4. Acute Myeloid Leukemia
- Clonal expansion of myeloid precursor cells
with reduced capacity to differentiate
- As opposed to ALL/CLL, it is limited to the
myeloid cell line
– differentiated from ALL based on morphology,
cytogenetics, cytochemical analysis, cell surface
markers
6. Hereditary Disorders Associated With
an Increased Risk of AML
• Down syndrome
• Ataxia telangiectasia
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
• Fanconi’s anemia
• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
• Bloom syndrome
• NF-1
• Shwachman-Diamond syndrome
• Kostmann syndrome.
6
7. Epidemiology
• M > F
• 11% of childhood leukemia
• ALL which predominantly affects younger
individuals
• AML – adults and the elderly
• Median age group-65yr
7
10. WHO Classification
• AML with certain genetic abnormalities
– t(8;21), t(16), inv(16), chromosome 11 changes
– t(15;17) as usually seen with AML M3
• AML with multilineage dysplasia (more than one abnormal myeloid cell type is involved)
• AML related to previous chemotherapy or radiation
• AML not otherwise specified
– undifferentiated AML (M0)
– AML with minimal maturation (M1)
– AML with maturation (M2)
– acute myelomonocytic leukemia (M4)
– acute monocytic leukemia (M5)
– acute erythroid leukemia (M6)
– acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7)
– acute basophilic leukemia
– acute panmyelosis with fibrosis
– myeloid sarcoma (also known as granulocytic sarcoma or chloroma)
• Undifferentiated or biphenotypic acute leukemias (leukemias that have both lymphocytic
and myeloid features. Sometimes called ALL with myeloid markers, AML with lymphoid
markers, or mixed lineage leukemias.)
11. Clinical symptoms
• Due to the excessive proliferation of myeloid
precursor cells in bone marrow, followed by
marrow replacement and failure certain
symptoms/lab findings are expected (e.g. as
a result of pancytopenia)
1. Functional neutropenia – fever, chills
(INFECTION)
2. Thrombocytopenia – bleeding, bruising
3. Anemia – weakness, fatigue
12. Specific
• Chloroma:-presents as a mass lesion ‘tumor of
leukemic cells’
• DIC indicative of APL.
• Infiltration of soft tissues, gum infiltration, skin
deposits ,Meningeal involvement-headache,
vomiting, eye symptoms
• Subcutaneous nodules or blue berry muffin
lesions in skin
• CNS involvement is more common in AML then
ALL
12
13. Diagnosis
• Blood count : WBC usually elevated (50,000- 1,00,000 / cmm
); may be normal or low; often anemia & thrombocytopenia
• Bone marrow: Bone marrow aspirate & trephine:
Hypercellular,
–blast cells ( > 20%),
–presence of Auer rods - AML type
• Cytochemistry : Special stains to differentiate AML from ALL
Positivity with Sudan black & Myeloperoxidase (MPO) in AML
13
17. MANAGEMENT
• SPECIFIC THERAPHY:
–Chemotherapy : Aggressive multiagent
chemotherapy is successful in approx 85-90%.
– Survival has increased from 15% in 1970 to 60-
70% with modern therapy.
– Targeting therapy to genetic markers may be
benefecial.
– Upto 5% of patients die of either infection or
bleeding before remission can be achieved.
17
18. TREATMENT
• Matched-sibling bone marrow or stem cell
transplantation after remission achieves long
term disease free survival in 2/3rd .
• Continued chemo for those who don’t have
matched donor is less effective than
transplant, but curative in half patients.
• Matched unrelated stem cell transplant may
be effective but there is risk of GVHD
19. TREATMENT CONTINUED
• Acute promyelocytic leukemia APL
charaterized by gene rearrangement involving
retinoic acid receptor is very responsive to
retinoic acid with anthracycline.
• Increased supportive care :
Anemia correction, filgrastim(GMCSF), platelets
transfusion, antibiotics, antifungal
prophylactic.
19
20. DOWN SYNDROME AND ACUTE
LEUKEMIA/TRANSIENT
MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.
• 15-20 times higher than in general population.
• AML:ALL Ratio is the same.
• Outcome of ALL to treatment is inferior.
• Higher sensitivity to MTX and antimetabolite
so higher risk of toxicity
• Better outcome than non down syndrome
>80% long term survival.
21. Transient leukemia
• Develops in 10 % neonates with Down
syndrome
• High TLC, Blast cells on P.Film, anemia,
thrombocytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly.
• Resolve within 1st 3 months of life.
• Require temporary transfusion support and no
chemotherapy.
• Require close follow-up 20-30 % will develop
typical leukemia by 3 yr of life
22. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
• Clonal disorder of hematopoeitic tissue
accounting for 2-3 % of all cases of childhood
leukemia.
