3. Binomial System Used to categorize organisms Created by Linnaeus in 18th century 2 Latin names: Homo sapiens Homo = genus Homo sapiens = species Genus= always written with an initial capital letter Specific name = lower case Always italic (or different from text font) or underlined (when handwritten) Examples: Tiger= PantheratigrisLion = Pantheraleo Dog = CanisfamiliarisWolf = Canis lupus Sunflower = Helianthusannuus
4. Helianthus annuus Sunflower Canisfamiliaris Dog BINNOMIAL SYSTEM Canis lupus Wolf Pantheraleo Lion Escherichia coli bacteria
5. Hierarchy KINGDOM PHYLLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES If you need a trick to remember the sequence: “king phillip came over for green soup”
6. Basic features to remember... Prokaryotic cell x Eukaryotic cell Autotroph x Heterotroph
7. Classification For a long time: two kingdoms = ANIMALS AND PLANTS With the microscope = more creatures discovered Now:
8. Kingdom Eubacteria bacteria, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) Unicellular organisms Prokaryotes Some move (flagellum), some don’t Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
9. Kingdom Archaebacteria Live in extreme environments: Rich in methane (found for example in the digestive system of ruminants) Salt Hot springs Ocean (plankton) Closer to eukaryotes Classification is still changing
10. Kingdom Protista Amoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosomacruzi, Toxoplasma, Euglena, Paramecium ALL unicellular Eukaryotes Some move (cilia, flagellum), some don’t Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic Amoeba moving/feeding: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU&feature=related
11. Kingdom Plantae algae, mosses, ferns, flowering plants ALL multicellular Eukaryotes ALL autotrophic 4 main divisions: Bryophytes (moss) Ferns (ferns) Gimnospermophytes (pine trees) Angiospermophytes (flowering plants)
12. Kingdom Fungi fungi, molds, mushrooms, yeasts, mildews Some unicellular, some multicellular Eukaryotes ALL heterotrophic (saprotrophic: absorb organic matter from decaying organisms) Do not move Cells: no chlorophyll, cell wall made of chitin (not cellulose like plants)
13. Kingdom Animalia invertebrates and vertebrates ALL multicellular Eukaryotes ALL heterotrophic Some move, some don’t Many phyla: Porifera (sponge) Cnidaria (jellyfish) Platyhelminthe (flatworm) Nematoda (roundworm) Annelida (earthworm) Arthropoda (ant) Mollusca (snail) Echinodermata (sea star) Chordata (includes vertebrates)
14. What is a dichotomous key? tool that allows the user to determine the identity of a certain item (like, for example, a tree, a flower, an animal or a simple object) "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.
15. Engage Activity – Create your own dichotomous key Create a dichotomous key to identify all students in this classroom, using questions based on gender, hair length/color, glasses (or not), clothing color/type, etc Rule: You must not use characteristics that might make people feel uncomfortable!!! 1. Gender 1a. Is this person male? Go to question 2. 1b. Is this person female? Go to question 3.
17. Phyllum Porifera Sponges Aquatic environments Oldest of the animal phyla / Porifera = "pore bearer" Asymmetrical / Stationary animals No specialized tissues No “real” skeleton Body structure = numerous small pores + few large openings Food: filters plankton Respiration: diffusion of O2 and CO2 Hermaphrodites Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
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19. Phyllum Cnidaria Jellyfish, anemone, coral, hydra Cnidos = “stinging needle” Aquatic environments Radial symmetry Two layers of tissue (including some nerve cells) Two main life forms: free-swimming medusa (jellyfish) or stationary polyp (anemone) Body = single opening to gastrovascular cavity that serves as the mouth and anus and is typically surrounded by a ring of tentacles packed with stinging cells Stinging cells: offense and defense Food: from tiny protists to large fish Reproduction: sexual and asexual
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22. Phyllum Platyhelminthes Planaria, tapeworm Platy = "flat" ; helminth = “worm” Marine, freshwater, damp environments Bilateral symmetry Nervous system present Three tissue layers No circulatory system and no hard skeleton Their bodies have only a single opening, which serves as both a mouth and an anus. Food: carnivorous OR steal food from host Eyespot = group of light-sensitive cells Respiration: diffusion through skin Hermaphrodites Sexual and asexual reproduction Some parasites
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24. PhyllumNematoda Unsegmented cylindrical body Nematos= “thread" Freshwater, sea, soil + parasites Bilateral symmetry Body with 2 openings: mouth and anus Nervous system present Respiration: diffusion through skin Separate genders Wuchereriabancrofti Larva migrans Free living nematode Ascarislumbricoides
