eLAICH module 5 topic 5.6 advanced

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage

Educational Toolkit
Teaching Material

Advanced Topic
Module 5 Monitoring and Maintenance
Non Destructive Testing and Quality Control on monuments for monitoring the
Topic 5.5 decay state and the compatibility of conservation interventions

Prof. Antonia Moropoulou - NTUA – National Technical University of Athens


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Abstract The first part of the current presentation examines the typical non-destructive techniques
(NDT) used in Cultural Heritage protection. These are Ultrasonics, Infrared Thermography,
Fibre Optics Microscopy, Digital Image Processing, Ground Penetrating Radar and
Colorimetry. Applications for each technique are provided to demonstrate their
usefulness in Cultural Heritage protection.

The second part of this presentation describes how these techniques are integrated in a
total quality control system for the protection of monuments. NDTs play a crucial role in
the inspection of monuments, the diagnosis of the prevailing problems (decay of
materials, structural problems, etc) and in the assessment of the conservation
interventions that are designed and applied.

Monitoring and maintenance are thus an indispensable aspect of the entire problem of
how to protect cultural heritage



Content Table of contents of this presentation

 Monitoring of the decay state and assessment of the intervention effectiveness by use of Non-
destructive Techniques
 Ultrasonics
 Infrared Thermography
 Fibre Optics Microscopy
 Digital Image Processing
 Ground Penetrating Radar
 Colorimetry
 Total Quality Control System
 Basic concept
 Criteria
 Integrated methodology
 Inspection
 Diagnosis
 Intervention Study
 Intervention Works



As was demonstrated in earlier Modules, a successful protection
intervention on a monument or a historic structure is the result of
careful understanding of the building its structure and materials,
integrated diagnosis of the problems it faces, how these are the
result of the impact ffect of the environment on the building, and a
building
systematic design of the conservation processes, materials and
processes
techniques, all of which will ensure that the most appropriate
protection is selected and applied

However, once an intervention is completed, the monument should not be
“abandoned” unattended

In fact, continuous monitoring of its decay state and assessment of
the conservation interventions’ effectiveness and compatibility are the
basic tools in deciding on whether any further protection
interventions are required and when it will be most appropriate to
apply them

Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 5.9: NDT and quality control for monitoring and compatibility assessment


In the past, the application of incompatible conservation interventions
and/or the use of incompatible materials without any effective quality
control on their application and without any monitoring of the decay state
after their use have caused significant problems – even enhanced the effect
of the prevailing decay factors – with the result that today we are dealing
with a much deteriorated state of the building than before.

Successful monitoring of the decay state and
assessment of the compatibility of materials and
conservation interventions can be performed using
state-of-the art techniques such as Non-Destructive
Testing and employing Total Quality Control in all
stages of protection of Cultural Heritage



State-of-the Art Tools

Instrumental Non-destructive Strategic
Methods Testing Planning Tools

Total Quality Control

 Quality control of materials and continuous monitoring of their decay state
 Compatibility assessment of the conservation materials and the effectiveness of
conservation interventions in-situ and on the scale of architectural surfaces
 Strategic planning of conservation interventions – Scientific Support to Decision
Making
 Integrated environmental management, strategic urban planning – Monitoring of
the impact of the environment on monuments



Non Destructive Techniques
for Cultural Heritage Protection

ELAICH – Athens Experimental Course:
In situ use of non destructive techniques on marble
surfaces at the archaeological site of Eleusis



Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) in Cultural Heritage

Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT) are widely used in Cultural Heritage protection since:

 Destructive sampling is prohibited in the conservation of historic monuments
 They offer certain unique capabilities in a variety of applications

Applications
 Materials quality control, as well as for technology
assessment regarding the production of advanced
Typical NDT in Cultural Heritage materials
Ultrasonics  Environmental impact assessment - materials and
Infrared Thermography
weathering mapping
Fibre Optics Microscopy
Digital Image Processing  Evaluation of conservation materials compatibility and
Ground Penetrating Radar conservation interventions effectiveness on the scale of
Colorimetry architectural surfaces and historic masonries
 Strategic planning for the conservation interventions.
 Environmental management for the protection of Cultural
Heritage



NDT Management



Ultrasonics

Basic Principles
Measures the velocity of ultrasounds traveling
through a media, which depends on the media’s
density and the presence of voids and cracks.

