1. Transparantie: de schakel
tussen institutionele autonomie
en publieke verantwoording
Dirk Van Damme
Hoofd van het Centre for Educational
Research and Innovation - OECD

2. 1.
EEN HO-KWALIFICATIE HEEFT
EEN HOGE WAARDE
2

3. 40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
Brazil
Hungary
United States
Czech Republic
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Poland
Luxembourg
Israel
Austria
Canada
France
Italy
Germany
Finland
Korea
OECD average
Ireland
programmes
Turkey
Belgium
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Tertiary-type B education
Switzerland
Spain
Below upper secondary education
Sweden
Australia
Tertiary-type A and advanced research
Japan
Higher education qualifications and earnings
Denmark
New Zealand
3
Norway

4. Higher education qualifications and unemployment risk
Iceland
Spain
Ireland
Italy
Turkey
Switzerland
Czech Republic
New Zealand
Hungary
Israel
United Kingdom
France
Australia
Netherlands
OECD average Below upper secondary education
Austria Tertiary education
Finland
Canada
Poland
Norway
Denmark
Slovenia
Sweden
Greece
Belgium
Estonia
Germany
Slovak Republic
Portugal
(10.00) (5.00) - 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
4

5. Higher education qualifications and social outcomes
Health Political interest
Czech Republic
Portugal
Denmark
Hungary
Slovenia
Korea
Slovak Republic
Finland
Italy
Switzerland
Belgium
OECD average
Turkey
Poland
Canada
From upper secondary United States
to tertiary France
Netherlands
Greece
From below upper Israel
secondary to upper United Kingdom
secondary
Spain
Norway
New Zealand
Austria
Estonia
Ireland
Sweden
40
30
20
10
10
20
30
40
0
0
5

6. 2.
EN HO INTERNATIONALISEERT
STEEDS VERDER
6

7. Aantal internationale studenten
Number of foreign students
4 000 000
Worldwide OECD G20 countries Europe North America
3 500 000
3 000 000
2 500 000
2 000 000
1 500 000
1 000 000
500 000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Years
Source: OECD and UNESCO Institute for Statistics for most data on non-OECD countries. Table C3.5.
See Annex 3 for notes (www.oecd.org/edu/eag2011).
7

8. Trends in internationale studentenaantallen (2000, 2009)
Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination
OECD 2000 Other G20 and non- 2009
countries 2009 OECD countries 2000
Market share
25
(%)
20
15
10
5
0
France
Spain
Belgium
Other G20 and non-OECD
China
Switzerland
Sweden
Australia¹
Canada²
Italy
Germany
Korea
Netherlands
Austria
United States¹
Other OECD
Russian Federation
Japan
South Africa
United Kingdom¹
New Zealand
1. Data relate to international students defined on the basis of their country of residence.
2. Year of reference 2008.
Countries are ranked in descending order of 2009 market shares.
Source: OECD and UNESCO Institute for Statistics for most data on non-OECD countries. Table C3.6, available on
line. See Annex 3 for notes (www.oecd.org/edu/eag2011).
8

9. Internationalisering en innovatie
9

10. Wetenschappelijke publicaties en co-authoring 1998-2008
1998 2008
Sweden Sweden
Poland Belgium France Poland Belgium France
Russian Federation Russian
Italy Federation. Italy
Netherlands Netherlands
Switzerland Switzerland
Germany Spain Germany Spain
Japan
Japan
Korea Korea
United Kingdom United Kingdom
United States
United States
China Canada Canada
China
Australia Australia
Brazil Brazil
India India
10

11. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
%
United States
48.8
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Canada
China
Italy
Netherlands
Japan
Australia
Single author
Switzerland
Spain
Sweden
Belgium
Denmark
Korea
Austria
India
Finland
International co-authorship
Brazil
Norway
Russian Federation
Poland
Turkey
Ireland
Greece
New Zealand
Domestic co-authorship
Portugal
Czech Republic
Hungary
Mexico
Iceland
Slovak Republic
Highly cited (top 1%) scientific articles by type of collaboration, 2006-08
Luxembourg
International onderzoekssamenwerking
11

12. 3.
“ALLES VAN WAARDE IS WEERLOOS”
TRANSPARANTIE EN VERTROUWEN
12

13. De waarde van kwalificaties
Inter-quartile range in skill distribution by educational qualification
Skill score
350
300
250
200
150
Upper secondary
Upper secondary
Upper secondary
University
University
University
Not completed school
Not completed school
Not completed school
Country A Country B Country C
13

14. Reputatie in onderzoek
Citations – Research in THEWUR2010
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
C-R 20 per. Mov. Avg. (C-R) Linear (C-R)
-40
14

15. Reputatie in onderzoek
Citations – Research in THEWUR2010
North America Europe
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
-10 -10
-20 -20
-30 -30
-40 -40
15

16. 4.
RISICO’S VAN GEBREK AAN
TRANSPARANTIE
16

17. Risico’s
• In een omgeving waar de „primary outputs‟ een
hoge waarde hebben maar waar geen of weinig
transparantie bestaat over hoe die waarde tot
stand komt, ontstaan:
– Erg competitieve quasi-markets gebaseerd op
reputatie (cf. financiële markten)
– Hoge mate van asymmetrische en dus ongelijk
verdeelde informatie
– Verminderende capaciteit tot innovatie door „risk
avoidance‟
– „Mission overload‟ en gebrek aan focus bij
instellingen
17

18. Risico’s
• Overheidsgestuurde gelijkheid zonder
evidence-based transparantie inzake diversiteit
– Illusie dat elke instelling „gelijk‟ is – “ongelijkheid
is ongelijke dingen gelijk behandelen”
– Inherent conservatisme: “resistance to know =
resistance to change”
– Markt creëert eigen transparantie: rankings
18

19. 5.
TRANSPARANTIE EN
‘GOVERNANCE’ IN HO
19

20. Governance
• Veranderingen in governance
– Toenemende autonomie instellingen, gekoppeld
aan accreditatie/kwaliteitszorg en outputsturing
– In licht van kenniseconomie, belang van
onderzoek en innovatie, internationalisering
zoeken overheden opnieuw naar sterkere sturing
van hoger onderwijs
– Consequenties:
• Sterkere „accountability‟
• Sterkere klemtoon of „efficiency‟
20

21. Governance
• Instellingen kunnen autonomie in een sterkere
governance-omgeving maar veilig stellen door
sterker in te zetten op
– Diversiteit in doelstellingen
– Efficiëntie en effectiviteit in bereiken van
doelstellingen
– Interne transparantie
– Maar ook externe, systemische transparantie
21

22. Dank voor uw
aandacht !
dirk.vandamme@oecd.org
www.oecd.org/edu/ceri
22