This document provides information about plant and animal movements. It includes 4 lessons: 1) on plant movements including tropisms and nastic movements, 2) on movement in higher animals including locomotion and muscles, 3) on the human skeleton and its functions, and 4) on bones, joints, and antagonistic muscle pairs that enable human movement. The document contains diagrams, websites for videos, and learning objectives for each lesson.

1. X
Lesson 1: Plant Movements
Lesson 2: Movement in Higher Animals
Lesson 3: Human Skeleton
Lesson 4: Bones and Joints
Module 3 Unit 9 1
Upon opening this
file, select “Enable
external content”
in the Security
Alert dialog box, if
you want to see
the video and
animation effects.

2. X...
Module 3 Unit 9 Lesson 1

3. X
 All living things have the ability to move without
outside help. This makes them different from
non-living things that only move if they are
pushed or pulled by something else e.g. a stone
that is thrown, a stream that flows, paper
blowing about.
 No outside force has to ‘push-start’ growth of a
green shoot towards sunlight or a dog to scratch,
or YOU to move…. as you are doing right now!
 All these things are living, so they move by
themselves!
3

4. X
You should be able to:
 state the difference between movement and
locomotion.
 explain the importance of movement to plants.
 describe the different types of movements in
plants.
 distinguish between growth movements in
plants and movements in animals.
4

5. X
 Movement is rhythmical progression, resulting in
a change of pace, posture, position or place.
 All living organisms show movement of one kind
or another. They have the innate ability to move
substances from one part of their body to
another - called internal movement.
 Many living organisms also show external
movement as well -- they can move various
body parts, or move their entire body from place
to place, i.e. locomotion.
5

6. X
Find water/soil nutrients,
and hold leaves to get
maximum sunlight
Seek and
capture food
Obtain support
6

7. X
Protect themselves from damage
from: touch/pressure, or sudden
temperature change
Disperse seeds
7

8. X
 Unlike many animals, plant movement is non-
locomotory.
 Movement is confined to specific plant parts
(e.g.stems/roots) and is not always obvious
because it is very slow.
 Plant movements are often related to growth.
 Watch the video from this website:
8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmxY6aD7ltM

9. X
 Tropisms are directional growth responses to
an external, unilateral stimulus.
Tropic growth movements cannot be reversed!
Tropic growth movements are caused by
chemicals called auxins that are produced in
stem and root tips and cause selective cell
growth and elongation which will result in either
overall growth or growth curvatures of plant
parts affected by the auxins.
9

10. X
Positive or negative growth movements occur in
response to various stimuli as follows:
◦ chemotropism – chemicals
◦ geo- or gravi -tropism – gravity
◦ hydrotropism – water
◦ phototropism – light
◦ thigmotropism – touch
10

11. X
Shoots grow upwards, whatever the
orientation of the rest of the plant.
Positive phototropism =
positive upward growth
movement in response to
light.
Negative gravitropism or
geotropism = negative
growth movement in
response to the downward
pull of gravity.
What + ve and/or – ve growth movement is this stem showing?
11

12. X
Roots normally grow downwards, in spite of the orientation of
the rest of the plant.
12
Positive gravitropism or
geotropism = positive
downward growth in response
to gravity.
Negative phototropism =
negative growth response to
light.
Click on ‘Cool Corn Phototropism’ then ‘Coleus Shoot Gravitropism’ at the
website: http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/tropisms.html

13. X
Plant movement can also be a non-directional
response to a stimulus, called a nastic
movement.
Plant parts (e.g. leaves and leaf structures,
flowers, fruits) respond to touch, light,
temperature changes and humidity e.g. by
opening/closing/folding or bursting to disperse
seeds etc.
13

14. X
 Visit these websites and click open and watch
examples of plants showing nastic movements.
◦ http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/nastic/nastic.html
◦ www.jagatjorajaal.com/time_lapse.html
 (“Sleep Movements” of the Morning glory
flowers)
14

15. X
Like plants, invertebrate animals such as sea anemones,
adult sponges and corals, move body parts only and are non-
locomotory. These movements are somewhat like nastic
movements in plants since they are temporary and
reversible. For example, below left -sea anemones can
open/close tentacles.
15

16. X
 Like plants, many invertebrates move in
response to light, moisture, chemicals,
temperature changes and, additionally, to
magnetic and electrical fields. Their movement
differs from that of plants, because the animal’s
entire body moves about from place to
place = locomotion.
 Such animals move about with the aid of cilia,
flagella, false ‘legs/feet’, hydrostatic pressure
against their body wall, or they may have an
exoskeleton that enables muscle attachment for
locomotion.
16