NTUA uses a Portable Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Indicating Tester
(PUNDIT) with transducers of various frequencies

Applications
• Estimation of the depth of the decay patterns
(crusts, cracks etc),
• Evaluation of the effectiveness and the depth of
penetration of restoration interventions.
• Assessment of mechanical properties (modulus of
elasticity, compression strength) using standard
velocity vs property plots
In situ use of ultrasonics to measure the pulse velocity of marble
blocks at the archaeological site of Eleusis



Ultrasonics - Assessment of the decay state
T: Transmitter R1 R2 R3 R4 : Receiver Depth of the decayed layer

A Β C

G. Batis, A. Moropoulou “Non-destructive testing of materials –
Ultrasonics” in Laboratory notes of the Course 5202 “Building Materials”
School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of
Athens, pp. 69-77 (2011)

1/ 2 Note “kink” in the slope
xo  VS − VD 
Depthdecay =  
2  VS + VD 
 
where Vs, VD, are the ultrasonic velocities in the
healthy and damaged part of the stone,
respectively and xo the distance between the
transducers where a change in slope of the
distance-time curve is observed



Ultrasonics – Differentiation of plastered surfaces on monument scale
Estimation of ultrasound velocities on plastered surfaces

Se3 (1):
Beige painted plaster, west façade, clay mortar

Se3 (2), Se3 (3):
Beige painted plaster, north façade, clay mortar

Se2 (1), Se2 (2), Se2 (3), Se2 (4), Se2 (5):
Grey painted scratched plaster, west façade, cement mortar

Moropoulou, A., Biscontin, G., Tsiourva, Th., Bisbikou, K., Longega, P., Tsantila, V., Groggia, M., Dalaklis, E.,
Petritaki, A., “Evaluation of cleaning procedures on the facades of the Bank of Greece historical building in the
centre of Athens”, Building and Environment, 37 (2002) pp 753-760



Ultrasonics - Assessment of cohesion enhancement
Medieval City of Rhodes: Pilot applications of consolidants Penetration depth of consolidation materials
Rodos - St. Paul - P-wave
St Paul’s gate: In vicinity to the Site P-PH2
sea. The application surface is T
south oriented and the backside 160
of the walls is continuously fed 140
by salt solution due to the sea 120
environment. 100

80

60 D2=12.8 mm

40

20 D1=6.7 mm
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Distance (X, mm)

St. Catherine’s Hospice: Rodos Ag. Aikaterini - P-
wave Site PH
The application was performed T
on internal wall surfaces,
160
recently restored by freshly
140
quarried stones, yet presenting
120
recession of the surface and D2=21.1
100
material loss. mm
80
60
40
20 D1=15.3
Moropoulou, A., Tsiourva, Th., Theoulakis, P., Christaras, B., Koui., M., “Non 0 mm
destructive evalution of pilot scale treatments for porous stone consolidation in the 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Medieval City of Rhodes”, PACT, J. European Study Group on Physical, Chemical,
Distance (X, mm)
Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 56 (1998) pp.
259-278 mm)



Infrared Thermography (IRT)
Basic Principles
Measures the thermal radiation (infra-red range in the
electromagnetic spectrum) emitted by materials and renders an
image of the surface area in pseudo-colors which are related to a
temperature scale

Applications
• Identification and mapping of decay on monuments and
architectural surfaces
• Assessment of physicochemical compatibility of materials &
structures
• Detection of defects in materials or structures
• Identification of rising damp and condensation on masonries
ELAICH – Istanbul Experimental Course:
In situ use of infrared thermography to assess the
NTUA uses FLIR System B200 IR camera decay state of mosaics in Hagia Sophia
[7.5-13 μm / Thermal sensitivity 70mK]



Infrared thermography setup How is infrared thermography affected
IR radiation

A. Passive Approach
The thermal and optical behavior of a
surface depend on endogenous and
exogenous parameters
PC
IRT camera