• 99% cases are characterized by translocation
of specific chromosome t(9;22)(q34:q11)
known as Philadelphia chromosome resulting
in BCR-ABL fusion protein.
23. (CML) SIGNS SYMPTOMS
• Nonspecific: fever, fatigue, weight loss, and
anorexia
• Splenomegaly with pain in right upper
quadrant.
• CNS menifistation from hyperleukocytosis
resulting in increased blood viscosity and
decreased CNS perfusion.
24. (CML) DIAGNOSIS
• CBC: High WBC count, anemia, and
thrombocytosis
• High myeloid cells at all stages of
differentiation in peripheral blood and bone
marrow
• Confirmed by cytogenetic and and molecular
studies that demonstrate Philadelphia
chromosome and BCR-ABL gene
rearrangement
25. (CML) TREATMENT
• Imatinib (Gleevec), an agent which inhibit
BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, produce major
cytogenetic response in > 70% of patients
• 2nd generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor
dasatinib have improved remission rate in
adults and now being studied in children.
• HLA matched family donor allogenic stem cell
transplant produces cure in upto 80 % of
children.
26. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
(JMML)
• Previously called juvenile CML is clonal
proliferation of stem cell affects children <2 yr
• JMML< 1% of all childhood leukemia.
• Present with rash, lymphadenopahy,
splenomegaly, and hemorrhagic
menifestation.
• Patient with Noonan syndrome, NF-1 have a
predilection for this leukemia.
27. JMML Diagnosis Treatment
• CBC: shows leukocytosis esp monocytosis,
thrombocytopenia, and anemia with presnece
of blasts.
• BM shows myelodysplastic pattern, with
blasts accounting for < 20%.
• Stem cell transplantation offer the best
opportunity of cure but much less than for
classic CML.
28. Infantile leukemia
• 2% of childhood leukemia occures in children
<1 year of age.
• Ratio of ALL:AML is 2:1
• Leukemic cells have been noted in cord blood
at birth
• Chromosomal translocaton can also occur in
utero during fetal hematopoiesis.
29. INFANTILE LEUKEMIA
• Presentation is usually with hyperleukocytosis
and extensive tissue infiltration with
organomegaly.
• Subcutanous nodules , leukemia cutis and
tachypnoea caused by leukemic cells
pulmonary infiltration
• leukemic cell morphology shows irregular
lymphoblasts with phenotype negative for
CD10
30. INFANTILE LEUKEMIA
• TREATMENT:
• Intensive chemotheray.
• Stem cell transplantation
• None of them satisfactory.
• Meticulous supportive care is necessary
because of the young age and aggressive
therapy needed in these patients.
32. Leukostasis
• Leukostasis – predominantly in those with WBC
counts > 100,000 (10% of patients); can also be seen
in patients with WBC > 50,000
– Most common in those with M4 or M5 leukemia
– Function of the blast cells being less deformable than
mature myeloid cells. As a result, intravascular plugs
develop.
– High metabolic activity of blast cells and local production
of various cytokines contribute to underlying hypoxia
35. Leukostasis
• Transfuse platelets to keep count above 20,000/μL.
• Avoid (RBC) transfusions because they will raise viscosity
(keep Hb ≤10 g/dL). If RBCs are required, consider partial
exchange transfusion.
• Hydration, alkalinization, and allopurinol should be initiated .
• Administer fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and vitamin K for
coagulopathy.
• Before cytotoxic therapy, consider leukapheresis or exchange
transfusion to lower WBC count if CNS or pulmonary
symptoms exist.
• Start disease treatment as soon as patient is clinically stable.
36. Leukostasis
• Leukapheresis
– Limited affect on established vascular plugs
– Limited benefit in those with underlying pulmonary
symptoms following chemotherapy. Symptoms in this case
related to leukocyte lysis and subsequent inflammatory
response
– Should not be used as a single modality agent in patients
with leukostasis.
– May consider as adjunct to chemoterapy in patients with
WBC >100,000 and symptoms suggestive of leukostasis
37. Tumor Lysis Syndrome
• Characterized by metabolic derangements
caused by massive release of cellular
components following lysis of malignant cells
• Commonly seen in malignancies with high
rates of cell proliferation (esp. ALL, Burkitt’s
lymphoma); also can be seen with AML
38. Tumor Lysis Syndrome
• Hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia,
hyperphosphatemia.
• Can lead to acute kidney injury due to precipitation
of uric acid crystals and/or calcium phosphate
crystals in renal tubules and micovasculature,
respectively.
