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Erik Erikson: The Life-
    Span Approach
Psychosocial Stages of Personality
         Development
   8 successive stages over the lifespan
   Addresses bio, social, situational, personal
    influences
   Crisis: must adaptively or maladaptively cope
    with task in each developmental stage
    – Respond adaptively: acquire strengths needed for
      next developmental stage
    – Respond maladaptively: less likely to be able to adapt
      to later problems
   Basic strengths: Motivating characteristics and
    beliefs that derive from successful resolution of
    crisis in each stage
Stage 1: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
 Birth to age 1
 Totally dependent on others
 Caregiver meets needs: child develops
  trust
 Caregiver does not meet needs: child
  develops mistrust
 Basic strength: Hope
    – Belief our desires will be satisfied
    – Feeling of confidence
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and
             Doubt
 Ages 1-3
 Child able to exercise some degree of
  choice
 Child’s independence is thwarted: child
  develops feelings of self-doubt, shame in
  dealing with others
 Basic Strength: Will
    – Determination to exercise freedom of choice
      in face of society’s demands
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
 Ages 3-5
 Child expresses desire to take initiative in
  activities
 Parents punish child for initiative: child
  develops feelings of guilt that will affect
  self-directed activity throughout life
 Basic strength: Purpose
    – Courage to envision and pursue goals
Stage 4: Industriousness vs.
               Inferiority
 Ages 6-11
 Child develops cognitive abilities to enable
  in task completion (school work, play)
 Parents/teachers do not support child’s
  efforts: child develops feelings of
  inferiority and inadequacy
 Basci strength: Competence
    – Exertion of skill and intelligence in pursuing
      and completing tasks
   Stages 1-4
    – Largely determined by others (parents,
      teachers)
   Stages 5-8
    – Individual has more control over environment
    – Individual responsibility for crisis resolution in
      each stage
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role
               Confusion
 Ages 12-18
 Form ego identity: self-image
 Strong sense of identity: face adulthood
  with certainty and confidence
 Identity crisis: confusion of ego identity
 Basic strength: Fidelity
    – Emerges from cohesive ego identity
    – Sincerity, genuineness, sense of duty in
      relationships with others
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
 Ages 18-35 (approximately)
 Undertake productive work and establish
  intimate relationships
 Inability to establish intimacy leads to
  social isolation
 Basic strength: Love
    – Mutual devotion in a shared identity
    – Fusing of oneself with another person
Stage 7: Generativity vs.
               Stagnation
 Ages 35-55 (approximately)
 Generativity: Active involvement in
  teaching/guiding the next generation
 Stagnation involves not seeking outlets for
  generativity
 Basic strength: Care
    – Broad concern for others
    – Need to teach others
Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
 Ages 55+
 Evaluation of entire life
 Integrity: Look back with satisfaction
 Despair: Review with anger, frustration
 Basic strength: Wisdom
    – Detached concern with the whole of life
Assessment in Erikson’s Theory
   Psychohistorical Analysis
    – Application of lifespan theory to lives of
      historical figures
   Psychological Tests:
    – Instruments based on crises in stages
Research in Erikson’s Theory
   Trust
    – Early strong bonds with mother later were
      more curious, sociable and popular
   Identity
    – Strong identity associated with greater
      cognitive and emotional functioning in college
      students
    – Crisis may begin later than age 12
    – Continuing process over the lifespan
Research in Erikson’s Theory
   Generativity
    – Evokes need to feel closer to others
    – Correlated with extraversion, openness to new
      experiences
    – Likely to be involved in community, social
      relationships
Research in Erikson’s Theory
   Maturity
    – High ego integrity: spent much time reviewing
      their lives
   Ethnic Identity
    – Ethnic minorities: ethnic identity significant
      factor in determining sense of self
Contributions of Erikson
 Personality develops throughout the
  lifetime
 Identity crisis in adolescence
 Impact of social, cultural, personal and
  situational forces in forming personality
Criticisms of Erikson
 Ambiguous terms and concepts
 Lack of precision
    – Some terms are not easily measured
      empirically
 Experiences in stage may only apply to
