Visuals for psych class, day 41. Main concept: Reinforcement schedules

2. October 23
Thorndike
Skinner
Reinforcement
Cognition and Learning
Reading/Class Quiz: Thursday,
read/review p. 247-256
Optional Experiment, due Friday

3. B.F. Skinner

5. Operant chamber (Skinner Box)

6. Operant chamber (Skinner Box)

7. A pigeon turning
• SHAPING—an operant conditioning
procedure in which successive
approximations of a desired outcome are
reinforced
• SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS—
behaviors that are ordered in terms of
increasing similarity or closeness to the
desired outcome

8. Reinforcers: Immediate vs.
Delayed?

10. Immediate vs. Delayed
Immediate Reinforcers vs.
Delayed Reinforcers: Walter
Mischel developed the
"Marshmallow Test" in the late
1960's and found children who
are able to delay gratification
tend to become socially
competent and high-achieving
adults (1989).

11. Reinforcement Schedules

12. Types of Reinforcement
• CONTINUOUS
• INTERMITTENT
–
–
–
–
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval

14. Reinforcement
• CONTINUOUS—a reinforcer for each
and every correct response/behavior
• INTERMITTENT
–
–
–
–
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval

15. Types of Reinforcement
• CONTINUOUS—a reinforcer for each
and every correct response/behavior
• INTERMITTENT (Partial)—the
tendency for a response that is reinforced
after some, but not all, correct responses
–
–
–
–
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval

16. •
INTERMITTENT (Partial)—the tendency for a response that is
reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses
– Fixed ratio—schedule of reinforcement in
which the NUMBER OF RESPONSES
required for reinforcement is ALWAYS THE
SAME
– Variable ratio
– Fixed interval
– Variable interval

17. •
INTERMITTENT (Partial)—the tendency for a response that is
reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses
– Fixed ratio—schedule of reinforcement in which the NUMBER
OF RESPONSES required for reinforcement is ALWAYS THE
SAME
– Variable ratio—schedule of
reinforcement in which the NUMBER
OF RESPONSES required for
reinforcement is DIFFERENT for each
trial or event
– Fixed interval
– Variable interval

18. •
INTERMITTENT (Partial)—the tendency for a response that is
reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses
– Fixed ratio—schedule of reinforcement in which the NUMBER
OF RESPONSES required for reinforcement is ALWAYS THE
SAME
– Variable ratio—schedule of reinforcement in which the
NUMBER OF RESPONSES required for reinforcement is
DIFFERENT for each trial or event
– Fixed interval—schedule of
reinforcement in which the interval of
time that must pass before
reinforcement becomes possible is
always the same
– Variable interval

19. •
INTERMITTENT (Partial)—the tendency for a response that is reinforced
after some, but not all, correct responses
– Fixed ratio—schedule of reinforcement in which the NUMBER OF
RESPONSES required for reinforcement is ALWAYS THE SAME
– Variable ratio—schedule of reinforcement in which the NUMBER OF
RESPONSES required for reinforcement is DIFFERENT for each trial
or event
– Fixed interval—schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time
that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the
same
– Variable interval—schedule of
reinforcement in which the interval of
time that must pass before
reinforcement becomes possible is
different for each trial or event