39. Tumor Lysis Syndrome
• Release of intracellular proteins →catobilized to hypoxanthine
→ xanthine → uric acid → Crystalization of uric acid and in
renal tubules → impaired renal function
• Release of phosphate from malignant cells → calcium
phosphate precipitation and further renal impairment along
with hypocalcemia and resultant symptoms from ↓Ca
– Hyperphosphatemia: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, lethargy
– Hypocalcemia: arrhythmia, hypotension, tetany, cramps
– Hyperkalemia: arrhythmia, cramps, paresthesia
40. Tumor Lysis Syndrome
• Hydration: Dextrose 5% (D5) 1/4 normal saline (NS) ± 40 mEq/L
NaHCO3 (without K) at double maintenance. Keep urine
specificgravity <1.010 and urine output >100mL/m2/hr.
• Hyperuricemia: Allopurinol inhibits formation of uric acid and can
be given (PO) or (IV) Rasburicase converts uric acid to the more
soluble allantoin. Use in higher-risk patients, especially those with
uric acid >7.5 mg/dL.
• Monitor K+, Ca2+, phosphate, uric acid, and urinalysis closely (up to
Q2 hr for high-risk patients). There is an increased risk of calcium
phosphate precipitation when Ca × Phos > 60
• Consider stopping alkalinization after uric acid levels return to
normal to facilitate calcium phosphate excretion.
41. SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION
• Etiology: Intrinsic or extrinsic compression of spinal
cord; occurs most commonly with brain tumors,
sarcomas, leukemia with lymphomatous
involvement, lymphoma, and neuroblastoma.
Presentation: Back pain (localized or radicular),
weakness, sensory loss, change in bowel or bladder
function.
Prognosis for recovery based on duration and level of
disability at presentation.
42. DIAGNOSIS
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI [preferred])
or computed tomography (CT) scan of spine.
• A plain film of spine has good specificity but
detects only two thirds of abnormalities
43. MANAGEMENT
• Management: (Steroids may prevent acurate diagnosis of
leukemia/lymphoma; plan diagnostic procedure as soon as
possible)
• Bolus dexamethasone 1–2mg/kg/day IV and obtain an
emergent MRI of the spine in case of severe symptoms
• In mild sign and symptoms lower dose of dexamethasone,
0.25–0.5 mg/kg/dayPO, divided Q6 hr. Perform MRI of
spine within 24 hours.
• If cause of tumor is known, emergent radiotherapy or
chemotherapy is indicated for sensitive tumors; otherwise,
emergent neurosurgery consultationis warranted.
• If cause of tumor is unknown or debulking may remove
most or all of tumor, surgery is indicated to decompress the
spine.
44. RESPIRATORY DISTRESS AND SV
SYNDROME
• Etiology: Mediastinal mass, edema, or
thrombosis; typically seen with Hodgkin
disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (e.g.,
lymphoblastic lymphoma), ALL (T-lineage),
germ cell tumors
• Presentation: Orthopnea, headaches, facial
swelling, dizziness, plethora, acute respiratory
distress or failure
45. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Diagnosis: Chest radiograph. Consider CT or MRI to
assess airway.
• Attempt diagnosis of malignancy (if not known) by
least invasive method possible. Avoid sedation or
general anesthesia if unstable, high risk.
Management:
• a. Control airway
• b. Biopsy (e.g., bone marrow, pleurocentesis,
lymphnode biopsy) before therapy if patient can
tolerate sedation or general anesthesia
• Empiric therapy: radiotherapy, steroids, chemotherapy
46. NEUTROPENIC TYPHLITIS
Etiology: Inflammation of bowel wall, usually
localized to cecum. Occurs most often in
association with prolonged neutropenia.
Presentation: Right lower quadrant abdominal
pain, nausea, diarrhea, fever (fever may be
absent early in course
Neutropenic patient with abdominal pain
warrants evaluation for typhlitis .
47. DIAGNOSIS MNAGEMENT
Diagnosis:
• Careful serial abdominal examinations
• X-ray may show pneumatosis intestinalis, bowel wall
edema
• CT (IV and PO contrast) most sensitive imaging; may
reveal bowel walll thickening, pneumatosis intestinalis
Management:
• Keep(NPO), IV fluids; consider NG decompression.
• Broad anaerobic and gram-negative antibiotic
coverage (consider coverage for Clostridium difficile).
• Follow closely with surgery consult.
48. FEVER NEUTROPENIA
• Etiology: Presumed infection (bacterial, viral,
or fungal) in a neutropenic host. Bacterial
infection is the most common documented
infection.
• Occassionally, fevers may be due to
medications.
49. PRESNTATION AND DIGNOSIS
Presentation: Fever, fatigue, chills, rigors,
listlessness, lethargy, tachypnea,tachycardia,
localized pain.
Diagnosis: Fever (temperature [T] > 38.3°C or T
> 38.0°C for >1 hour) in the setting of
neutropenia (ANC < 500 cells/μL, or < 1000
cells but expected to drop to <500 in the next
48 hours).