  males
 Identity crisis may only apply to those
  affluent enough to explore identities

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Erik erikson the life span approach

  • 1. Erik Erikson: The Life- Span Approach
  • 2. Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development  8 successive stages over the lifespan  Addresses bio, social, situational, personal influences  Crisis: must adaptively or maladaptively cope with task in each developmental stage – Respond adaptively: acquire strengths needed for next developmental stage – Respond maladaptively: less likely to be able to adapt to later problems  Basic strengths: Motivating characteristics and beliefs that derive from successful resolution of crisis in each stage
  • 3. Stage 1: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust  Birth to age 1  Totally dependent on others  Caregiver meets needs: child develops trust  Caregiver does not meet needs: child develops mistrust  Basic strength: Hope – Belief our desires will be satisfied – Feeling of confidence
  • 4. Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt  Ages 1-3  Child able to exercise some degree of choice  Child’s independence is thwarted: child develops feelings of self-doubt, shame in dealing with others  Basic Strength: Will – Determination to exercise freedom of choice in face of society’s demands
  • 5. Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt  Ages 3-5  Child expresses desire to take initiative in activities  Parents punish child for initiative: child develops feelings of guilt that will affect self-directed activity throughout life  Basic strength: Purpose – Courage to envision and pursue goals
  • 6. Stage 4: Industriousness vs. Inferiority  Ages 6-11  Child develops cognitive abilities to enable in task completion (school work, play)  Parents/teachers do not support child’s efforts: child develops feelings of inferiority and inadequacy  Basci strength: Competence – Exertion of skill and intelligence in pursuing and completing tasks
  • 7. Stages 1-4 – Largely determined by others (parents, teachers)  Stages 5-8 – Individual has more control over environment – Individual responsibility for crisis resolution in each stage
  • 8. Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion  Ages 12-18  Form ego identity: self-image  Strong sense of identity: face adulthood with certainty and confidence  Identity crisis: confusion of ego identity  Basic strength: Fidelity – Emerges from cohesive ego identity – Sincerity, genuineness, sense of duty in relationships with others
  • 9. Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation  Ages 18-35 (approximately)  Undertake productive work and establish intimate relationships  Inability to establish intimacy leads to social isolation  Basic strength: Love – Mutual devotion in a shared identity – Fusing of oneself with another person
  • 10. Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation  Ages 35-55 (approximately)  Generativity: Active involvement in teaching/guiding the next generation  Stagnation involves not seeking outlets for generativity  Basic strength: Care – Broad concern for others – Need to teach others
  • 11. Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair  Ages 55+  Evaluation of entire life  Integrity: Look back with satisfaction  Despair: Review with anger, frustration  Basic strength: Wisdom – Detached concern with the whole of life
  • 12. Assessment in Erikson’s Theory  Psychohistorical Analysis – Application of lifespan theory to lives of historical figures  Psychological Tests: – Instruments based on crises in stages
  • 13. Research in Erikson’s Theory  Trust – Early strong bonds with mother later were more curious, sociable and popular  Identity – Strong identity associated with greater cognitive and emotional functioning in college students – Crisis may begin later than age 12 – Continuing process over the lifespan
  • 14. Research in Erikson’s Theory  Generativity – Evokes need to feel closer to others – Correlated with extraversion, openness to new experiences – Likely to be involved in community, social relationships
  • 15. Research in Erikson’s Theory  Maturity – High ego integrity: spent much time reviewing their lives  Ethnic Identity – Ethnic minorities: ethnic identity significant factor in determining sense of self
  • 16. Contributions of Erikson  Personality develops throughout the lifetime  Identity crisis in adolescence  Impact of social, cultural, personal and situational forces in forming personality
  • 17. Criticisms of Erikson  Ambiguous terms and concepts  Lack of precision – Some terms are not easily measured empirically  Experiences in stage may only apply to males  Identity crisis may only apply to those affluent enough to explore identities