1. The document discusses the evolution of mobile networking technologies including cellular systems like GSM and UMTS, wireless technologies like WiFi and WiMAX, and emerging 4G standards. 2. It provides overviews of cellular concepts like frequency reuse, multiple access methods, and cellular network architectures. 3. Emerging technologies like IMS and convergence towards an all-IP wireless ecosystem are also examined. Various mobile applications and market sectors are reviewed.

1. Applied Networking-IV (2231114)
Lecture Week-1
Mobile Networking Part-1
Mobile
Monkey
1m00
Lecture by: Djadja.Sardjana, S.T., M.M.
by: Djadja.Sardjana,
www.slideshare.net/djadja
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2. Wireless & Cellular Platform
Telecom
History
1m01
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3. Wireless & Cellular Basic
Multiple Access
Downlink
Handoff
Uplink
Base Station
Mobile Station
Cells Different
Frequencies or
Codes
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4. Multiple Sites Handle Mobile Users
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5. Frequency Planning
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6. Frequency Reuse
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7. Multiple Access Methods
Frequency
TDMA: Time CDMA: Code
Division Multiple Division Multiple
Access Access
FDMA: Frequency
Division Multiple
Access
Codes
Time
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8. Wireless systems: overview of
the development
cordless wireless LAN
cellular phones satellites
phones
1980:
1981: CT0
NMT 450 1982:
1983: Inmarsat-A
AMPS 1984:
CT1
1986:
NMT 900 1987:
1988: CT1+
Inmarsat-C
1989:
CT 2
1991: 1991: 1991:
1992: CDMA D-AMPS 1992: DECT 199x:
GSM Inmarsat-B proprietary
1993:
Inmarsat-M
PDC
1994: 1997:
DCS 1800 IEEE 802.11
1998:
Iridium 1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth
2000: 2000:
analogue GPRS IEEE 802.11a
2001:
IMT-2000
digital
200?:
Fourth Generation
(eg. WIMAX, LTE )
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9. SYSTEM EVOLUTION SCENARIO
Generation 1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation
(Cellular) Digital voice & Voice & High speed ALL-IP Broadband
Analog voice
Low rate data data Ubiquitous & Seamless
Multimedia
1000 WLAN++
WLAN+
Maximum transmission rate
Maximum transmission rate
Maximum transmission rate
Maximum transmission rate
Maximum transmission rate
Maximum transmission rate
Maximum transmission rate
Maximum transmission rate
Maximum transmission
Maximum transmission
Maximum transmission
Maximum transmission
Maximum transmission
Maximum transmission
Maximum transmission
Maximum transmission
802.11n, etc.
100 WiMAX 4G
WLAN
802.11a,HiSWANa, UWB, etc.
HIPRELAN2, etc.
3G+
10 Nomadic
HSDPA,
cdma2000(3X), etc.
3G
1 Bluetooth, etc.
W-CDMA,
Local Cdma2000, etc.
0.1
2G+
Mobile PDC,GSM,PHS, etc.
2G
0.01 PDC,GSM,PHS, etc.
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2000 2010 2015 Year 9

10. Wireless Standards
IEEE 802.15.4 Sensors RFID
(Zigbee Alliance) (AutoID Center)
RAN
IEEE 802.22
WAN
3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)
IEEE 802.20 3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)
IEEE 802.16e GSMA, OMA
IEEE 802.16d MAN ETSI HiperMAN &
WiMAX HIPERACCESS
IEEE 802.11 LAN ETSI-BRAN
Wi-Fi Alliance HiperLAN2
IEEE 802.15.3 PAN ETSI
UWB, Bluetooth
HiperPAN
Wi-Media,
BTSIG, MBOA
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11. Wireless networks in
comparison to fixed networks
Higher loss-rates due to interference
loss-
Restrictive regulations of frequencies
Low transmission rates
Higher delays, higher jitter
Lower security, simpler active attacking
Always shared medium
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12. What is Global System for Mobile
communications (GSM)
900/1800 MHz band (US: 850/1900 MHz)
For 900 MHz band
Uplink: 890-915
890-
Downlink: 935-960
935-
25 MHz bandwidth - 124 carrier frequency channels,
spaced 200KHz apart
Time Division Multiplexing for 8 full rate speech channels
per frequency channel.
