Rituximab is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for aggressive ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) when used as monotherapy or in combination with other immunomodulatory treatments. OCP is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by subepithelial fibrosis and scarring of the conjunctiva that can progress to cause vision loss. Management involves immunosuppressive medications, surgery, and supportive care of ocular surface disease. Untreated, OCP can lead to blindness through complications like corneal perforation.
The document discusses corneal allograft rejection. It begins by describing the structure of the cornea including its immune privilege properties. The cornea has an absence of blood vessels and lymphatics and expresses Fas ligand which helps prevent rejection. Keratoplasty procedures like penetrating keratoplasty are used to transplant donor corneal tissue. Risk factors for rejection include inflammation and vascularization. Rejection types include epithelial, subepithelial, and endothelial rejection. The immune mechanism involves antigen presentation by donor and recipient antigen presenting cells to recipient T cells, leading to direct and indirect rejection pathways over time. Treatment focuses on immunosuppression to prevent the immune response.
Pigmentary glaucoma - Dr Shylesh B DabkeShylesh Dabke
Pigment Dispersion Syndrome (PDS) involves abnormal amounts of pigment released from the iris that deposit throughout the eye. It can sometimes progress to Pigmentary Glaucoma (PG). PDS is more common in young, white, myopic males and has genetic links. Theories for its pathogenesis include mechanical abrasion between the iris and lens zonules or abnormal iris cell degeneration. Over time, PDS can cause increased eye pressure and vision loss from PG if not properly treated with medications, laser procedures, or surgery.
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) is a destructive inflammatory disease of the peripheral cornea characterized by sloughing of the corneal epithelium and stromal melting. It begins with a crescent-shaped inflammatory lesion near the limbus and can progress circumferentially, leading to stromal thinning and potential perforation. PUK is often associated with autoimmune diseases and may be the initial presentation of an undiagnosed systemic vasculitis. Treatment involves topical immunosuppression with corticosteroids for mild cases or systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs for more severe or progressive disease to halt inflammation and promote healing. Surgical interventions like conjunctival resection or grafting are
Mooren's ulcer is a rare autoimmune condition characterized by a chronic, painful peripheral corneal ulcer. It is more common in males and older individuals. Treatment involves a stepwise approach starting with topical steroids, then conjunctival resection to remove inflammatory cells, followed by systemic immunosuppressants if needed. Later stages may require additional surgeries like lamellar keratectomy or keratoplasty to promote healing and rehabilitation of the cornea. The goals are to arrest the destructive process and promote reepithelialization of the corneal surface.
Malignant glaucoma - Dr Shylesh B DabkeShylesh Dabke
This document discusses malignant glaucoma, a condition characterized by a shallow anterior chamber and elevated intraocular pressure despite a patent iridectomy. It occurs most commonly after glaucoma surgery. Several theories exist for its pathogenesis, involving aqueous misdirection posteriorly due to cilio-lenticular or cilio-vitreal blocks. Clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management approaches are described, including medical therapy with cycloplegics and hyperosmotics, laser treatments, and surgical interventions like vitrectomy. Preventing recurrence in the fellow eye is also addressed.
This document discusses viruses, specifically herpes simplex virus (HSV). It provides details on HSV including that it is a double stranded DNA virus that can establish latent infections in sensory ganglia. It then describes the various clinical manifestations of HSV infection, including epithelial keratitis, stromal keratitis, iridocyclitis, and neurotrophic keratitis. The document outlines treatments for different manifestations of HSV infection, noting that topical antivirals and corticosteroids are commonly used depending on the specific presentation. It also summarizes findings from the Herpes Eye Disease Study trials regarding optimal treatment approaches.
Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS)Meironi Waimir
Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) is a group of procedures that minimizes the invasive rate of glaucoma with five characteristics: ab interno microincision, minimal trauma, more effective, high safety profile, and quick recovery.
MIGS is a surgery that uses an incision in a clear cornea and is indicated in patients with mild to moderate open angle glaucoma.
The technique of MIGS is based on several mechanisms, namely trabecular meshwork bypass stents including iStent, trabectome, and Hydrus microstent; Suprachoroidal implant using Cypass microstent; And subconjungtiva filtration using XEN gel stent.
MIGS technology has potential advantages in glaucoma management by reducing the burden of treatment, improving patients quality of life, and cutting or delaying more invasive surgeries.
The document discusses corneal allograft rejection. It begins by describing the structure of the cornea including its immune privilege properties. The cornea has an absence of blood vessels and lymphatics and expresses Fas ligand which helps prevent rejection. Keratoplasty procedures like penetrating keratoplasty are used to transplant donor corneal tissue. Risk factors for rejection include inflammation and vascularization. Rejection types include epithelial, subepithelial, and endothelial rejection. The immune mechanism involves antigen presentation by donor and recipient antigen presenting cells to recipient T cells, leading to direct and indirect rejection pathways over time. Treatment focuses on immunosuppression to prevent the immune response.
Pigmentary glaucoma - Dr Shylesh B DabkeShylesh Dabke
Pigment Dispersion Syndrome (PDS) involves abnormal amounts of pigment released from the iris that deposit throughout the eye. It can sometimes progress to Pigmentary Glaucoma (PG). PDS is more common in young, white, myopic males and has genetic links. Theories for its pathogenesis include mechanical abrasion between the iris and lens zonules or abnormal iris cell degeneration. Over time, PDS can cause increased eye pressure and vision loss from PG if not properly treated with medications, laser procedures, or surgery.
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) is a destructive inflammatory disease of the peripheral cornea characterized by sloughing of the corneal epithelium and stromal melting. It begins with a crescent-shaped inflammatory lesion near the limbus and can progress circumferentially, leading to stromal thinning and potential perforation. PUK is often associated with autoimmune diseases and may be the initial presentation of an undiagnosed systemic vasculitis. Treatment involves topical immunosuppression with corticosteroids for mild cases or systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs for more severe or progressive disease to halt inflammation and promote healing. Surgical interventions like conjunctival resection or grafting are
Mooren's ulcer is a rare autoimmune condition characterized by a chronic, painful peripheral corneal ulcer. It is more common in males and older individuals. Treatment involves a stepwise approach starting with topical steroids, then conjunctival resection to remove inflammatory cells, followed by systemic immunosuppressants if needed. Later stages may require additional surgeries like lamellar keratectomy or keratoplasty to promote healing and rehabilitation of the cornea. The goals are to arrest the destructive process and promote reepithelialization of the corneal surface.
Malignant glaucoma - Dr Shylesh B DabkeShylesh Dabke
This document discusses malignant glaucoma, a condition characterized by a shallow anterior chamber and elevated intraocular pressure despite a patent iridectomy. It occurs most commonly after glaucoma surgery. Several theories exist for its pathogenesis, involving aqueous misdirection posteriorly due to cilio-lenticular or cilio-vitreal blocks. Clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management approaches are described, including medical therapy with cycloplegics and hyperosmotics, laser treatments, and surgical interventions like vitrectomy. Preventing recurrence in the fellow eye is also addressed.
This document discusses viruses, specifically herpes simplex virus (HSV). It provides details on HSV including that it is a double stranded DNA virus that can establish latent infections in sensory ganglia. It then describes the various clinical manifestations of HSV infection, including epithelial keratitis, stromal keratitis, iridocyclitis, and neurotrophic keratitis. The document outlines treatments for different manifestations of HSV infection, noting that topical antivirals and corticosteroids are commonly used depending on the specific presentation. It also summarizes findings from the Herpes Eye Disease Study trials regarding optimal treatment approaches.
Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS)Meironi Waimir
Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) is a group of procedures that minimizes the invasive rate of glaucoma with five characteristics: ab interno microincision, minimal trauma, more effective, high safety profile, and quick recovery.
MIGS is a surgery that uses an incision in a clear cornea and is indicated in patients with mild to moderate open angle glaucoma.
The technique of MIGS is based on several mechanisms, namely trabecular meshwork bypass stents including iStent, trabectome, and Hydrus microstent; Suprachoroidal implant using Cypass microstent; And subconjungtiva filtration using XEN gel stent.
MIGS technology has potential advantages in glaucoma management by reducing the burden of treatment, improving patients quality of life, and cutting or delaying more invasive surgeries.
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) is a destructive inflammatory disease of the peripheral cornea characterized by epithelial defects, stromal thinning and infiltration, and potential perforation. It can be caused by autoimmune, infectious, or inflammatory processes. Treatment involves topical lubricants, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and systemic immunosuppressants depending on severity and underlying etiology to stop corneal melting and promote healing. A thorough workup is needed to identify any associated systemic diseases.
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a chronic abnormality of the meibomian glands characterized by terminal duct obstruction and changes in glandular secretion that can alter the tear film. It is a common cause of dry eye and estimated to affect 70% of Americans over age 60. Diagnosis involves examining the glands and assessing ocular surface damage. Treatment focuses on eyelid hygiene, warm compresses, and lubricating eye drops, with options for antibiotics, steroids, or procedures like probing, LipiFlow, or intense pulsed light. MGD is a chronic condition with periods of exacerbation and remission.
This document discusses surgical induced astigmatism following cataract surgery. It notes that astigmatism has a significant impact on vision and is influenced by surgical technique and incision size and type. Various factors can induce astigmatism including incision location and size, suture type and placement, and wound compression or gape. Evaluating astigmatism involves tools like retinoscopy, keratometry and corneal topography. Managing astigmatism may involve selective suture removal to reduce cylindrical error over time.
Pigment dispersion syndrome is characterized by the dispersion of pigment granules from the iris pigment epithelium throughout the anterior segment of the eye. This can lead to elevated intraocular pressure and pigmentary glaucoma. It typically affects young, myopic white males and is caused by rubbing of the iris pigment epithelium against the lens zonules due to posterior bowing of the peripheral iris. Diagnosis is based on finding the classic triad of Krukenberg spindle on the cornea, midperipheral iris transillumination defects, and dense trabecular pigmentation on gonioscopy.
This document discusses complications that can occur during and after cataract surgery. It begins by providing background on the increasing rates of cataract surgery worldwide. It then describes potential intraoperative complications related to anesthesia blocks, surgical wounds, capsulotomies, and more. Postoperative complications that can occur early or late after surgery are also reviewed. The document aims to help surgeons understand and prevent complications by selecting appropriate patients, maintaining sterility, performing safe surgery, and properly correcting refractive errors post-op.
Serous choroidal detachment occurs when fluid accumulates between the choroid and sclera, lifting the choroid. It is often related to low intraocular pressure after surgery or trauma. Hemorrhagic choroidal detachment results from rupture of short posterior ciliary arteries due to trauma, surgery, or increased pressure. Ultrasound shows a smooth dome-shaped elevation and OCT may show retinal pigment epithelium thickening. Management includes cycloplegia, corticosteroids, increasing intraocular pressure, and sometimes choroidal drainage surgery. Prognosis depends on extent of detachment and hemorrhage, with limited detachments having better outcomes.
This document discusses corneal collagen cross linking (C3R), a treatment for keratoconus. It begins by describing keratoconus and its symptoms. It then discusses the original C3R protocol developed by Seiler and Spoerl, which involves removing the corneal epithelium, soaking the cornea in riboflavin, and exposing it to UV light. Modifications to the protocol aim to reduce complications by using higher irradiance for less time, different riboflavin delivery methods, and leaving the epithelium intact. Studies show C3R increases corneal collagen bonds and rigidity while halting keratoconus progression in most cases. Contraindications and post-op care are also outlined
This document discusses peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK), a group of inflammatory diseases that cause thinning and ulceration of the peripheral cornea. It describes several types of PUK including Mooren's ulcer, marginal keratitis, Terrien's marginal degeneration, and PUK associated with autoimmune diseases. Mooren's ulcer is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by progressive, peripheral, circumferential ulceration. Marginal keratitis is caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to Staphylococcus exotoxins. Terrien's marginal degeneration causes thinning of the peripheral cornea. PUK associated with autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis is linked to immune complex deposition in the peripheral cornea. Management involves topical
Collagen cross linking (CXL) aims to strengthen the cornea through the formation of covalent bonds between collagen fibers. The standard Dresden protocol uses riboflavin and UV light over 30 minutes. Newer accelerated protocols reduce treatment time but increase UV intensity. Trans-epithelial CXL leaves the epithelium intact but appears less effective. Combining CXL with refractive treatments like PRK can improve outcomes for keratoconus. Future areas of research include techniques to speed up CXL like flashlinking and methods to enhance riboflavin penetration such as iontophoresis.
This document discusses wound healing after glaucoma filtering surgery. It describes the three phases of wound healing - the inflammatory response, proliferation and tissue repair, and remodeling and final healing. Successful surgery results in formation of a filtering bleb that maintains low intraocular pressure. Factors that modulate wound healing like mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil improve surgical success by inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and scarring. The document outlines the role of various cytokines, growth factors, enzymes and other biological processes involved in wound healing and their implications for bleb function and surgical outcomes.
The document discusses the anatomy and surgical applications of the limbus. It defines the limbus as the transitional zone between the cornea and sclera, containing the pathways for aqueous humor outflow. Histologically, it describes how the layers of the cornea and conjunctiva become continuous at the limbus. Surgically, it notes the anterior limbal border, blue limbal zone, mid-limbal line, posterior limbal border, and white limbal zone. The best site for cataract incisions is the mid-limbal line, while anterior or posterior incisions risk damage to underlying structures. The limbus contains stem cells that renew the corneal epithelium.
This document provides information on penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), which involves replacing the full thickness of diseased corneal tissue with donor corneal tissue. It discusses the types of PKP including optical, therapeutic, and tectonic. The common indications for PKP include corneal scarring, infections, dystrophies, and thinning. Preoperative evaluation and obtaining a suitable donor corneal tissue is important. The surgical procedure involves trephination of the donor and host corneas followed by suturing the donor graft. Postoperative complications can include rejection, infections, glaucoma and astigmatism. Long term graft survival depends on the preoperative diagnosis and condition.
This document discusses various tear substitutes and artificial tears. It begins by covering the history of eye baths and artificial tears dating back to the 16th century. It then discusses different types of artificial tears including autologous serum, various polymers like cellulose derivatives, polyols, dextran 70, and hyaluronic acid. It also discusses newer technologies like punctal plugs, collagen implants, soft contact lenses, and electrical stimulation to increase tear production. The document concludes by discussing various preservatives used in artificial tears and newer disappearing preservatives.