17. X
Module 3 Unit 9 Lesson 2
17

18. X
 If we want to now if an organism is a living
animal, we usually observe it or prod it to see if
it moves. This is because, in response to stimuli,
all animals move various body parts and many
can also carry on locomotion.
 In animals, movement and locomotion usually
involves the action of muscles (contractile
tissue).
18

19. X
You should be able to:
 discuss the importance of locomotion in
animals.
 describe movement in animals.
 differentiate between growth movements
in plants and locomotion in animals.
19

20. X
Locomotion is a common response to all kinds of
stimuli.
Animals to:
20
move about
Escape danger
Protect themselves from
damage from pressure,
pain, or sudden
temperature changes
Find a mate and
to reproduce

21. X 21
Why else would the ability to move about be important to animals?
Seek and capture food
CHECK
•To seek shelter, a suitable habitat/climate;
•To avoid competition for food/water, living space etc.

22. X
 Muscles help animals such as dogs, whales, spiders,
snakes, worms, flies and humans to move from place
to place.
 Muscles also move body parts and things inside the
animal’s body.
 In fact, no animal could move anything inside or
outside of its body if there were no muscles. Without
muscles, you wouldn't be alive for very long!
 Muscles move you from place to place!
Adapted from:
http://www.primaryresources.co.uk/science/powerpoint/Moving_Around.ppt#259,2,What do
muscles do?
22

23. X
Humans and other mammals have different types
of muscles in their body:
 Involuntary muscle:
◦ smooth muscle – found in inner organs e.g. arteries,
intestines, bladder
◦ cardiac muscle – found only in the heart
 Voluntary muscle:
◦ skeletal muscle – attached to the skeleton
Read about muscles at this website:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skeletalsmootha
ndcardiac/heart_beat.shtml
23

24. X
Vertebrate animals have a skeleton. They carry out
both movement and locomotion, often using
specialized organs e.g. fins, wings, arms/legs,
tails and their body muscles, to get from place
to place.
The type of body parts used are modified to suit
the medium through or in which the animal
normally moves. Many vertebrates have several
methods of locomotion, all relying on the skeleton.
24
http://media.photobucket.com/image/moving%20animals/myknsj/Nature/thgwshark_r.gif?o=177

25. X
Module 3 Unit 9 Lesson 3
25

26. X
You should be able to:
1. list the functions of the human skeleton.
2. identify and name the parts of the human
skeleton.
3. distinguish between cervical, thoracic
and lumbar vertebrae.
4. identify bones of a fore/hind limb.
26

27. X
Vertebrates have a jointed skeleton inside their bodies. It
carries out these functions:
 provides surfaces for muscle attachment, and has joints
and so enables movement and locomotion.
 acts as a framework, gives shape and supports the softer
parts of the body.
 protects delicate internal organs.
 acts as a store for minerals and fats.
 in humans, produces blood cells.
27
Visit this website to learn about various bones of the skeleton >>
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skeleton_anatomy.shtml
(Interactive skeleton – Click the labels)

28. X 28
Long bone -
femur
Flat bone -
scapula
Short bones -
Irregular bone -
vertebrae
The adult human skeleton
consists of 206 bones.

29. X
The adult human skeleton is divided into:
 - axial skeleton (180 bones)
 - appendicular skeleton (26 bones),
comprising the limbs and limb girdles.
Name the parts of the axial skeleton, shown
on the next slide.
29
CHECK
skull, backbone, rib cage and breastbone

30. X 30
Along
body
axis

31. X
1. Look at the image of the
vertebral column on the right.
2. Watch the video from
http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/v
ideos/humanbody/spine.html
3. State the number of bones in
each of the regions and how
the bones are connected to
each other.
31

32. X 32
Much of the variety in movement shown by humans is
due to the structure of the vertebral column.
Look at the parts of a ‘typical’ vertebra. Learn to draw
and annotate a ‘typical’ vertebra.

33. X
1. View the videos at the websites below.
2. Discuss and use the variations in structure to
distinguish cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
3. Look at and draw actual vertebrae!
◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APkRecJcQEA&feature=related
(Cervical, Thoracic vertebra and ribs – 5:04 mins. long)
◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nMjxGegQws&NR=1
(Lumbar vertebra and Sacrum/Coccyx – 3:38 mins. long)
4. Now, test yourself. Turn off the sound and name the
parts shown by the arrows.
◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fY6Mm3DPEqw&feature=related
 To check your answers, replay with sound turned on!
33

