Alexander Litvinenko
• a small, concentrated attack
with a highly toxic substance: 210Po
• 30 localities contaminated
• tests on hundreds of people
• a strain on many different agencies
• problems of determining who was
responsible for costs of clean-up.
44. PPE level A
(contaminant unknown) 'Hot' area
PPE level B (contaminated)
(contaminant known)
'Warm' area
Medical (decontamination)
staff and PPE level C
first
responders 'Cold' area
PPE level D (clean treatment)
>300 m upwind
PPE=personal protection equipment
45. The principal effect
of terrorism on the
general public
could be, not any direct
involvement of people
in an incident, but
the disruption of
normal daily life...
...with huge costs to society.
46. Laboratory Nuclear
error with emission (NR)
CBR emissions
Industrial Terrorist Chemical,
or military attack with biological
accident C, B, R or N or nuclear
with CNR warfare
contaminants (CBN)
emissions
Disease
Sabotage with
epidemic or
poisonous agent
pandemic (B)
47. Industrial Medical Nuclear
accident accident accident
People
(victims)
Epiphytotic Epizootic
(food chain) (food chain)
CBRN
attack
51. Emergency Emergency
procedures co-ordination
plan
Spontaneous
imnprovisation
Emergency
environment
52. Policies
Command systems
• operations centres
Plans • task forces
• communications
• chains of command
Procedures
Operations Results
53. Hierarchical
Government, divisions
healthcare,
National,
commerce, etc.
regional,
Functional local, etc.
divisions
Division
and
integration
Geographical
Police, divisions
Ambulance, Catchments,
Fire, etc. jurisdictions,
Organisational areas, etc.
divisions
54. Emergency response
planning Incident
Permanent emergency plan
Contingency planning in
the pre-emergency phase (days)
Operational planning
Short-term strategic
planning (hours → days)
Short-term tactical
planning (hours)
55. Permanent emergency plan
Aftermath
Monitoring Strategic,
prediction tactical & operational
& warning planning
Business continuity plan
Recovery and
reconstruction
planning
Disaster
56. HOSPITAL AIRPORT AND
AND HEALTH TRANSPORT
SYSTEM EMERGENCY
EMERGENCY PLANS
PLAN
REGIONAL AND
MUTUAL MUNICIPAL COUNTY OR NATIONAL
ASSISTANCE EMERGENCY PROVINCIAL EMERGENCY PLAN
PACTS PLAN EMERGENCY
PLANS
INDUSTRIAL
AND CULTURAL
COMMERCIAL HERITAGE
EMERGENCY EMERGENCY
PLANS PLAN
57. Disaster Co-ordinated
Disaster EMS Disaster
in the system
in the medical plans
of medical
centre
centres
Disaster
Disaster
Disaster planning
planning for
in the external for the system
the medical
environment of medical
centre
centres
Disaster
planning for
the external
environment