This document provides terminology and descriptions related to evaluation of the optic disc. It describes normal anatomy and features of the optic disc including size, shape, color, zones, and vessels. It also summarizes various congenital and acquired optic disc anomalies including glaucoma, papilledema, optic neuropathies, tumors, and other conditions. Key features are described for different stages and types of each condition.
This document discusses the morphological changes that occur in the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer in glaucoma. It describes the various patterns of glaucomatous optic nerve damage including focal notching, concentric cupping, saucerization, and advanced cupping. Features that indicate glaucomatous damage include neuroretinal rim thinning, disc hemorrhages, and changes in the retinal vasculature around the optic disc. Evaluation of the optic nerve head is important for early detection of glaucoma before visual field loss occurs.
Anophthalmia is the absence of the eyeball and can be congenital or acquired. The optimal management of an anophthalmic socket involves maintaining adequate volume with a well-positioned implant, healthy conjunctiva, and symmetric eyelids. Complications after enucleation like enophthalmos, eyelid deformities, and socket contracture can be addressed through procedures like dermis fat grafts, fornix deepening sutures, and implant replacement. Proper prosthesis fitting and care is also important for optimal cosmetic and functional results.
This document discusses various congenital corneal anomalies that can occur due to defects in the migration of mesenchymal cells during eye development. It describes conditions such as microcornea, megalocornea, Peters' anomaly, Axenfeld's anomaly, and dermoids. Microcornea involves an abnormally small cornea and is often associated with other eye abnormalities. Megalocornea is characterized by an enlarged cornea. Peters' anomaly can cause corneal opacities and iris strands attaching to the cornea. Axenfeld's anomaly involves posterior embryotoxon and iris strands on the cornea. Dermoids are growths of skin-like tissue on the cornea or limbus.
This document discusses ocular trauma, including eye, adnexa, orbit, and periorbital injuries. It notes that eye injuries are a major cause of blindness and affect individuals' lifestyles and economies. Various types of injuries are described, including their causes, effects on eye structures, classifications, management approaches, and complications like hyphema and traumatic glaucoma. Statistics on the global incidence and locations of eye injuries are provided.
1. Monocular elevation deficiency (MED), also known as double elevator palsy, is characterized by an inability to elevate one eye in all fields of gaze, resulting in hypotropia of the affected eye.
2. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with causes including superior rectus palsy, inferior rectus restriction, and supranuclear lesions.
3. Surgical management of MED depends on forced duction test results and may include inferior rectus recession, superior rectus resection, or Knapp's procedure to transpose the horizontal rectus muscles. The goal is to improve eye position and increase binocular vision.
Bacterial corneal ulcer is defined as discontinuation of the normal corneal epithelium associated with necrosis of surrounding corneal tissue. It occurs when the normal defenses of the cornea are breached, allowing bacteria to infiltrate. Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus are common causative organisms. Risk factors include contact lens wear, ocular surface disease, trauma, and immunosuppression. Clinical features vary depending on the organism and host factors but may include pain, redness, photophobia, and discharge. Ulcers progress through stages of infiltration, progression, regression, and cicatrization if adequately treated.
Corneal ulcers occur due to loss of corneal epithelium and inflammation. Bacteria are a common cause and can penetrate breaks in the epithelium. Symptoms include reduced vision, pain, watering and photophobia. Examination reveals the size, depth and borders of the ulcer. Treatment involves topical antibiotics based on smear or culture results along with cycloplegics. Systemic antibiotics may be needed for severe cases. Surgery with tissue adhesives or grafting is used for perforations. Prognosis depends on severity, depth and cause of the ulcer.
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) is a destructive inflammatory disease of the peripheral cornea characterized by epithelial defects, stromal thinning and infiltration, and potential perforation. It can be caused by autoimmune, infectious, or inflammatory processes. Treatment involves topical lubricants, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and systemic immunosuppressants depending on severity and underlying etiology to stop corneal melting and promote healing. A thorough workup is needed to identify any associated systemic diseases.
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a chronic abnormality of the meibomian glands characterized by terminal duct obstruction and changes in glandular secretion that can alter the tear film. It is a common cause of dry eye and estimated to affect 70% of Americans over age 60. Diagnosis involves examining the glands and assessing ocular surface damage. Treatment focuses on eyelid hygiene, warm compresses, and lubricating eye drops, with options for antibiotics, steroids, or procedures like probing, LipiFlow, or intense pulsed light. MGD is a chronic condition with periods of exacerbation and remission.
This document discusses surgical induced astigmatism following cataract surgery. It notes that astigmatism has a significant impact on vision and is influenced by surgical technique and incision size and type. Various factors can induce astigmatism including incision location and size, suture type and placement, and wound compression or gape. Evaluating astigmatism involves tools like retinoscopy, keratometry and corneal topography. Managing astigmatism may involve selective suture removal to reduce cylindrical error over time.
Pigment dispersion syndrome is characterized by the dispersion of pigment granules from the iris pigment epithelium throughout the anterior segment of the eye. This can lead to elevated intraocular pressure and pigmentary glaucoma. It typically affects young, myopic white males and is caused by rubbing of the iris pigment epithelium against the lens zonules due to posterior bowing of the peripheral iris. Diagnosis is based on finding the classic triad of Krukenberg spindle on the cornea, midperipheral iris transillumination defects, and dense trabecular pigmentation on gonioscopy.
This document discusses complications that can occur during and after cataract surgery. It begins by providing background on the increasing rates of cataract surgery worldwide. It then describes potential intraoperative complications related to anesthesia blocks, surgical wounds, capsulotomies, and more. Postoperative complications that can occur early or late after surgery are also reviewed. The document aims to help surgeons understand and prevent complications by selecting appropriate patients, maintaining sterility, performing safe surgery, and properly correcting refractive errors post-op.
Serous choroidal detachment occurs when fluid accumulates between the choroid and sclera, lifting the choroid. It is often related to low intraocular pressure after surgery or trauma. Hemorrhagic choroidal detachment results from rupture of short posterior ciliary arteries due to trauma, surgery, or increased pressure. Ultrasound shows a smooth dome-shaped elevation and OCT may show retinal pigment epithelium thickening. Management includes cycloplegia, corticosteroids, increasing intraocular pressure, and sometimes choroidal drainage surgery. Prognosis depends on extent of detachment and hemorrhage, with limited detachments having better outcomes.
This document discusses corneal collagen cross linking (C3R), a treatment for keratoconus. It begins by describing keratoconus and its symptoms. It then discusses the original C3R protocol developed by Seiler and Spoerl, which involves removing the corneal epithelium, soaking the cornea in riboflavin, and exposing it to UV light. Modifications to the protocol aim to reduce complications by using higher irradiance for less time, different riboflavin delivery methods, and leaving the epithelium intact. Studies show C3R increases corneal collagen bonds and rigidity while halting keratoconus progression in most cases. Contraindications and post-op care are also outlined
This document discusses peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK), a group of inflammatory diseases that cause thinning and ulceration of the peripheral cornea. It describes several types of PUK including Mooren's ulcer, marginal keratitis, Terrien's marginal degeneration, and PUK associated with autoimmune diseases. Mooren's ulcer is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by progressive, peripheral, circumferential ulceration. Marginal keratitis is caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to Staphylococcus exotoxins. Terrien's marginal degeneration causes thinning of the peripheral cornea. PUK associated with autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis is linked to immune complex deposition in the peripheral cornea. Management involves topical
Collagen cross linking (CXL) aims to strengthen the cornea through the formation of covalent bonds between collagen fibers. The standard Dresden protocol uses riboflavin and UV light over 30 minutes. Newer accelerated protocols reduce treatment time but increase UV intensity. Trans-epithelial CXL leaves the epithelium intact but appears less effective. Combining CXL with refractive treatments like PRK can improve outcomes for keratoconus. Future areas of research include techniques to speed up CXL like flashlinking and methods to enhance riboflavin penetration such as iontophoresis.