Light Endogenous Parameters Exogenous Parameters
Lamp

IR radiation

Chemical Composition Temperature of Environment
B. Active Approach
Defect

Microstructure Relative Humidity
PC
IRT camera

Heat induction Surface (i.e. roughness) Light / Shadowing



Infrared thermography - Mosaics
Pilot Mosaic Panel for Laboratory investigation with IRT

Minor temperature Tesserae
variations are observed due 1st Rendering
to the presence of one solid
material and not a
combination of different
layers in the panel Subsurface
of Mosaic
Blank
Gold tesserae

2nd Rendering

“Hot colours” render the
presence of gold in the
investigated panel. This is
due to the low absorption
Tessera intensity (high reflection) of
the material (gold).
GE2LM
Infrared Thermography can reveal mosaics even if they are plastered

Moropoulou, A., Avdelidis, N.P., Aggelakopoulou, E., Griniezakis, S., Koui, M., Aggelopoulos, A., Karmis, P.,
Uzunoglou, N.K., “Examination of plastered mosaic surfaces using NDT techniques”, INSIGHT J. of the
British Institute of non-destructive testing, 43, No 4 (2001) pp. 241-243



Infrared thermography - Moisture & building materials
Study of moisture transport phenomena

In-lab evaluation of
moisture transport
phenomena of
commercial
macroporous plasters

System EM - brick

Karoglou, M. Moropoulou, A., Giakoumaki, A., and
Krokida, M.K., “Capillary rise kinetics of some building
materials”, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,
284 [1] (2005) pp. 260-264

System TR - brick

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Togkalidou, T., Karoglou, M., Papapostolou, A., “Assessment of different macroporous plasters by water vapour permeability measurements”, in:
Influence of the Environment and Defence of the Territory on Recovery of Cultural Heritage, 6th Int. Symp. on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, eds L.
Aires-Barros, F. Zezza, A. Dionisio, M. Rodrigues, Lisbon, April (2004), Proceedings in CD-Rom, pp. 302-306



Infrared thermography - Compatibility of interventions
Assessment of compatibility of restoration materials

The incompatibility of replacement
stones is indicated by the difference
in temperature compared with the
historic materials

Venetian Fortifications of Heraklion, Greece

Moropoulou, A., Koui, M., Avdelidis, N.P., “Infrared thermography as a NDT
tool in the evaluation of materials & techniques for the protection of historic
monuments”, INSIGHT, J. of the British Institute of non-destructive testing, 42
No 6 (2000) pp. 379-383
Avdelidis, N.P., Moropoulou, A., “Applications of infrared thermography for
the investigation of historic structures: a review study”, Journal of Cultural
Heritage, 5 [1] (2004) pp. 119-127



Infrared thermography - Cleaning
Evaluation of pilot cleaning interventions

Bank of Greece, Athens, Stadiou Street

As shown in the left side of the infrared
thermograph, the lower temperatures
indicate water retention and remnants of the
cleaning agent (sepiolite – absorbent clay)
which was not thoroughly removed by
cleaning experts. In contrast, on the right
side cleaning has been performed according
to the standards

Moropoulou, A., Biscontin, G., Tsiourva, Th., Bisbikou, K., Longega, P., Tsantila, V., Groggia, M.,
Dalaklis, E., Petritaki, A., “Evaluation of cleaning procedures on the facades of the Bank of
Greece historical building in the centre of Athens”, Building and Environment, 37 (2002) pp
753-760



Fibre Optics Microscopy (FOM)

Basic Principles
Captures images in the visible spectrum. Image is
transmitted via optical fibres and then transformed
into electric signals which are stored in a video unit
or digitized and stored on a computer

Applications
• Identifies differences in the texture and
composition of surfaces,
• Materials classification,
• microstudy of the decay phenomena,
• Evaluation of restoration interventions

In situ use of fibre optics microscopy to identify
the decay patterns on marble surfaces at the
archaeological site of Eleusis



Fibre Optics Microscopy (FOM) - Surface morphology
Investigation of materials’ surface morphology

