2. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
FY12 Facts
!
!
!
!
!
$1B in R&D expenditures
More than 4,400 staff
2000+ users & visiting
scientists
1,041 peer-reviewed
publications
!
!
!
Offices located across the state
Collaborators across government,
industry, academia working to solve
client challenges
U.S. Department of Energy’s topperforming laboratory for 5 years
44 patents & 176 inventions
2
5. Today’s Grid can supply 70% of our
daily driving energy
105%
57%
78%
104%
46%
18%
10%
MAPP 127%
NWP
23%
15%
CNV
61%
66%
39%
AZN
& RMP
73%
SPP
45%
NPCC(US)
MAIN
ECAR
100%
73%
80%
52%
31%
SERC
86%
49%
57%
34%
ERCOT
% figures denote the percentage of LDV fleet supported by idle electric capacity
Nighttime
Charging
Only
(hrs 18 – 6)
Daytime +
Nighttime
Charging
(0 – 24 hrs)
Summary
u Midwest:
support almost
the entire LDV
fleet
u East: somewhat
smaller potential
u West: supports
fewer vehicles
6. Increased Sales of Electricity from PHEVs
Produce Downward Pressure on Electricity Rates*
kWh Produced
* analyzes of Cincinnati Gas & Electric
and San Diego Gas & Electric
Increased
sales
Same
infrastructure,
same capital
investment
=
MW Capacity,
Capital Investment
Utility Cost of Service, By Element of Cost
$60.00
$54.2
6
$50.00
Fixed Distribution,
$14.25
$50.2
7
Fixed Distribution,
$12.54
$40.00
Before After
$/kWh
Dollars per MWh
+
Cincinnati Gas & Electric Costs/MWh
with PHEV Valley Filling
Before After
$30.00
Variable Power Supply,
$15.84
Variable Power Supply,
$15.80
Fixed Transmission
Variable Power
Supply
$20.00
Fixed Power Supply,
$23.66
$10.00
Fixed Power Supply,
$21.43
BEFORE
AFTER
Cincinnati Gas and Electric
Before After
Fixed Distribution
Variable
Transmission
$0.00
Lower
electricity
rates
Variable Distribution
Cincinnati Gas and Electric
Fixed Power Supply
8. PNNL Grid-Friendly Charger Controller
!
With communications as part of the AGC control
! Provision of regulation services to minimize ACE
! Requires high update rates via SCADA network
!
Without communications
! Based on frequency deviations from nominal AC frequency
! Provision of frequency bias portion of ACE
! Extremely low-cost
10. Emissions intensity (ton CO2/MWh) impacts.
Only from electricity generation
9.0%
8.0%
NWP
7.0%
CNV
AZN&RMP
! Regions with clean generation
(CNV, NWP) will likely
increase emissions intensity
because vehicle load is met
with fossil generation
! Midwestern regions (ECAR,
MAIN, MAPP, etc.) show a
slight reduction because of
the additional natural gas
generation
Change
in
CO2
intensity
NPCC(US)
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
A4
3.0%
A5
2.0%
A6
A5
(US)
1.0%
Change
in
CO2
intensity
0.0%
1.0%
-‐1.0%
A6
2.0%
-‐2.0%
A4: home, A5: home and work (day), A6: home after 22:00 (night)
Emissions results present mixed message:
10
• for some not much difference between day- and night-charging
• for others lower emissions at night because of higher efficiency of
combined cycle versus combustion turbine plants
12. Ben Franklin Transit all-electric bus
Diesel
Bus
Cost:
425K
100-‐150
mi/day
$37,700/yr
fuel
1.03¢/mi
all
in
November 11, 2013
VS
Electric
Bus
Cost:
525K
120
mi/day
$2,400/yr
fuel
0.007¢/mi
all
in
12
13. discharging
V2G
• provides regulation
service as a load and
generator
• requires charging and
discharging according
to grid operators
signal
charging
V2G½: Load can provide regulation
services
Max. charging (7.2 kW = 240V*30A)
Capacity value
(-7.2 to 7.2=14.4kW)
Max. discharging (-7.2 kW)
• provides regulation
service as a load only
• requires only charging
• modulates charging
discharging
V2G½
charging
Max. charging (7.2 kW)
Capacity value
(0 to 7.2=7.2 kW)
Never discharge !
Max. discharging (-7.2 kW)
Attribute of “V2G½”:
• provides regulation service with ½ the capacity value of V2G
• however, less than half the cost because
• no interconnection gear with grid necessary because no electricity goes back into grid
• removes any uncertainties regarding battery life reduction
because of extra cycling
13
15. Doing Business with PNNL
Direct
Licensing of
Existing IP
• Patents and
technologies
available for
licensing
November 11, 2013
CRADA
WFO
ACT
• Cost share
with DOE
• Fund
research
• Fund
research
• Option to
exclusive
rights to
foreground
IP
• Keep the IP
• Negotiate IP
• With strings
• Fewer
strings
15