25. Phyllum Mollusca Clams, Snails, Slugs, Squid, Octopus Mollis – “soft” Terrestrial, Aquatic (freshwater + marine) Muscular foot: used for locomotion or grasping A calcium shell present in most mollusks: some mollusks have greatly reduced their shells (squid); while others have completely lost it, e.g., slugs and octopus Octopus/squid: eyes with retina and lenses Nervous system (with brain) Respiration: gills / lungs / skin Main body systems Octopus = venom Sexual Reproduction
27. Phyllum Annelida Earthworms, Leeches, Polychaetes Anellus = "little ring” Terrestrial, freshwater, marine, parasites Bilateral symmetry Movement: muscles Body divided into segments (“rings”) Circulatory system present Two openings: mouth and anus Respiration: diffusion through skin Food: small invertebrates, earth, blood Sexual and asexual reproduction Some hermaphrodites
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29. Phyllum Arthropoda Crabs, barnacles, lobsters, shrimp, spiders, mites, scorpions, millipedes, centipedes, insects All environments Arthron = “joint”; podos: “foot” Hard exoskeleton Jointed appendages + segmented body Must molt to grow = shed exoskeleton and inflate the body before the new skeleton hardens. Many appendages : antennae, claws, wings, shields, mouth parts – allow arthropods to exploit nearly every niche on Earth. Circulatory, excretory and nervous systems present Respiration: gills, trachea Sexual Reproduction
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31. Phyllum Echinodermata Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers, Sand Dollar, Brittle Star Marine Larva: bilateral symmetry/ later: radial symmetry No central brain Internal skeleton made of little calcium plates Move, feed and breathe with a unique water-vascular system ending in what are called tube feet Most are either stationary or slow-moving animals Main body systems present Food: from particles to other starfish/shellfish External fertilization Regeneration Sexual and asexual reproduction
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33. Phyllum Chordata 97% are vertebrates -- animals whose skeletons include a backbone (which include Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals) Notochord: an elongate rod-like structure replaced by vertebral column in vertebrates Dorsal nerve cord: a hollow tube that turns into central nervous system Pharyngeal gill slits or clefts: structures located behind the mouth and in front of the esophagus Endoskeleton Lancelet or Amphioxus Ascidea or Tunicata
41. Osteichthyes - bony fishes 96% of living fish species. Most numerous and diverse of the vertebrates. eel, seahorse, tuna, clownfish Anterior mouth Swim bladder: allows them to float Gills protected by operculum Scales Ectothermic bone replaces cartilage External fertilization tuna/seahorse/eel/moonfish
44. Caecilians Originated from fishes All have bony endoskeletons and usually four legs Ectothermic Metamorphosis (some species) All require water at some stage in the life cycle. Most shed their eggs into water, which is also home to a free-swimming larval stage. Respiration: gills, lungs (less efficient) , skin WET skin = respiratory organ (usually thin and sometimes supplied with glands that produce toxins) Heart: 3 chambers External fertilization Eardrums Vocal cords Caecilia – vestigial eyes + no legs
45. Reptilia Crocodiles, Alligators, Turtles, Snakes, Lizards Evolved from amphibians Heart = 4 chambers Ectothermic Skin = dry and full of scales (prevent dehydration) Eggs with shell, amniotic sac (allows them to live on dry land) Well developed lungs Internal fertilization
46. Birds Penguin, Kiwi, Hawk, Ostrich Eggs amnion: can develop on land Heart – 4 chambers Internal fertilization Endothermic Muscular stomach with stones for grinding food Oil gland (help some float in water) Flight adaptations: Feathers – insulation/flight Hollow bones Toothless Strong muscles No bladder (why do you think?) Lungs with air sacs Cerebellum developed (balance) Good vision Membrane covering eye (not eyelid) Some binocular vision (hunters) Blue-footedBoobyBird kiwi Harpia
51. Bryophytes Simple plants, limited size Hold loose dirt in place: avoid weathering/erosion Live in moist areas Depend on water for sexual reproduction: motile male gamete No vascular tissue = absorbs nutrients from environment No true roots = have rhizoids - like root hairs (absorb water, anchor plant) No real stems No real leaves = similar structures but only one cell thick Produce spores involved in asexual reproduction moss liverwort
52. Have vascular tissue: can be bigger Xylem: H2O + minerals Phloem: sap (sugar, hormones...) Have real roots, stems and leaves (aka fronds) Live in moist areas: still needs water for sexual reproduction Spores produced generally on the underside of the leaf (asexual reproduction) Filicinophytes, or Ferns frond young frond rhizome roots
61. AngiospermophytesFloweringPlants Flowering plants with real roots, stems and leaves Occupy all environments Male gamete = pollen (does not need water for reproduction) Seeds are produced – develop inside the ovaries in the flower Ovary develops into a fruit which aids in seed dispersal