6th Century Mosaic (x50), Hagia 10th Century Mosaic (x50), Clay Plaster (x25), Stadiou Historic
Sophia, Dome Hagia Sophia, Dome Building in Athens

Weathered Mortar Surface (x50), Inner Part of Compact Mortar Surface Interface of Cement Plasters (x25),
Hagia Sophia, N/W Outer (x25), Hagia Sophia, N/W Outer Stadiou Historic Building in Athens
Narthex Narthex
Moropoulou, A., Avdelidis, N.P., Delegou, E.T., Gill, C.H., Smith, J., “Study of deterioration Moropoulou, A., Avdelidis, N.P., Delegou, E.T., “NDT and planning on historic
mechanisms of vitreous tesserae mosaics”, Scienza e Beni Culturali XVIII, ed. G. Biscontin, G. buildings and complexes for the protection of cultural heritage”, Cultural
Driussi, Publ. Arcadia Ricerche, (2002) pp. 843-851 Heritage Conservation and Environmental Impact Assessment by Non-
Destructive Testing and Micro – Analysis, ed. R.Van Grieken, K. Janssens, Publ.
Balkema, Taylor & Francis Group, (2005) pp. 67-76



Fibre Optics Microscopy (FOM) - Quality control
Detection of defects in building materials

Quality control of building materials of
National Technical University of Athens
Zografou Campus Athens 2004 Olympic
Games Building, M. Karoglou, A.
Defect in brick (x25) Defect in brick (x50)
Moropoulou (2004)

Concrete surface with salt
Defect in brick (x25) depositions (x50)



Fibre Optics Microscopy (FOM) - Materials
Materials classification

Venetian Fortress of Heraklion, Crete

Cementitious Mortar (x25) Historic Lime Mortar (x50)
Moropoulou, A., Tsiourva, Th., Theoulakis, P., Christaras, B., Koui., M., “Non destructive evalution of pilot scale treatments for porous stone consolidation in the
Medieval City of Rhodes”, PACT, J. European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 56 (1998)
pp. 259-278



Fibre Optics Microscopy (FOM) - Decay
Classification of decay typologies for porous stones
Medieval City of Rhodes

Hard carbonate crust (yellow color)
with parallel development of
biogenic crust (grey)

Alveolation

Moropoulou, A., Koui, M., Tsiourva, Th.,
Kourteli, Ch., Papasotiriou, D., “Macro- and
micro non destructive tests for
environmental impact assessment on
architectural surfaces”, Materials Issues in
Art and Archaeology V, Vol. 462, ed. P.B.
Vandiver, J.R. Druzik, J.F. Merkel, J. Stewart,
Publ. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh
(1997) pp. 343-349



Fibre Optics Microscopy (FOM) - Consolidation
Evaluation of consolidation interventions

Untreated Surface, (x50), Surface treated with PH (pre- Surface treated with PL
Rhodes Porous Stone ydrolysed ethyl silicate with (aqueous colloidal dispersion
amorphous silica) (x50) of silica particles), (x50)

After consolidation treatments, information regarding microstructural modifications of porous materials, as
well as the deposition mechanism of the applied materials, can be obtained by using fibre optics microscopy

Moropoulou, A., Theoulakis, P., Tsiourva, Th., Haralampopoulos, G., “Compatibility evaluation of consolidation treatments in monuments scale”, PACT, J. European Study Group on
Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 59 (2000) pp. 209-230
Moropoulou, A., Haralampopoulos, G., Tsiourva, Th., Theoulakis, P., Koui, M., “Long term performance evaluation of consolidation treatments in situ”, Scienza e Beni Culturali XVI,
ed. G. Biscontin, G. Driussi, Publ. Arcadia Ricerche S.r.l. (2000) pp. 239-25



Fibre Optics Microscopy (FOM) - Cleaning
Pentelic Marble surface, (x25) Evaluation of cleaning interventions
Athens Academy Historic Building
black organicdepositions, black organic Validation of Cleaning Intervention FOM Images
before cleaning depositions, by FTIR Spectroscopy
after cleaning

Moropoulou, A., Delegou, E.T., Avdelidis, N.P., Koui, M., “Non-destructive investigation
of architectural surfaces in polluted urban atmosphere”, in Proc. 39th Int. Conf. of the
British Institute of NDT, Buxton, UK (2000) pp. 143-148