Circuit Switched Data with data rate of 9.6 kbps
Handset transmission power limited to 2 W in
GSM850/900 and 1 W in GSM1800/1900.
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13. GSM Architecture
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14. What is UMTS and 3G
(WCDMA & HSPA)
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) - WCDMA
as the underlying interface
Supports up to 14 Mbps rates with HSDPA (typical present deployed
rates per user 384kbps)
Frequency bands
1885-
1885-2025 Mhz (uplink), 2110-2200 Mhz (downlink)
2110-
US: 1710-1755 MHz and 2110-2155 MHz
1710- 2110-
W-CDMA has 5 Mhz wide radio channels (CDMA2000 transmits on
one or several pairs of 1.25 Mhz radio channels).
HSDPA allows networks based on UMTS to have higher data rates
(1.8. 3.6, 7.2, 14.4 Mbps via AMC, and HARQ, fast packet
scheduling.
UMTS air interface forms Generic Radio Access Network (GeRAN)
which can be connected to various backbone networks like the
Internet, ISDN, GSM or UMTS.
Using PCMCIA or USB card, or cellular router customers are able to
access 3G broadband services
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15. UMTS Architecture
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16. What is WiMAX?
WiMAX?
A Wireless Technology optimised
for the delivery of IP Centric
Services
Over the Wide Area
A Certification that denotes
Interoperability of equipment built
to the IEEE 802.16 or compatible
standard.
A Scalable Wireless platform for
constructing alternative and
complementary Broadband
Networks.
Low Cost and Risk-Free
Risk-
Broadband Wireless Solutions
from Multiple Vendors
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17. IEEE 802.16* STANDARD
802.16-2004 (rev d) 802.16e
Completed 802.16- 2004: July 2004 mid 2005
< 11 GHz < 11 GHz ( <6 GHz practical)
Spectrum
Licensed & Unlicensed Licensed (& Unlicensed)
Fixed Pedestrian Mobility –> Vehicular mobility
User model
Receiver: fixed Receiver: in the notebook
Channel Conditions Non Line of Sight
Up to 75 Mbps with 20MHz channels
Up to 75 Mbps with 20MHz channels
Peak Raw data rate Full mobility:
4-18 Mbps in 5 MHz channels
80% performance of fixed usage model
Channel Bandwidth Flexible channel bandwidths between 1.25 and 20 MHz
2 to 10 km semi-rural
Nomadic/Mobile
2 to 5 km urban/suburban
Range at 2.5 GHz Urban/Suburban/Semi-rural
(frequency dependent – significantly better
(typical cell) 1 – 5 km (indoor)
for 700MHz)
2 – 7 km (outdoor)
Max range 35 km at 700 MHz
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18. WiMAX Perception & Reality
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19. The WiMAX Roadmap
2004 Going Forward
Fixed Outdoor Fixed Indoor Mobility
Solution Characteristics Solution Characteristics Solution Characteristics
• Fixed location • Consumer – self install, • CPE Native in Mobile PC
• Installed outside of auto provisioning • User can roam within the
subscriber’s house • Portable – can ‘move’ service area at varying
• Requires truck roll CPE to another location speeds
in service area
Applications Applications Applications
• E1/T1 Level Service for • “Last Mile” Broadband • “Mobile” Broadband
Enterprises access for consumers access for consumers
• Backhaul for Hotspots • Portable broadband • Always Best Connected
• Fractional E1/T1 for SMB access (SNS)
• Limited residential
broadband access
(early adopters, rural,
developing countries)
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20. Wireless Network Ecosystem
IMS
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26. NGN:
NGN: Beyond 3G
Video telephony and multimedia conferencing, IM, video
streaming – among high drivers for NGN
Essential System recommendations
Seamless mobility across all bearers with service continuity
through a min of 120 km/h
Peak uplink data rates 30-50 Mbps
30-
Peak > 100Mbps downlink
Latency core < 10ms, RAN <10ms, <30ms e2e
QoS based global roaming
Broadcast, multicast, and unicast services to subscribers of all
environments
Real time, conversational and streaming in PS across all
required bearers
Cost per MB : as close to DSL as possible
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27. Convergence
Heterogeneous access technologies
Multi-
Multi-mode access devices
Dual mode phones (WiFi, 2.5/3G), UMA
(WiFi,
Heterogeneous Services
Cellular Internet access and Internet based
voice/video access
Challenges
Time variant heterogeneous network characteristics
Heterogeneous applications with different utilities
System design and networking challenges
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28. Network Transformation
Fixed Core Transport Mobile CS Core