This document discusses wound healing after glaucoma filtering surgery. It describes the three phases of wound healing - the inflammatory response, proliferation and tissue repair, and remodeling and final healing. Successful surgery results in formation of a filtering bleb that maintains low intraocular pressure. Factors that modulate wound healing like mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil improve surgical success by inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and scarring. The document outlines the role of various cytokines, growth factors, enzymes and other biological processes involved in wound healing and their implications for bleb function and surgical outcomes.
The document discusses the anatomy and surgical applications of the limbus. It defines the limbus as the transitional zone between the cornea and sclera, containing the pathways for aqueous humor outflow. Histologically, it describes how the layers of the cornea and conjunctiva become continuous at the limbus. Surgically, it notes the anterior limbal border, blue limbal zone, mid-limbal line, posterior limbal border, and white limbal zone. The best site for cataract incisions is the mid-limbal line, while anterior or posterior incisions risk damage to underlying structures. The limbus contains stem cells that renew the corneal epithelium.
This document provides information on penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), which involves replacing the full thickness of diseased corneal tissue with donor corneal tissue. It discusses the types of PKP including optical, therapeutic, and tectonic. The common indications for PKP include corneal scarring, infections, dystrophies, and thinning. Preoperative evaluation and obtaining a suitable donor corneal tissue is important. The surgical procedure involves trephination of the donor and host corneas followed by suturing the donor graft. Postoperative complications can include rejection, infections, glaucoma and astigmatism. Long term graft survival depends on the preoperative diagnosis and condition.
This document discusses various tear substitutes and artificial tears. It begins by covering the history of eye baths and artificial tears dating back to the 16th century. It then discusses different types of artificial tears including autologous serum, various polymers like cellulose derivatives, polyols, dextran 70, and hyaluronic acid. It also discusses newer technologies like punctal plugs, collagen implants, soft contact lenses, and electrical stimulation to increase tear production. The document concludes by discussing various preservatives used in artificial tears and newer disappearing preservatives.
This document provides terminology and descriptions related to evaluation of the optic disc. It describes normal anatomy and features of the optic disc including size, shape, color, zones, and vessels. It also summarizes various congenital and acquired optic disc anomalies including glaucoma, papilledema, optic neuropathies, tumors, and other conditions. Key features are described for different stages and types of each condition.
This document discusses the morphological changes that occur in the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer in glaucoma. It describes the various patterns of glaucomatous optic nerve damage including focal notching, concentric cupping, saucerization, and advanced cupping. Features that indicate glaucomatous damage include neuroretinal rim thinning, disc hemorrhages, and changes in the retinal vasculature around the optic disc. Evaluation of the optic nerve head is important for early detection of glaucoma before visual field loss occurs.
Anophthalmia is the absence of the eyeball and can be congenital or acquired. The optimal management of an anophthalmic socket involves maintaining adequate volume with a well-positioned implant, healthy conjunctiva, and symmetric eyelids. Complications after enucleation like enophthalmos, eyelid deformities, and socket contracture can be addressed through procedures like dermis fat grafts, fornix deepening sutures, and implant replacement. Proper prosthesis fitting and care is also important for optimal cosmetic and functional results.
This document discusses various congenital corneal anomalies that can occur due to defects in the migration of mesenchymal cells during eye development. It describes conditions such as microcornea, megalocornea, Peters' anomaly, Axenfeld's anomaly, and dermoids. Microcornea involves an abnormally small cornea and is often associated with other eye abnormalities. Megalocornea is characterized by an enlarged cornea. Peters' anomaly can cause corneal opacities and iris strands attaching to the cornea. Axenfeld's anomaly involves posterior embryotoxon and iris strands on the cornea. Dermoids are growths of skin-like tissue on the cornea or limbus.
This document discusses ocular trauma, including eye, adnexa, orbit, and periorbital injuries. It notes that eye injuries are a major cause of blindness and affect individuals' lifestyles and economies. Various types of injuries are described, including their causes, effects on eye structures, classifications, management approaches, and complications like hyphema and traumatic glaucoma. Statistics on the global incidence and locations of eye injuries are provided.
1. Monocular elevation deficiency (MED), also known as double elevator palsy, is characterized by an inability to elevate one eye in all fields of gaze, resulting in hypotropia of the affected eye.
2. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with causes including superior rectus palsy, inferior rectus restriction, and supranuclear lesions.
3. Surgical management of MED depends on forced duction test results and may include inferior rectus recession, superior rectus resection, or Knapp's procedure to transpose the horizontal rectus muscles. The goal is to improve eye position and increase binocular vision.
Bacterial corneal ulcer is defined as discontinuation of the normal corneal epithelium associated with necrosis of surrounding corneal tissue. It occurs when the normal defenses of the cornea are breached, allowing bacteria to infiltrate. Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus are common causative organisms. Risk factors include contact lens wear, ocular surface disease, trauma, and immunosuppression. Clinical features vary depending on the organism and host factors but may include pain, redness, photophobia, and discharge. Ulcers progress through stages of infiltration, progression, regression, and cicatrization if adequately treated.
Corneal ulcers occur due to loss of corneal epithelium and inflammation. Bacteria are a common cause and can penetrate breaks in the epithelium. Symptoms include reduced vision, pain, watering and photophobia. Examination reveals the size, depth and borders of the ulcer. Treatment involves topical antibiotics based on smear or culture results along with cycloplegics. Systemic antibiotics may be needed for severe cases. Surgery with tissue adhesives or grafting is used for perforations. Prognosis depends on severity, depth and cause of the ulcer.
This document discusses the classification and types of acute conjunctivitis. It is classified based on onset (acute, sub-acute, chronic), type of exudate (serous, catarrhal, mucopurulent, purulent, pseudo-membranous), and etiology (infectious, non-infectious). The types discussed include bacterial (purulent, gonococcal, membranous, angular), viral, chlamydial, and ophthalmia neonatorum. For each type, the etiology, clinical features, complications, and treatment are described. Risk factors like dry eye, nutritional deficiencies, and immune deficiencies that can lead to acute conjunctivitis are also summarized
This document discusses the classification and types of acute conjunctivitis. It is classified based on onset (acute, sub-acute, chronic), type of exudate (serous, catarrhal, mucopurulent, purulent, pseudo-membranous), and etiology (infectious, non-infectious). The types of acute conjunctivitis discussed include bacterial (purulent, gonococcal, membranous, angular), viral, chlamydial, and ophthalmia neonatorum. For each type, the etiology, clinical features, complications, and treatment options are provided.