Moropoulou, A., Delegou, E.T., Avdelidis, N.P., Koui., M., “Assessment of cleaning
conservation interventions on architectural surfaces using an intergrated
methodology”, Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VI, Vol. 712, ed. P. Vandiver, M.
black-gray crust, black-gray crust, after Goodway, J.R. Druzik, J.L. Mass, Publ. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (2002), pp.
before cleaning, cleaning, 69-76



Digital Image Processing
Basic Principles
Depending on the material, the surface texture and morphology, and the
decay state, a variation of the reflectance and absorption of
electromagnetic radiation is observed, which can be identified.
Applications
Images from FOM, IRT, Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy are
digitally processed identifying differences in texture and decay state of
surfaces, lithotypes, and allowing material and decay mapping

Microstructural analysis – Image Pro X

Decay Mapping, National Library of Athens

1. Optical microscopy image 2. Conversion to grayscale – Gray level histogram

Kapsalas, P., Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P., Zervakis, M., Delegou,
E.T., Moropoulou, A., “Optical inspection for quantification of
decay on stone surfaces”, J. NDT&E International, 40 (2007) 3. Process – Segmentation / Threshold 4. Microstructural analysis
pp. 2-11 A. Moropoulou, A. Konstanti “Laboratory notes on digital image processing”, Interdepartmental Postgraduate
Course “Protection of monuments, sites and complexes”, Nat. Techn. Univ of Athens



Digital Image Processing - Decay
Change of the energy Correlation of gray levels with degree of weathering
content of the gray
levels.
The position on the x-
axis is determined by the
color of the material, the
dispersion of the values
can be correlated to the
characteristics of the
material and its decay
state. The degree of
weathering of the
material is related to the
width (x-axis) of the gray
levels; the width
increases with increasing
decay state

Moropoulou, A., Koui, M., Theoulakis, P., Kourteli, Ch., Zezza, F., “Digital
Image Processing for the Environmental Impact Assessment on
Architectural Surfaces”, J. Environmental Chemistry and Technology, 1
(1995) pp. 23-32

Energy profiles (gray levels) based on the
structural characteristics and the degree of
weathering of various lithotypes



Digital Image Processing - Decay mapping
Decay mapping through pseudocolor assignment

Main Decay Factor: Alveolation
(red pseudocolor 35%)

Typical pseudocolor assignment
Grayscale

Original photo
Venetian Fortifications of
Heraklion

NTUA Report on Venetian
Fortifications of Heraklion.
Project of the
Conservation Bureau of
Heraklion, Regional
Administration of Crete Pseudocolours
(2001) attribution



Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
In situ use of ground penetrating radar to reveal Main Unit
internal defects on marble blocks at the
archaeological site of Eleusis
NTUA uses the MALÅ ProEx system with
1.6GHz and 2.3GHz antennas and
RadExplorer v.1.41 software

Transmitter Receiver

Direct link

Transmitted
Pulse

Reflected Energy

Inhomogeneity

Material 1
Refracted
Energy
A. Moropoulou, K. Labropoulos “Non-destructive testing of
materials – Ground Penetrating Radar” Laboratory notes of the
Course 5202 “Building Materials” School of Chemical Engineering,
Material 2 Diffused Energy
National Technical University of Athens, pp. 37-52 (2011)



Ground Penetrating Radar -
Katholikon NW Dome Assessment of the decay state of the structural system
base (exterior)

Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Katholikon north view of the north
masonry (interior of the church)

(Left) Presence of two cracks (T1 & T2) that penetrate the external layer of the Katholikon Dome Base. (Right) Presence of three double
reinforcing bars A1, A2, A3 and a reinforcing matrix 5x5cm B1 (Report to the Patriarchate of Jerusalem on NDT Assessment of the Church
of the Holy Sepulchre, National Technical University of Athens, 2011)



GPR reveals surfaces of plastered mosaics, wherein
areas of detached tesserae, as well as areas with
moisture problems and presence of salts are
displayed.
The boundaries of problematic areas are
detectable, due to the differentiations of the EM
waves transmission