Fixed Mobile
Access Access
IP Core
Aggregation Mobile PS Core
Fixed Network Data Network Mobile Network
Converged Network
Operation and Business Support Systems
Multi-Access IP Networking, Transport Service Core and
and Aggregation Applications
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29. Mobile Application
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30. Application Characteristic (1)
Voice Data
Circuit Switched Analog
Packet
Technology Circuit Switched Digital Switched
C.S. Voice + P.S. Data
Evolution Controlled Semi-Organic
Operator initiated or Third party/
New Services
partnered independent (largely)
Mobility
Good Poor
Support
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31. Application Characteristic (2)
Voice Data
QoS at edges Good Support Mostly absent
(Poor)
Information
rates for Low Relatively high
supporting
services
Cost Lower Higher
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32. Market Sectors for Wireless Applications
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33. Applications-
Applications-1
Vehicles
transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB
personal communication using GSM
position via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents,
ad- close-
guidance system, redundancy
vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be
high-
transmitted in advance for maintenance
Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status,
first diagnosis
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes,
hurricanes, fire etc.
crisis, war, ...
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34. Applications-
Applications-2
Travelling salesmen
direct access to customer files stored in a central location
consistent databases for all agents
mobile office
Replacement of fixed networks
remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
flexibility for trade shows
LANs in historic buildings
Entertainment, education, ...
outdoor Internet access
intelligent travel guide with up-to-date
up-to-
location dependent information
ad-hoc networks for
ad-
multi user games
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35. Typical application: road traffic
UMTS, WLAN,
DAB, DVB, GSM,
cdma2000, TETRA, ...
Personal Travel Assistant,
PDA, Laptop,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN,
Bluetooth, ...
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36. Mobile and wireless services
– Always Best Connected
UMTS, GSM LAN
DSL/ WLAN GSM/GPRS 53 kbit/s 115 kbit/s 100 Mbit/s,
3 Mbit/s Bluetooth 500 kbit/s WLAN
54 Mbit/s
UMTS
2 Mbit/s
GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s,
DSL/WLAN 3 Mbit/s
UMTS, GSM
GSM 115 kbit/s,
384 kbit/s
WLAN 11 Mbit/s
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37. Location dependent services
Location aware services
what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local
environment
Follow-
Follow-on services
automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the
call-
current location
Information services
„push“: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
„pull“: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?
Support services
caches, intermediate results, state information etc. „follow“ the mobile
device through the fixed network
Privacy
who should gain knowledge about the location
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38. Conclusion & Final Words
Telecom Wimax
Future Case
5m00
Study
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39. How should technology Which distinctive
and innovation be technological
organized and competences and
managed? capabilities are
1 necessary?
6
Which
When, how and
Questions technologies
should be
where should new
technology be Technology 2 used to
implement
introduced to the product and
market?
Strategy Should service?
5 Answer 3
Should technologies
be sourced internally 4 What should be the
or externally?
level and timing of
investment in
Source: Burgelman, Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation technology
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40. Mankind Innovation
A very popular
innovation today is the
Cell Phone.
In 1979, the first commercial cellular
phone system began operation in
Tokyo. -- By the end of 2004, the number
of wireless subscribers in the USA
surpassed 180.5 million.
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41. The S-Curve of Innovation
S-
Physical limit
New Technology Mature
Technology performance parameter
Invention Improvement Technology
Period Period Period
Embryonic Growth Maturity Aging
Time
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