This document discusses the classification and types of acute conjunctivitis. It is classified based on onset (acute, sub-acute, chronic), type of exudate (serous, catarrhal, mucopurulent, purulent, pseudo-membranous), and etiology (infectious, non-infectious). The types discussed include bacterial (purulent, gonococcal, membranous, angular), viral, chlamydial, and ophthalmia neonatorum. For each type, the etiology, clinical features, complications, and treatment are described. Risk factors like dry eye, nutritional deficiencies, and immune deficiencies that can lead to acute conjunctivitis are also summarized
This document discusses the classification and types of acute conjunctivitis. It is classified based on onset (acute, sub-acute, chronic), type of exudate (serous, catarrhal, mucopurulent, purulent, pseudo-membranous), and etiology (infectious, non-infectious). The types discussed include bacterial (purulent, gonococcal, membranous, angular), viral, chlamydial, and ophthalmia neonatorum. For each type, the etiology, clinical features, complications, and treatment are described. Risk factors like dry eye, nutritional deficiencies, and immune deficiencies that can lead to acute conjunctivitis are also outlined
This document provides an overview of desquamative gingivitis (DG), a clinical sign characterized by redness and scaling of the gingiva. It discusses the various diseases that can present as DG, including lichen planus, pemphigus, pemphigoid, linear IgA disease, and lupus erythematosus. It outlines the diagnostic process and significance of DG, noting that the associated disorders can impact oral health and require systemic treatment with corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, increasing risk of complications. Proper diagnosis of the underlying condition is important for effective management of DG lesions and systemic disease.
This document discusses several chronic multiple lesions and subepithelial bullous dermatoses, including their pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. It describes intraepithelial bullous dermatoses like pemphigus vulgaris and subepithelial bullous dermatoses including bullous pemphigoid. For diagnosis, a biopsy and direct or indirect immunofluorescence testing are used. Management involves topical or systemic corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs depending on the severity of the case.
Dentists play an important role in the diagnosis and management of desquamative gingivitis. The importance of being able to recognise and properly diagnose this condition is accentuated by the fact that a serious and life threatening disease may initially manifest as desquamative gingivitis.
This document discusses interstitial keratitis and Mooren's ulcer. Interstitial keratitis is an inflammation of the corneal stroma that can be caused by conditions like syphilis, tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis. It involves three stages: initial progressive, florid, and regression. Treatment involves topical corticosteroids and systemic treatment of the underlying cause. Mooren's ulcer is a severe peripheral ulcerative keratitis of unknown etiology that is likely autoimmune. It has two clinical varieties and causes pain, photophobia, and vision loss. Treatment follows a stepwise approach starting with topical steroids, conjunctival resection, systemic immunosuppressives, additional surgery if needed, and
1. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a recurrent, seasonal allergic inflammation of the conjunctiva that predominantly affects boys aged 4-20 years. It presents as palpebral, bulbar, or mixed forms characterized by papillae, limbal lesions, and corneal involvement.
2. Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis is a delayed hypersensitivity response to allergens causing nodular lesions on the conjunctiva and cornea. It commonly affects undernourished children aged 3-15 years.
3. Xerophthalmia is blindness caused by vitamin A deficiency, ranging from night blindness to corneal ulceration and scarring. It
An approach to the patient with recurrent skin abscessesFawzia Abo-Ali
This document discusses recurrent superficial abscesses and approaches to patients presenting with them. It begins by introducing Staphylococcus aureus as a common cause of abscess formation and notes that patients with defects in leukocyte function are at higher risk. Secondary causes of impaired neutrophil function like diabetes and hidradenitis suppurativa are associated with recurrent skin abscesses. Evaluation involves considering immunodeficiencies, treating underlying conditions, eradicating Staph carriers, and addressing primary neutrophil disorders if identified.
fungal / mycotic corneal ulcer power point presentation for O.A 2nd year stud...Vinitkumar MJ
Belong suborder Acanthopodina and the genus Acanthamoeba
• Family of free-living cyst-forming protozoans that are ubiquitous in air, soil, dust and water.
• 11 species of which A. Castellanii and A. polyphaga are the most common in keratitis
• Life cycle consist of motile trophozoite and cyst dormant stage
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COLOUR CODING IN THE PERIOPERATIVE NURSING PRACTICE.SamboGlo
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This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
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Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
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Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
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3. INTRODUCTION TO MMP & OCP
• Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) : autoimmune chronic cicatrizing disease
characterized by cytotoxic (type II) reaction in which cell injury results from
autoantibodies directed against a cell surface antigen in the basement membrane zone
(BMZ)
• Bullous pemphigoid antigen II (BP180) and its soluble domains - as possible autoantigen
• Autoantibodies deposited along the basement membrane zone (BMZ) at the epithelial–
subepithelial junction of mucous membranes and occasionally skin
• Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid, also known as ocular cicatricial pemphigoid
(OCP), is a subset of MMP which primarily affects the conjunctiva (and the mucosa,
including oral, nasal, and esophageal, in lesser frequency)
4. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Rare disorder : incidence rates vary from 1 in 8000 to 1 in 50,000
• OCP can begin at least as early as the third decade of life, generally seen in 60-70 years age.
• OCP has a slight but definite preponderance for women at a rate of 2–3 : 1.
• Conjunctival involvement - occur as early as 10 years before other mucosal or skin lesions
develop, or it may occur as much as 20 years following the onset of other lesions
5. PATHOGENESIS
• Classically described as an autoimmune disease with a “genetic predisposition” & “second hit”
environmental requirement to trigger the onset of the disease.
• Second hit - microbial / chemical.
• Exhibits a type II immune reaction : deposition of immuno-reactants (IgG, IgA, IgM, and/or
complement C 3) along the epithelial BMZ.
• The target auto-antigen is the β4 peptide of α6β4 integrin & epiligrin (α3 subunit of laminin 5)
6. The binding of the autoantibody to the autoantigen at the
epithelial basement membrane
Ocular surface damage
CD4 T cells, Plasma
cells, histiocytes,
mast cells in
substantyia propria
relaese cytokines
Macrophage migration
inhibitory factor, interferon-γ
and TGF-β,
Subepithelial fibrosis ,xerosis, meibomian gland dysfunction,
and trichiatic trauma
7. CLINICAL FEATURES
• A chronic vesiculobullous disease primarily involving the conjunctiva, it frequently affects other
mucous membranes, including the mouth and oropharynx, genitalia, and anus
• Generally present with recurrent attacks of non specific unilateral conjunctivitis
• Early stages – fine white perivascular lines in inferior & superior tarsal conjunctiva
• Chronic papillary conjunctivitis
• Symptoms – burning, FB sensation, tearing, photophobia, itchiness, pain & mucoid discharge
American academy of ophthalmology Cornea/external disease 2016-17
8. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Cornea-
• Superficial punctate keratitis
• Epithelial defect
• Stromal ulcer
• Neovascularization
• Keratinization
• Limbitis
• Conjunctivalization of cornea
• Stromal opacity
• Perforation
Corneal neovascularization with ulceration
and stromal thinning after persistent
epithelial defect
American academy of ophthalmology Cornea/external disease 2016-17
9. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Sustained fibrosis – conjunctival shrinkage, fornix shortening
• Progressive fibrosis – Symblephara ( 1st inf fornix)
• Recurrent attacks of conjunctival inflammation causes loss of goblet cells – mucin
deficiency leads to severe dry eye
• Cicatrization results in obliteration of lacrimal ductules
• Cicatricial entropion, trichiasis, dystichiasis, lagophthalmos
• Ultimately Ankyloblepharon, severe keratopathy, neovascular pannus & scarring of
cornea – deterioration of vision
• Severe disease may even lead to perforation
American academy of ophthalmology Cornea/external disease 2016-17
10. STAGING OF OCP
Two major staging classifications :-
Mondino and Brown (1981) Foster
Based on forniceal shortening Based on progression of the disease
Stage 1 : < 25% shortening Stage 1 : Subepithelial fibrosis
Stage 2 : 25-50% Stage 2 : Shortening of inf. fornix
Stage 3 : 75% Stage 3 : Symblepharon
Stage 4 : End stage OCP Stage 4 : Ankyloblepharon &
keratinization
12. STAGE 3 PEMPHIGOID
Symblepharon formation
STAGE 4 PEMPHIGOID
Total obliteration of the inferior
fornix, the ankyloblepharon
formation, and keratinization of
the corneal surface.