Ground penetrating radar
measurement of area ET

Examined surface:
Vakif intervention at the dome of Hagia
Sophia, between the 19th and the 20th rib
Moropoulou, A., Koui, M., Avdelidis, N.P., Delegou, E.T., Aggelakopoulou, E., Karoglou, M., Karmis, P., Aggelopoulos, A., Griniezakis, S., Karagianni, E.A.,
Uzunoglou, N.K., “Investigation for the compatibility of conservation interventions on Hagia Sophia mosaics using NDT techniques”, PACT, J. European
Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology, 59 (2000) pp. 103-120



Ground Penetrating Radar - Mosaics
Assessment of the decay state of mosaics

Hagia Sophia, South upper Gallery
Areas around the revealed mosaic where the presence of void
spaces below the plastered mosaic layer has been identified by The space indicated with dashed curve is
ground penetrating radar possibly filled with mortar and bricks. Care
should be taken at this junction area
A. I. Moropoulou, K. C. Labropoulos, N. S. Katsiotis “Application of ground penetrating radar for the regarding the cohesion of the preserved
assessment of the decay state of Hagia Sophia’s mosaics” Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A & B, mosaic with its support mortar and the
in press (2012) structure



Colorimetry
Basic Principles
Colorimetry involves the use of a spectrophotometer of visible light to
measure the color coordinates of architectural surfaces as these are
modified due to environmental impact and/or protection interventions
NTUA uses the spectro-color Applications
DRLANGE color-pen: Color
measurements evaluated in Identification of decay patterns, evaluation of the effectiveness of cleaning
L*a*b* color system interventions on architectural surfaces
Evaluation of decay patterns on pentelic marble – Academy of Athens

ΔΕ*ab=[(ΔL*)2+ (Δa*)2+(Δb*)2]1/2 Estimation of color parameters’ modification of
different decay patterns on exterior marble surfaces
Aesthetic parameters:
ΔC*ab < 0 ⇒ less saturated areas after cleaning
80
Δa* < 0 ⇒ greener (less red)
60
Δb*<0 ⇒ bluer (less yellow) AA2
AA3
ΔL*ab > 0 so higher luminosity values after cleaning AA2: grey crust 40
AA4
AA3: dust fall 20 AA6
Validation according to AA4: washed out surface
0 AA7
ASTM D2244-93 Standard Test Method AA6: black-grey crust
ΔL*ab Δa* Δb* ΔE*ab ΔC*ab
AA7: area of grey veins -20
Biscontin, G., Bakolas, A., Bertoncello, R., Longega, G., Moropoulou, A., Tondello,
E., Zendri, E., “Investigation of the effects of the cleaning procedures applied to
stone surfaces”, Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology IV, Vol. 352, ed. J.R. Druzik, Moropoulou, A., Delegou, E.T., Avdelidis, N.P., Koui., M., “Assessment of cleaning conservation interventions on
P.B. Vandiver, Publ. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1995) pp. 857-864 architectural surfaces using an intergrated methodology”, Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VI, Vol. 712,
ed. P. Vandiver, M. Goodway, J.R. Druzik, J.L. Mass, Publ. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (2002), pp.
69-76



Validation of NDT by Laboratory Techniques
Macroscopic investigation:
Classification in order of increasing
degree of alveolar decay
(V = max)
Moropoulou, A., Koui, M., Kourteli, Ch., Achilleopoulos, N., Zezza, F., “Digital image processing
and integraded computerised analysis for weathering on planning conservation interventions
on historic structures and architectural complexes”, in Proc. EURISCON Conference on European
Robotics, Intelligent Systems and Control, Publ. International Association for Mathematics and
Computers in Simulation (1999)

DIP

Microstructural investigation (Mercury
Intrusion Porosimetry):
Pore volume distribution for each
degree of alveolar decay
Theoulakis, P., Moropoulou, A., “Microstructural and mechanical parameters determining the susceptibility of porous building stones to salt decay”, Construction and Building
Materials, 11, No. 1 (1997) pp. 65-71



Validation of NDT by Laboratory Techniques
Hard Carbonate Crust:

(Combined assessment with the use of
NDT and validation with SEM)

Fibre Optics Microscopy
Digital Image Processing
Scanning Electron Microscopy

Alveolar Weathering

(Combined assessment with the use of
NDT and validation with SEM)
Moropoulou, A., Koui, M., Tsiourva, Th.,
Kourteli, Ch., Papasotiriou, D., “Macro- and Fibre Optics Microscopy
micro non destructive tests for environmental
impact assessment on architectural surfaces”, Digital Image Processing
Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology V, Vol.
462, ed. P.B. Vandiver, J.R. Druzik, J.F. Merkel, J. Scanning Electron Microscopy
Stewart, Publ. Materials Research Society,
Pittsburgh (1997) pp. 343-349



Total Quality Control
in the Protection of Built
Cultural Heritage

Prof. Antonia Moropoulou – Topic 5.9: Knowing the building Photo courtesy of K. Labropoulos


Scientific support to decision making

The development of a decision
making support system should
concern:

 Decision making regarding the
selection of the most
appropriate conservation
materials and interventions
 Lifetime prediction
 The assessment of the socio-
economic impact of the
interventions
 Assessment of the
sustainability

A. Moropoulou “ Standards, methodology and techniques for total quality control in buildings and
infrastructure works with non-destructive techniques” Technical Chamber of Greece, 134 pages, (2005)



Quality control is a concept that should not be limited only to the commonly applied standardized and
reproducible selection and manufacturing of conservation materials and the standardized implementation of
conservation interventions, but instead should cover the whole range of activities regarding protection of
monuments.

This is accomplished through the introduction of a
TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM

Compatibility – Serviceability of
materials and interventions
Regulations CRITERIA
New requirements from users (Quality)

Preservation of
authenticity
Methodology
QUALITY CONTROL
(Parameterization)

Historic Documentation

Architectural Materials and Conservation Interventions

Reference: Ibid Structural



Criteria for a Total Quality Control System

 Observance of the deontology of international conventions that demand the preservation and presentation of
historic, sentimental virtues and the architecture of monuments, while preserving the authentic materials, forms and
structures.
 Serviceability of the conservation interventions and restorations (so that the building can accept safely the new
uses and face the earthquake risk)
 Compatibility of the materials and conservation interventions with authentic materials, the building and its
environment
 Sustainability (Increase of lifetime, protection of the environment and energy savings, minimization of environmental
impact on the monument)

Criteria and methodology for the performance of materials and conservation interventions

Determination of the control parameters of (in)compatibility and effectiveness of the conservation
materials and interventions, including the structural interventions and reinforcements.
 Introduction of the scientific and technical criteria and determination of the appropriate
specifications for the conservation materials and interventions
 Determination of the control parameters for quality assurance, that is the degree of accomplishment
of serviceability

Reference: Ibid


Integrated methodology for quality control in cultural heritage protection

Data Base Inspection report
Documentation, Environmental, Air
Pollution, Degradation Mechanisms, Check Lists
…

Surveys and Ranking Inspection
Monitoring Inspection Necessity Index
(manuals, check lists)

Check Lists
Interventions Works No
Need for
Assessment intervention
s

Interventions Works Yes

Study for Ranking No
Interventions Need for
Intervention Necessity Index diagnosis
(Specifications)
Yes

Diagnosis Diagnosis Ranking
report (Diagnosis Protocol) Diagnosis Necessity Index

Moropoulou, A., Chandakas, B., Togkalidou, T., Karoglou, M., Padouvas, E., “A new methodology for quality control and monitoring of historic buildings: A tool for lifetime
engineering”, Symposium Proceedings, 2nd International symposium, ILCDES Integrated Life-time Engineering of Buildings and Civil Infrastructures, Kuopio, Finland (2003) pp.
269-274



