1. Objectives
1. Introduction and organization of Nervous system
2. Nerve signal processing
3. Sensory processing : Physical, chemical, EM
4. Motor control mechanism voluntary and involuntary
5. Consciousness, sleep, emotion reproduction
6. Cognitive function: Language, Memory…
7. Development of NS and Genetics
8. Cognitive Neurophilosophy
9. Recent development

5. Nerve Cell

6. Ion distribution across cell membrane
A. Effect of concentration difference
B. Electrical potential difference affecting negative ions
C. Pressure difference

7. Ion movement across cell

8. Giant Nerve Cells of Squid

9. Resting membrane Potential

10. Patch-clamp setup
A pipette containing
acetylcholine (ACh) is
used to record
transmitter-gated
channels in skeletal
muscle. (Adapted
from Alberts et al.
1989.)

11. Action Potential

12. Propagation of AP

13. Saltatory conduction

14. The Refractory Period

15. Synapse

16. Electrical synapse

17. Chemical Synapse

18. Neurotransmitter release

19. Post synaptic receptor

20. Depolarization & Repolarization of Post Synaptic Neuron

21. Excitatory and Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

22. Excitatory and inhibitory currents have competitive effects in
a single nerve cell. (Adapted from Eckert et al., 1988.)

23. Second Messenger

25. Stretch Reflex

26. Inhibition

28. Reverberatory (Oscillatory) Circuit as a Cause of Signal Prolongation.

30. Neurotransmitters
1. The substance must be present within the presynaptic
neuron
2. The substance must be released in response to
presynaptic depolarization, and the release must be
Ca2+-dependent.
3. Specific receptors for the substance must be present on
the postsynaptic cell

31. Major classes of NT

32. Neruopeptide

33. Acetyl Choline

34. Cholinergic Receptors in Normal Brain

35. Alzheimer's disease

36. Serotonin System
•originate in the median raphe of
the brain stem
•project to many brain and spinal
cord areas, especially to the dorsal
horns of the spinal cord and to the
hypothalamus
•acts as an inhibitor of pain
pathways in the cord, and an
inhibitor action in the higher regions
of the nervous system
•believed to help control the mood
of the person, perhaps even to
cause sleep.

37. Dopamine System
•secreted by neurons that originate
in the substantia nigra.
•The termination of these neurons is
mainly in the striatal region of the
basal ganglia.
•The effect of dopamine is usually
inhibition
•Parkinsonism is due to
degeneration of substantia nigra
with reduced dopamine
•Schizophrenia there is increased
dopamine

38. Norepinephric System
•secreted by the terminals of many
neurons whose cell bodies are
located in the brain stem and
hypothalamus
•help control overall activity and
mood of the mind, such as
increasing the level of wakefulness
•In most of these areas,
norepinephrine probably activates
excitatory receptors, but in a few
areas, it activates inhibitory
receptors instead
•Norepinephrine is also secreted by
most postganglionic neurons of the
sympathetic nervous system, where
it excites some organs but inhibits
others

40. Glutamate System
•the prominent glutamatergic
pathways are: the cortico-
cortical pathways;
•the pathways between the
thalamus and the cortex; and
the extrapyramidal pathway o
•other glutamate projections
exist between the cortex,
substantia nigra, subthalmic
nucleus and pallidum.
•Glutamate is an excitatory
neurotransmitter

41. GABA System
•Widespread in the brain and spinal
cord
•Inhibitory by increasing
permeability to Cl

42. Nerve Conduction Study

43. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

44. SSEP

45. Auditory Evoked Response
BAEP

46. VEP

47. Selected Reading