14. OTHER MUCOSAL TISSUES/ SKIN INVOLVEMENT
• Scarring ( Brusting-Perry) dermatitis may occur in approximately 25% of cases
• Involvement of other mucosa may lead to scarring of the soft palate and oral
and nasal mucosa
• Esophageal, urethral, vaginal, and anal strictures may develop
• Laryngeal involvement - pain and hoarseness
• The esophageal scarring can lead to asphyxiation if a food bolus lodges during
attempted swallowing
15. DIAGNOSIS
• Extremely important to prevent the inevitable blinding sequalae of OCP, Since the initial symptoms of
OCP are nonspecific and easily misdiagnosed
• Too often, patients present during the later stages of the disease
• A High level of clinical suspicion in cases of unexplained chronic, recurrent conjunctivitis, especially
when there is any evidence of subepithelial scarring.
16. DIAGNOSIS
• Gold standard for diagnosis of OCP is a conjunctival
biopsy using immunofluorescent or immuno-
peroxidase techniques of fresh specimen
• If immediate testing cannot be performed, then the
specimen can be placed and maintained in Zeus or
Michel's fixative
• Homogeneous linear deposition of immuno-
reactants, such as IgG, IgA, IgM, and Complement 3
component (C3) along the BMZ of inflamed
conjunctiva, is diagnostic of OCP
DIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
MICROSCOPY
Note the bright apple-green linear pattern of fluorescence
at the conjunctival epithelial basement membrane zone,
indicating the deposition of IgG, IgA, IgM at the
basement membrane, providing immuno-histopathologic
confirmation of the suspected clinical diagnosis.
17. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS :-
*Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: Current State of Pathophysiology, Diagnostics and Treatment Panagiotis Georgoudis . Francesco
Sabatino . Nora Szentmary . Sotiria Palioura . Eszter Fodor . Samer Hamada . Hendrik P. N. Scholl . Zisis Gatzioufas (January 2019)
18. MANAGEMENT
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT –
A multidisciplinary approach is often required with the
involvement of ophthalmologists, dermatologists, oral
surgeons, primary care physicians and ENT surgeons
Stepladder regimen by Saw et al. 2008
A. Mild to moderate inflammation :
• Dapsone 1st line 25mg BD starting dose after excluding
sulpha allergy & G6PD deficiency.
• Methotrexate (15–25 mg once weekly) can be added to
dapsone
• Azathioprine or Mycophenolate mofetil (1–3 g/day) are
next agents
19. B. Severe inflammation & rapidly progressive disease : -
• Cyclophosphamide -oral / i.v. (1.5-2.0mg/kg per day) plus
short course of high dose systemic steroid
• Cyclophosphamide dose is adjusted according to therapeutic
response, bone marrow response, and drug tolerance
• Once control achieved steroids to be tapered within 12
weeks preferably
C. Recalcitrant infection: -
• Multidrug treatment
• Intravenous immunoglobulin ( IVIG)
• Biologic agents such as Rituximab, infliximab, or Etanercept
22. (23 January 2017)
Purpose :The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of rituximab (RTX) for the treatment of
patients with aggressive ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP)
Methods : Sixty-one eyes of 32 patients with symptomatic OCP who received treatment with RTX
monotherapy or RTX in combination with additional immunomodulatory treatment (IMT) were evaluated
32 Patients failed on different drugs
Conclusions:- These retrospective data
suggest that RTX is efficacious and well
tolerated when included for the treatment of
OCP.
23. (January 2019)
In the case of failure of conventional immunosuppressive treatment, Anti-CD20 monoclonal
antibody rituximab , IVIg treatment, or a combination of the above has been described
24. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
EYELIDS/LASHES -
• Epilation, Cryoablation, Electrolysis
• Temporary or permanent punctal occlusion
• Marginal eyelid rotation
• Hard palate and buccal mucosal grafting can be useful in severe cases
CONJUNCTIVA –
• Fornix reconstruction with AMG & 0.04% MMC or autologous oral mucosa
• Limbal Stem Cell Transplant (LSCT)
25. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
CORNEA :
• Tarsorrhaphy – in decreased corneal sensations
• PK (with a very guarded prognosis )
• Keratoprosthesis can be used with some success
CATARACT :
• Should be operated for some improvement in VA after disease
control with immuno-suppressive agents
• Small clear corneal incision technique to avoid conjunctival
damage
26. SUPPORTIVE MANAGEMENT
• Treat the ocular surface disorder
• Preservative free artificial tear drops and ointments, AST ( autologous serum tears)
• Chronic blepharitis - lid hygiene, massage and oral doxycycline
• Punctal occlusion
• Fluid ventilated gas permeable lenses
• Newer therapies : TNFα inhibitors, Rituximab
27. PSEUDOPEMPHIGOID
• Drug-induced conjunctival cicatrization
• In most instances, appears to behave like mucous membrane pemphigoid
• Is self-limiting once the offending medication is stopped
• Long-term topical adrenaline, Idoxuridine, guanethidine, dipivefrin, pilocarpine, timolol, echothiophate
iodide (phospholine iodide) and demecarium bromide are commonly implicated
29. INTRODUCTION
• Erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
have traditionally been regarded as across-the-spectrum manifestations of the same clinical entity
affecting skin and mucous membrane
• All three conditions are precipitated by reactions to drugs or infectious diseases (eg, herpes
simplex virus, adenovirus) that result from the presentation of major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) class I–restricted antigens, leading to infiltration of the skin with cytotoxic T lymphocytes
and natural killer cells
• Approximately 80% of TEN and 50%–80% of SJS cases are thought to be drug induced
30. • Erythema multiforme minor primarily involves the
skin. It usually does not involve the eye
• Erythema multiforme major - characterized by both
skin lesions and involvement of two or more
mucosal surfaces; systemic symptoms are much
more common
• Toxic epidermal necrolysis - Most severe, potentially
life-threatening disease, involvement of over 30% of
their epidermis, and skin can be sloughed from the
body in sheets
31.
32. HISTORY
• Ferdinand von Hebra, in 1866, first described erythema multiforme.
• Two American physicians, Stevens and Johnson, reported two classic cases in children &
named the disease eruptive fever with stomatitis and ophthalmia in 1922. Came to be known
as Stevens Johnson syndrome
• Thomas, in 1950, coined the terms erythema multiforme minor and major : EM minor to
what von Hebra described and EM major to SJS
• Lyell, in 1956, introduced the term toxic epidermal necrolysis
33. INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE
• American study, reported an incidence of EM, SJS or toxic epidermal necrolysis resulting from all
causes at 4.2 to 5 per million per year
• Erythema multiforme may be more common in patients with acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS), 1.0 per 1000 AIDS cases
• Males have a higher incidence of erythema multiforme 3 : 1. Peak incidence is in the 2nd & 3rd
decades of life
• Toxic epidermal necrolysis is slightly more common in women, with a ratio 2 : 1.
