1. HOSPITAL
ACQUIRED
INFECTION
( NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS )
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6. HOSPITAL
ACQUIRED
INFECTION
( NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS )
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7. DEFINITION
• HOSPITAL -ACQUIRED INFECTIONS ALSO
CALLED NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS (FROM
NOSOCOMION, MEANING HOSPITAL ) ARE
DEFINED AS INFECTIONS DEVELOPING IN
PATIENTS AFTER ADMISSIONS TO THE
HOSPITAL WHICH WERE NIETHER
PRESENT NOR IN INCUBATION AT THE
TIME OF HOSPITALISATION.
• SUCH INFECTIONS MAY MANIFEST
DURING THEIR STAY IN THE HOSPITAL
OR ,SOMETIMES AFTER THE PATIENT IS
DISCHARGED.
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8. DEFINITION
• HOSPITAL -ACQUIRED INFECTIONS ALSO
CALLED NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS (FROM
NOSOCOMION, MEANING HOSPITAL ) ARE
DEFINED AS INFECTIONS DEVELOPING IN
PATIENTS AFTER ADMISSIONS TO THE
HOSPITAL WHICH WERE NIETHER PRESENT
NOR IN INCUBATION AT THE TIME OF
HOSPITALISATION.
• SUCH INFECTIONS MAY MANIFEST DURING THEIR
STAY IN THE HOSPITAL OR ,SOMETIMES AFTER
THE PATIENT IS DISCHARGED.
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9. •FACTORS
INFLUENCING
INFECTION
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10. • 1.AGE:Neonates & elderly persons of
extreme ages run a greater risk of
acquiring hospital infection because of
their longer stay in hospitals & inefficient
immunity.
• 2. INFECTED PATIENTS : Community -
acquired or non-hospital infection with
which the patient enters the hospital is
due to pathogenic organisms.There risk
of spread of infection from these
patients to their close contacts (
susceptible patients & attending staff )
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15. • 3.DRUG RESISTANCE : the occurance
of drug resistant organism , especially
coliforms & staphlococcus aureus that
sometimes show increased virulence or
transmissibility is usually hospital
acquired.
• 4. SUSCEPTIBLE PATIENTS
:Hospitalised patients with pre-existing
diseases , such as diabetes
, immunosuppression , patients inspecial
care units or with prosthetic implants
are `at risk` groups & more susceptible
to hospital infections.
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16. • SURGICAL PROCEDURES ; The
natural defense mechanisms of the
body surface may be bypassed by
injury or by a diagnostic or therapeutic
intervention such as insertion of a
uretral or intravenous catheters . These
are iatrogenic infections.
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19. SOURCES
• ENDOGENOUS
• EXOGENOUS
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20. ENDOGENOUS
• MANY OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
ARE CASAUSED BY THE PATIENT`S
OWN FLORA WHICH ARE NOT
PATHOGENIC UNDER NORMAL
CONDITIONS , BUT ONLY THEN
THERE IS UNDERLYING
DISEASE.THIS IS CALLED AS
AUTOINFECTION.
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21. EXOGENOUS
• HOSPITAL INFECTION IS MOSTLY
EXOGENOUS FROM OTHER PEOPLE
OR IMMEDIATE OBJECTS IN THE
ENVIORNMENT.
• 1. CONTACT WITH OTHER PATIENTS
& STAFF : People are by the most imp.
Sources & reservoirs of infection including
patients & hospital personnel suffering from
infection , or asymptomatic carriers.
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22. • ENVIORNMENTAL SOURCES :
• These includes inaminate objects
, air, water & food in the hospital.
• (a)Inaminate objects :
equipments, materials ,lights ,table
,blankets ,medical
equipments, floors, food & water e.g.
coliforms-common.
• (b) : Urban population & hospital over-
crowding is responsible for an
increase in the bacterial count in the
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24. • Surfaces :
• Surfaces contaminated by
patients secretions , excretions
, blood & body fluids , animals &
insects are also sources of
hospital infection.
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