Food irradiation (the application of ionizing radiation to food) is a technology that improves the safety and extends the shelf life of foods by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects. Like pasteurizing milk and canning fruits and vegetables, irradiation can make food safer for the consumer
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What is Food Irradiation in Food Processing
1. FOOD PROCESSING
EQUIPMENT - II
Irradiation in Food Processing
Shelke G.N
Assistant Professor
Department of Food Engineering
CFT Ashti,
Maharashtra 414202
Phone: +919561777282
E-mail: shelkeganesh838@gmail.com
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Point to be covered
Introduction.
Principles of Irradiation
Radiation Sources
Measurement of radiation dose
Applications of Food Irradiation
3. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Introduction.
4. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Introduction.
5. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Introduction.
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desired separation of components
Introduction.
7. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Introduction.
8. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Introduction.
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desired separation of components
Introduction.
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desired separation of components
Introduction.
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Introduction.
Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in
the form of waves or particles through space or through a
material medium.
Electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves,
microwaves, visible light, x-rays, and gamma radiation
(γ)
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13. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
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Introduction.
Particle radiation, such as alpha radiation (α), beta
radiation (β), and neutron radiation (particles of non-zero
rest energy)
Acoustic radiation, such as ultrasound, sound, and
seismic waves (dependent on a physical transmission
medium)
Gravitational radiation, radiation that takes the form of
gravitational waves, or ripples in the curvature of
spacetime.
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Introduction.
Radiation can be either ionizing or non-ionizing,
depending on how it affects matter.
Non-ionizing radiation includes visible light, heat,
radar, microwaves, and radio waves.
This type of radiation deposits energy in the materials
through which it passes.
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desired separation of components
Introduction.
What is the definition of ionization?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or
positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions.
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desired separation of components
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Introduction.
Ionizing radiation (such as x-rays and cosmic rays) is more energetic than non-ionizing
radiation.
Consequently, when ionizing radiation passes through material, it deposits enough
energy to break molecular bonds and displace (or remove) electrons from atoms.
This electron displacement creates two electrically charged particles (ions), which may
cause changes in living cells of plants, animals, and people.
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desired separation of components
20. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
21. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Introduction.
22. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
23. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Introduction.
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desired separation of components
25. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
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Different types of radiation have the characteristic
ability to ionize individual atoms or molecules and
produce a positively charged ion and an electron, i.e.,
Where,
M is an atom or molecule,
hv is a quantum of energy delivered by radiation,
M+ is the positively charged ion, and
e is the electron released.
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Various types of light, x-rays, and gamma rays are part of the electromagnetic
spectrum and posses a dual nature according to quantum theory, in which they may
be considered waves or packets or energy (photons).
Energy and wave properties
are related by
Where, v is the frequency, c is the velocity of light, ʎ is the wavelength, E
is the energy of the photon, and h is the Planck constant.
The energy of photons is usually measured in electronvolts (eV).
An electronvolt is defined as the energy acquired by an electron in a
potential fall of 1 V and has a value equal to 1.602 x 1019 J.
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desired separation of components
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desired separation of components
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desired separation of components
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desired separation of components
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desired separation of components
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desired separation of components
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desired separation of components
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desired separation of components
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desired separation of components
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desired separation of components
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desired separation of components
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desired separation of components
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Principles of Irradiation
When ionizing radiation passes through
a food product, some energy is absorbed
by some chemical bonds.
Some bonds rupture and produce free
radicals which are highly reactive and
unstable.
They instantaneously rejoin with neighboring
compounds and the results are called radiolysis
compounds.
These are similar to the compounds produced by
heating (thermolytic compounds).
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46. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
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The uniqueness of irradiation is that
DNA (microorganisms and insects have a
lot of DNA compared to plant cells) is
very sensitive to irradiation.
Irradiation of DNA at the approved levels
causes base damage, breaking of DNA
strands, and cross linking.
All of these result in the loss of the
organism’s ability to reproduce
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Cobalt-60
The rays used in food processing are obtained from
large 60Co radionuclide sources.
Cobalt-60 units used for food processing are produced
by machining cobalt metal into shapes.
The operations involving handling of 60Co are performed
by remote control, because exposure to the now intensely
radioactive material would be lethal to humans.
Cobalt-60 emits two gamma rays per disintegration, with
energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, and a half-life of 5.3 years.
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Measurement of radiation dose
The radiation dose refers to the amount of these gamma
rays absorbed by the product and is measured in Grays
(Gy).
1 Gy = 1 Joule of absorbed energy / kg of product.
Most treatment levels are on the order of 1 to 10 kGy (1
kGy =1000 Gy)
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Radiation units
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Applications of irradiation
• Radiation pasteurization (sanitary treatment)
• Radiation sterilization
• Replacing chemical fumigation of food
• Sprout inhibition
• Enhancing food quality
• Eliminating certain parasitic hazards in food
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Applications at low dose levels (10 Gy- 1 kGy)
Inhibition of sprouting 0.05 - 0.15 Potatoes,
onions, garlic, root ginger, yam etc.
Insect disinfestations and parasite disinfection
0.15 - 0.5 Cereals and pulses, fresh and dried
fruits, dried fish and meat, fresh pork, etc.
Delay of physiological processes (e.g. ripening)
0.25 - 1.0 Fresh fruits and vegetables.
This process of extending the shelf life is
sometimes called radurization .
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Applications at medium dose levels (1 -10 kGy)
Extension of shelf-life 1.0 - 3.0 kGy fresh
fish, strawberries, mushrooms etc.
Elimination of spoilage and pathogenic
microorganisms 1.0 - 7.0 kGy Fresh and
frozen seafood, raw or frozen poultry and
meat, etc.
Improving technological properties of
food 2.0 - 7.0 kGy Grapes (increasing
juice yield), dehydrated vegetables
(reduced cooking time), etc.
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Applications at high dose levels (10 - 100 kGy)
Industrial sterilization (in combination with
mild heat) 30 - 50 Meat, poultry, seafood,
prepared foods, sterilized hospital diets.
Decontamination of certain food additives
10 - 50 Spices, enzyme preparations, natural
gum, etc and ingredients
This process is analogous to thermal canning
in achieving shelfstability (long term storage
without refrigeration) and is sometimes called
radappertization .
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Advantages of Irradiation
Versatile
Highly effective and efficient
A cold process
No problem of transportation
Solid raw foods can be treated
Treatment does not involve with chemicals and
chemical residues
The process is relatively easy to control
Food can be instantly distributed after
treatment
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Radura logo and statement
“Treated with irradiation” OR “Treated by irradiation”
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