• The elderly have an increased incidence of toxic epidermal necrolysis and also have a higher rate
of morbidity and mortality
• American academy of ophthalmology Cornea/external disease ;2018-19
34. ETIOLOGY
• Drug-related cases of Erythema multiforme have a clinical spectrum that typically arises within 3 weeks
after initiation of drug therapy and within hours after re-exposure to an inciting agent
• From 50% to 60% of erythema multiforme cases are secondary to drugs
• Sulfonamides main agents causing erythema multiforme in healthy patients as well as in patients with
HIV or AIDS
• Other medications linked to erythema multiforme, including :
• Phenytoin
• Barbiturates
• Phenylbutazone
• Penicillin
• Salicylates
• Ophthalmic drops such as dorzolamide, or tropicamide
35. • Erythema multiforme can be due to
infections –
• Herpes simplex
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Measles infection
• Mycobacterium
• Group A streptococci
• Epstein-Barr virus
• Yersinia
• Enterovirus
• Herpetic infection was found to be more prevalent
in cases of EM major, while drugs tended to be
linked more to SJS and TEN
36. PATHOGENESIS
• EM and TEN appear to be immune-mediated responses to certain drugs and infectious organisms
• Keratinocyte death occurs from extensive apoptosis, triggered by drug-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes
via the perforin–granzyme pathway
• Apoptosis is induced by a suicidal interaction between Fas and Fas ligand (Fas L) which is either
membrane bound on keratinocytes
• Ocular lesions of Stevens-Johnson syndrome have a significantly increased incidence of HLA-B12, HLA-
Aw33, and DRw53
• Herpes simplex-induced erythema multiforme is related to HLA-DQw3
• An increased incidence of HLA-B12 was also seen in white patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis
37. CLINICAL FINDINGS
• INITIAL PRESENTATION-
• A systemic prodrome of malaise, fever, and headache or symptoms of an upper respiratory tract
infection may precede the ocular and dermatologic manifestations and can begin 1 to 3 weeks after
initial exposure and within hours after re-exposure to an inciting agent.
• Prodrome more severe in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and in toxic epidermal necrolysis –
• High fever
• Muscular pain
• Nausea & vomiting
• Diarrhoea
• Migratory arthralgias
• Pharyngitis
38. • The distinctive pathologic changes of SJS are
subepithelial bullae and subsequent scarring
• Skin eruption follows within a few days, with a classic
“target” lesion consisting of a red center surrounded
by a pale ring and then a red ring
• The mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth, and
genitalia may be affected by bullous lesions with
membrane or pseudo-membrane formation
39. ACUTE EYE FINDINGS
• Initially, in SJS and TEN, a nonspecific conjunctivitis usually
occurs at the same time as lesions on the skin and other
mucous membranes
• The bilateral conjunctivitis may be catarrhal or
pseudomembranous & occurs in 15–75% of patients with
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
• Secondary purulent bacterial conjunctivitis can complicate the
initial ocular involvement.
• Conjunctival and corneal epithelial sloughing and necrosis with
severe inflammation and scarring may develop in severe cases
• Monocular involvement is unusual
40. CHRONIC EYE FINDINGS
• Scarring, symblepharon formation, and cicatrization of the conjunctiva
may result from the initial inflammatory process leading to entropion
formation, trichiasis, and instability of the tear film
• Breakdown of the ocular surface leads to corneal scarring,
neovascularization, and keratinization
• Eyelid margin keratinization and scarring is an important risk factor for
poor long-term outcomes
• Keratin accumulates along the posterior lid margin, characteristically
extending on to normally non-keratinized palpebral conjunctiva
• Subepithelial fibrosis of the conjunctiva
41. CHRONIC EYE FINDINGS
• SJS patients are at higher risk of infection due to loss of the epithelial barrier and hence may
develop severe ocular infection
• Cicatrization of the lacrimal ducts + destruction of the conjunctival goblet cells - severe dry eye
• Loss of goblet cells and their mucus secretion – unstable tear film, with poor wetting of the cornea
• Entropion, trichiasis, and lid margin keratinization result in chronic irritation of the cornea and
resultant persistent epithelial defects
42. OCULAR COMPLICATIONS
• In severe cases, acute ocular involvement may cause keratitis, corneal perforation, and
endophthalmitis
• Chronic complications :
• Conjunctival scarring
• Symblepharon
• Entropion
• Dry eye syndrome
43. MANAGEMENT - SYSTEMIC DISEASE
• Immediate discontinuation of the offending agent
• Careful monitoring of fluid balance, respiratory function, nutritional requirements, and wound care is
crucial - best managed in an intensive burn care unit
• More than half of all deaths occurring in toxic epidermal necrolysis are secondary to SEPSIS, so control of
infection is critical – Silver nitrate solution on the denuded skin
• The use of systemic corticosteroids (prednisolone 1mg/kg/ day for 3 days ) and i.v. immunoglobulins is
helpful in reducing mortality and morbidity
• High-dose corticosteroids may arrest the necrolysis and benefit the patient’s systemic recovery
• Disadvantages of employing systemic steroids - increased susceptibility to infection, masking of the early
signs of sepsis, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, impaired wound healing, and prolonged recovery
44.
45. • Examples of fluorescein staining patterns in acute Stevens-
Johnson syndrome
• A, Mild: Only mild conjunctival injection with no epithelial
sloughing. Medical treatment recommended
•
• B, Moderate: Less than 1-cm of discrete epithelial sloughing
involving only the bulbar conjunctiva. Medical treatment
recommended
• C, D, E, Severe: All have more than a 1-cm of palpebral conjunctival
sloughing with minimal bulbar conjunctival sloughing: (C) minimal
sloughing elsewhere, (D) sloughing of more than one-third of the
lid margin, and (E) extensive corneal sloughing.
• For all 3 cases, sutured amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT)
is recommended for the lid margins and palpebral conjunctiva, with
ProKera application to the surface of the globe.
• F, G, H, Extremely severe: Extensive sloughing of all the ocular
mucosal surfaces. Sutured AMT is recommended for the lid
margins, palpebral conjunctiva, and entire surface of the globe.
Repeat AMT may be needed 7 to 10 days after the initial AMT in
such cases
46. IMPORTANT POINTS-
• The parameters of 1 cm of conjunctival staining and one-third of the lid margin are relatively easy to
identify at the bedside and act as useful guide to predict the severity of inflammation
• Areas of conjunctival staining less than 1 cm in diameter without coexistent corneal or lid margin staining
may be treated with topical medications
• Staining involving more than one-third of the lid margin also is concerning because of high risk of scarring
of the meibomian gland orifices and subsequent dry eye problems
• Extent of fluorescein staining is crucial because it indicates how much normal tissue remains to repopulate
the damaged areas that slough off
• If AMT is considered necessary, it should be performed as soon as possible
47. • Using these above guidelines described, we can decide which patients require urgent AMT and
which patients may be observed and treated with more conservative measures
• In extremely severe cases, the need to repeat the AMT in the acute phase is more likely
• Beyond the first week after the onset of symptoms, the effectiveness of AMT begins to decrease *
• Basically this article provides a simple framework to recognize severe cases that is crucial so that
effective treatments, such as AMT, can be used urgently to decrease the risk for lifelong visual
disability
*(Cherof AM. Acute StevensJohnson syndrome: the effect the timing of amniotic membrane
transplantation has on the occurrence of significant ocular sequelae. November 16, 2015)
48. • Purpose: To highlight and compare the outcomes of management for the ocular sequelae of Stevens–
Johnson syndrome (SJS) over 25 years in a tertiary eye care institute.