34. X
 Can you name the bones of this
part of the skeleton?
 Go to this website to learn the
bones of the appendicular
skeleton
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=jWyUwv8mfMo&feature=relat
ed
 How does the appendicular
skeleton relate to the axial
skeleton?
 Talk about it with your teacher
34
START
ANIMATION

35. X
1. Look at the diagram to see how
the Humerus and other long bones
of the fore arm relate to the
shoulder girdle.
2. Examine actual bones and find the
same parts.
3. Check the parts of these long
bones at this website
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXAvj
sGhW9A&feature=related (Watch
Humerus from 0:00 – 2: 28 mins; Ulna
from 2:29 – 3:23; articulation of ulna
with Humerus- up tp 4:25; and
Radius from 4:25 – 5:02 mins.)
4. Learn to draw, label and annotate
each bone.
35

36. X
1. Hold your right forearm with your left hand.
2. Then rotate your right wrist -- palm up and
3. then palm down. What do you feel?
36
CHECK
You will feel the radius and ulna bones in your right arm
twisting and rotating.
1. The radius is on the lateral (thumb) side.
2. The radius is bigger and longer than the ulna
which is on the inside or medial side, closest to
the body. Your elbow is actually the tip of the
ulna, called the olecranon process.
Click here to try an activity.

37. X
1. Visit these websites to get information about
the long bones that make up the human hind
limbs.
◦ http://www.righthealth.com/topic/Femur/overview/youtube?vid=1&channel
=sem (The Femur – identifying parts – 1:27 mins. long)
◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SOLiU0ds9s&feature=related
◦ (The Tibia and Fibula – 1:15 mins. long)
2. Pick various bones from ‘The Bone Box’ at this
website and label the numbered parts on each.
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/grossanatomy/learnem/bo
nes/main_bone.htm
37

38. X
Module 3 Unit 9 Lesson 4
38

39. X
The bones of the human skeleton are rigid
structures which cannot bend to allow movement.
So, voluntary or skeletal muscles are attached to
the rigid bones.
To enable the functions of movement and
locomotion, two or more bones of the skeleton
have points of articulation called joints.
39

40. X
You should be able to:
1. list the types of joints present in the human
body.
2. describe the action at moveable joints.
3. use diagrams to describe the behaviours of
antagonistic muscles.
40

41. X
 Joints occur where two or more bones
articulate with each other.
 Some joints allow free movement; some allow
partial movement, some are fused or fixed and
immoveable (sutures).
 Voluntary muscles act together to cause
movement at some joints.
 Discuss the types of moveable joints shown on
the next slide. Arrows show direction of
movement at each joint.
41

42. X 42

43. X
 Visit the following websites to see the kinds of
movement at various joints:
◦ http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/joi
nts/hinge_joint.shtml
◦ http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/joi
nts/slightly_movable_joint.shtml
◦ http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/joi
nts/ball_and_socket_joint.shtml
 Click open each type of joint, listed at left webpage,
then click the control arrows to see how that joint
moves.
 Discuss the structure of moveable joints using the
diagram on the next slide.
43

44. X 44

45. X
A moveable joint contains synovial fluid, which is
a thick, stringy fluid found in the joint cavity. The
fluid reduces friction between the articular
cartilage and other tissues in the joint, by
lubricating and cushioning them during movement
when it is squeezed out mechanically to maintain a
layer of fluid on the cartilage surface.
45

46. X
 Some muscles are known as "voluntary" -- that is,
they only work when you specifically ‘tell’ them to.
 All the muscles that are attached to the skeleton are
voluntary (or skeletal) muscles.
 Can you think of some movements that involve
voluntary muscles?
 Read about skeletal muscles at this website:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/workin
pairs/biceps_animation.shtml
46
CHECK
e.g. clapping, lifting your leg/arm, nodding, dancing, writing
and so on.

47. X
 To cause movement, muscles contract and then
relax.
 It is really the individual cells that make up
voluntary muscles that contract and shorten and
then relax back to their original size.
 There are two sets of voluntary or skeletal
muscles attached to most of your bones. They
work in antagonistic pairs – when one
contracts, the other is relaxed and vice versa.
 Tendons attach muscles to the bones; muscles
contract, pull on the bones and so they move.
47

48. X
Watch the three short videos on joints at this
website:
http://www.kidport.com/Reflib/Science/HumanBody/Skelet
alSystem/video/JointStructureVideo.htm
The video shows how muscles work with bones
across a joint.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxk5tFiGVSE&feature
=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4EBMZoX1b4&NR=1
48

49. X
Get comprehensive information about joints from
PowerPoint presentations at this website:
http://www.stacs.org/opencms/opencms/facultie
s/physical_education/resources/y12/JOINTS.ppt
49