Main features of the Total Quality Control System

 Widespread use of Non-destructive techniques as they do not require sampling, so they can be employed as often as
they are required
 NDT can be integrated in a continuous monitoring system providing information to a documentation / data
management system
 The three main elements - Inspection, Diagnosis of decay and Protection Interventions - are not performed
independently or at random intervals. Instead they are “triggered” by respective Necessity Indices that provide the
ranking priorities among the parts of the monument that need to be monitored and protected and define the
appropriate timing for each respective action
 The inspection activities, the diagnostic study and the actual protection/conservation interventions are performed
following strict predefined protocols and standards to ensure reproducibility, quality of the procedures, and
compatibility of the data obtained with an integrated documentation data base

Total Quality Control - 1. Inspection

 Perform inspection using standard inspection manual and complete standard inspection checklists
 Perform simple cheap measurements
 Compile a report assessing the condition of the building
 Employ trained personnel
 Compile a comprehensive manual for inspection. Use standard classification systems for buildings appropriate for
inspection, and extend them to include elements of cultural heritage buildings

Togkalidou T., Moropoulou A., Karoglou M., Padouvas E., Chandakas B., “System for Conservation Management of Historic Buildings incorporating Quality Control Principles”,
Conference Proceedings, Innovative Technologies and Materials for the Protection of Cultural Heritage. Industry, Research, Education: European Acts and Perspectives, Technical
Chamber of Greece, Athens, 16-17 December 2003



Total Quality Control - 2. Diagnosis
Diagnostic Methodology
 Documentation and Geometrical Study
 Integrated Diagnostic Study
 Architectural Study (Architect)
 Structural Analysis (Civil Engineer)
 Diagnostic Study of Materials and Interventions (Materials Science)

Geotechnical Study and Other Special Studies
 The results of the distinct studies have to be integrated for safe conclusions
 Non destructive techniques should be preferred

Diagnosis and Criteria

Architecture Structural Analysis Materials Science
and faults
Damages

Architectural and Structural problems
Incompatibility of materials,
Morphological problems that affect the load
decay of materials
(alterations, changes of use) bearing capacity
Documentation
and diagnosis

Architectural and
Geometrical Study Load bearing Materials and Decay
and Morphological and mechanism analysis Characterization
Aesthetical Degradations

Aesthetics, historical and
Criteriais
Criteria

cultural values, conservation of Safety requirements Compatibility, durability,
form and morphology, and response to seismic loads serviceability
historic memory of a monument
Reference: Ibid



Total Quality Control - 3.1 Intervention Study

Structural Study of
Interventions Check the structural performance Architectural Study
of alternative interventions

For the conservation, restoration, For the conservation and
strengthening of the structural restoration of morphology and
performance of masonry structures. architectural elements.

Proposing materials and
techniques of interventions
Check the conservation of
structural elements and
morphology of building, of
architectural elements and
of traditional technologies

Check the compatibility and durability of
alternative proposals

For the materials conservation, for
Study of materials and the restoration of structural
techniques of intervention performance of masonry units, for the
mitigation of danger from
environmental loads.

Reference: Ibid



Total Quality Control - 3.2 Intervention Work
 Compile and follow a quality plan for intervention works according to the intervention study
 Follow and conform with the specifications of interventions study
 Design and produce customized materials
 Complete checklists on site for materials and works to prove conformation
 Use trained personnel
 Inspect the works with on site non destructive techniques

Total Quality Control – Data Management
FOM

Ultrasonics
Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Togkalidou T.,
Karoglou, M., Kaouri, P., Chandakas, B.,
Moropoulou A., Avdelidis N., Karoglou M., Aggelakopoulou E.
“Performances and Durability of Materials for
“Standardization and norms for the quality control of structures using
Monitoring and Quality Control (The Case of
NDT” Proc. 1st Pan-Hellenic (National) Congress on Standardization,
Municipal Market of Pyrgos)”, Scienza e Beni
Protypes and Quality 13-24/11 (2004)
Culturali XX, ed. G. Biscontin, G. Driussi, Publ.
Arcadia Ricerche, (2004) pp. 765-774
Moropoulou A. Karoglou M., Avdelidis N., Aggelakopoulou E. Bakolas A.
IRT “Assessment of sustainability of structures – infrastructures with NDE”
Proc. 5th Int. Exposition & Conf. on Environmental Technology, Technical
Chamber of Greece, Athens 3-6/2 (2005)


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