• A retrospective study of 798 eyes of 399 patients with SJS evaluated between January 1990 and
December 2004 (group I) and of 847 eyes of 517 patients between January 2005 and December 2014
(group II)
• Groups were subdivided into procedures for ocular surface stabilization (A) and visual rehabilitation (B)
and those managed conservatively (C)
• Following parameters were analyzed for the outcome measures:
• 1. best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA);
• 2. Schirmer I test (graded as 1- <5 mm; 2- 5–10 mm; 3, 11–15 mm; and 4, >15 mm)
• 3. fluorescein corneal staining scores from 0 to 9
49. • Subgroup A -included procedures for surface stabilization and fornix reconstruction that included-
• Punctal occlusion (collagen or silicone plugs),
• Adnexal corrective procedures,
• Symblepharon release with amniotic membrane grafting in group I and
• Punctal cautery, MMG for lid margin keratinization, prosthetic replacement of ocular surface ecosystem (PROSE)
lenses, symblepharon release with amniotic membrane grafting and MMG , cultivated oral mucosal epithelial
transplantation, and adnexal corrective procedures in group II
• Subgroup B included- limbal allograft with penetrating keratoplasty with systemic azathioprine (2 mg/ kg) for 6
months to 1 year in group I and cataract extraction/ optical iridectomy/keratoprosthesis in group II
• Subgroup C included conservative management that comprised primarily artificial tear substitutes and topical
steroids in group I and artificial tear substitutes in group II
50. RESULTS
• In 54.3% (434) of eyes in group I, which did not undergo
any surgical intervention and received only medical
treatment, a significant deterioration in BCVA was noted.
• In group II, 114 (13.4%) eyes of 57 patients did not undergo
any intervention
• Limbal status (increase in corneal vascularization)
worsened in 66.9% of eyes treated conservatively and in
60.4% of eyes after intervention in group I
• The limbal status stabilized/improved (decrease in corneal
vascularization) in 96.6% (630/652) of eyes treated by
procedures for surface stabilization (punctal cautery, MMG,
and fornix reconstructive procedures) in group II.
Conclusions: Stabilization procedures show a beneficial role while conservative management can lead to deterioration in
chronic ocular sequelae of SJS.
Keratoprosthesis, specifically the modified osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis, forms the mainstay for visual rehabilitation in
the end-stage disease
51. • Stabilizing the ocular surface
• 1. Dry eye– the most common sequelae of SJS, is often treated with topical
lubricants.
• In addition, in eyes with the severe dry eye with absent emotional and reflex
tearing, punctual cautery is very useful
• In cases of severe dry eye, prosthetic replacement of ocular surface ecosystem
(PROSE) lenses have a role to play in improving the comfort of the patient
• For grades 2 and above, excision with Mucus membrane grafting is advisable to
reduce the microtrauma to the ocular surface
( JUNE 2019)
52. • Tectonic procedures -
• Include those procedures that are applicable for a persistent epithelial defect or corneal perforation
• Such as use of cyanoacrylate glue, amniotic membrane grafting (AMT), lamellar or full-thickness patch
grafts or keratoplasties
• Visual rehabilitation -
• Optical iridectomy can be attempted to improve vision in eyes with central or paracentral corneal
opacities with a relatively clear zone of the peripheral cornea
• Keratoprosthesis forms the last resort for visual rehabilitation in bilateral end-stage disease
• Modified osteo-odonto keratoprosthesis (MOOKP) forms the first choice of Kpro in eyes with SJS
• Type 2 Boston Kpro or the osteo Kpro can be performed in eyes not suitable for the MOOKP
53. MANAGEMENT - OPHTHALMIC DISEASE - ACUTE STAGE
• Ocular surface hygiene should be maintained - frequent conjunctival irrigation and installation
of prophylactic antibiotics to combat secondary infection
• Frequent preservative-free artificial tear supplements should be used to lubricate the corneal
and conjunctival epithelium
• Topical steroids decrease ocular inflammation but can also cause secondary bacterial infection :
so close follow up is required
54. MANAGEMENT - OPHTHALMIC DISEASE - ACUTE STAGE
• Bacterial keratitis Rapid corneal perforation
• Daily lysis of the symblepharon with glass rod
• Symblepharon ring in association with a bandage soft contact lens to line
the palpebral surface and prevent symblepharon formation
• Cryopreserved amniotic membrane can be applied to the bulbar and tarsal
conjunctiva and the cornea
• Lamellar or penetrating keratoplasty can be used if perforation is
impending or occurs
55. MANAGEMENT - OPHTHALMIC DISEASE - CHRONIC STAGE
• Goals of treatment are to:-
1. Restore eyelid and forniceal anatomy and function
2. Supplement tear function
3. Restore ocular surface
• Trichiasis is a constant and recurring problem – Epilation, cryotherapy, electrolysis to destroy lashes
• Entropion repair, combined with mucous membrane grafting for correcting shortening of the fornices
• Nasolacrimal duct and canalicular obstruction can occur, which sometimes help with DRY EYE state
• In case of dacrocystitis or chronic epiphora occurs, dacryocystorhinostomy and silicone tube insertion
56. MANAGEMENT - OPHTHALMIC DISEASE - CHRONIC STAGE
• Frequent artificial tear supplementation to treat the keratoconjunctivitis sicca due to conjunctival scarring
and loss of goblet cells
• Non - preserved methylcellulose lubricants
• Mucolytic agents (10% N-acetylcysteine) used to control filament formation or abnormal mucous discharge
• Lateral tarsorrhaphy - decreasing the surface area available for evaporation
• Bandage soft contact lenses can be used to manage persistent epithelial defects
57. MANAGEMENT - OPHTHALMIC DISEASE - CHRONIC STAGE
• Keratoprosthesis have been described for use in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome who
have poor epithelial healing
• Potential complications associated with keratoprosthesis use include :
• Eyelid cellulitis
• Extrusions of the keratoprosthesis
• Aqueous leaks
• Retro-prosthetic membranes
• Endophthalmitis
• Retinal detachment
• Progressive glaucoma
58. KERATOPROSTHESIS
• Improved results have recently been seen with the Boston K Pro due to
prophylactic use of vancomycin and more aggressive treatment of
glaucoma
• For more advanced cases with extremely dry eye osteo-odonto
keratoprosthesis (OOKP) may be the only option
59. KERATOLIMBAL ALLOGRAFT (KERATOEPITHELIOPLASTY)
• Lenticules of cadaveric kerato-limbal, living-related conjunctivo-limbal, combination of the
above, or cultivated alloepithelial donor limbal tissue, with or without amniotic membrane,
are transplanted to the limbus of an affected eye after superficial keratectomy
• Once the epithelium has been stabilized by performing the kerato-limbal graft, penetrating
keratoplasty can be performed to improve vision
• Penetrating keratoplasty should be performed months after the kerato-limbal allografts