Determinants of adolescent pregnancy and abortion among secondary school girls in nigeria

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DETERMINANTS OF ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY AND
ABORTION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL GIRLS IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY
OF ___LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)
TABLE OF CONTENT
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of content vi
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background to the study……………………………………………………………....1
1.2 Statement of the problem……………………………………………………………....4
1.3 Research Questions…………………………………………………………………….4
1.4 Objectives of the study………………………………………………………………...5
1.5 Significance of the Study……………………………………………………………....5
1.6 Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………………….6
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction……………………………………….…………………………………....9
2.1 Literature Review………………………………….…………………………………....9
2.2 Theoretical Framework…………………………….…………………………………...16
2.3 Conceptual Framework…………………………….…………………………………...18
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Introduction……………………………….…………………………………………....21
3.1 Research Design…………………………….………………………………………….21
3.2 Study Location……………………………….………………………………………...21

3.3 Study Population……………………………….………………………………………21
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Procedure………….………………………………………22
3.5 Data Collection Methods……………………….……………………………………...23
3.6 Methods of Data Analysis……………………….……………………………………...25
3.7 Field Experience………………………………………………………………………..26
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….27
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………....39
5.1 Summary……………………………………………………………………………….39
5.2 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..40
5.3 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………..40
REFERENCES………………………………….……………………………………………..42
APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………………………45

ABSTRACT
Considerably, there are many authors, researchers, scholars and research centers that
have carried out research on Determinants of adolescents’ pregnancy and Abortion
among Secondary School girls in Nigeria but not in the study area. Abortion is an
important challenges associated with adolescent pregnancy and most of pregnancies
are considered unplanned which resulted to Abortion and has become a major concern
in Nigeria. Therefore, the objective of this research is to study the pregnancy and
abortion among Senior Secondary School Girls Students in Oye- Local Government
Area.
The study is both descriptive and inferential and was conducted among adolescent
female students of Oye-Egbo High School and Ayede Grammar School. Self
administered questionnaires were used for data collection. One hundred and twenty -
five questionnaires were administered in each school making a total of 250
questionnaires in all.
The results of the analyses indicate that more than half of the respondents sampled
demonstrated a high level of knowledge of adolescent pregnancy (42%) and abortion
(32.80%) issues. Finding also shows that the Parents’ income, age, religion, and class
of the respondents were significant factors that influenced the determinants of
adolescent pregnancy and the factors that influenced abortion practices are Parents’
income, Age of the respondents, Class of respondents and their Religion. The study
found that majorities of the respondents who have had an abortion are in the
age category 15-19.
The study therefore concludes that there was high rate of practice of abortion which in
turn leads to high rate of pregnancy among the respondents and thus recommends that
emphasis should be laid on the promotions of sexual education among the sexually
active female adolescents in the study area.

CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter is introductory background to the research. It provides the background to
present study, the research problem that necessitated the work, the aims and
objectives, the methodology, and to the expected contributions to knowledge, among
other things.
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Over the last two decades, the determinants of adolescent pregnancy and abortion
have taken the centre stage in the fields of fertility studies and women’s health. Today,
adolescent sexuality is now an important social and medical program because
adolescent is known to be sexually active. Pregnancy issue is one of the most crucial
aspects of human existence in life. It is related to both bodily and psychosocial well-
being of a population (Alubo, 2001; Onifade, 1999; Sai, 1995).
Adolescence is a period in which sex roles and psychosexual developments between the
onset of sexual maturity, adulthood, self identity, and relationship with other persons
are defined by the young people; this includes period between the ages of 10 and 19
years (Action Health Incorporated, 1996).
When adolescents person become sexually active at a young stage, they may have
children before they are physically ready. Because early marriage also adds to the
number of children a woman will bear throughout her life time, unexpected and early
pregnancy put adolescents at risk of reproductive health complications. Sexual health
has been one of the most integration of an intellectual, emotional, physical, and social
aspect of one’s sexual beings in such a way that are positively enhancing and enriching
communication, love, and personality (WHO, 1989).

Although, pregnancy reflects the integral joyful part of humans with physiological,
cultural dimensions, spiritual, biological, ethical, social, and spiritual. Physiologically, the
changes that usually occur in the reproductive organs in the life of adolescents rarely
serve as a motivating force in their quest to experiment with sex. Some naturally
examine and take the risks in many aspects of their lives, including sexual relationships.
Some people love sex and they cannot do without it. Some change partners frequently
and have more than one partner at a period or engage in unprotected sex. Such people
are affected by reproductive morbidities including unwanted pregnancies, STI/HIV, and
their complications.
Also, the ways at which the school systems look into the adolescents pregnancy,
normally provide little or no sexuality education for adolescents people. One of the
communications at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)
in 1994 had stated that supports should be given by parents to promote integrated
sexuality education and services to the adolescent people. Adolescent pregnancy is
increasing globally with a trend towards early on-set.
In most developing countries, factors that are on-set of menarche, peer influence,
erosion of traditional norms tourism, expose to foreign cultures, changing values due to
increasing urbanization through migration, mass media, values, and lack of parental
control have been implicated. More than 20% of secondary school girls in Nigeria are
sexually active, or have had sexual relationship at least once (Anochie and Ekpeme,
2001; Okpani and Okpanu, 2000).
Pregnancy among adolescent is a growing issues worldwide, especially in Sub-Sahara
Africa. About 20% of adolescent conceive during their first sexual exposure and 50%
within the first six months (Aderibigbe, 2008; Araoye, 2010). Unwanted pregnancy
leading to unsafe abortion is one of the most important causes of mortality and
maternal morbidity. Unsafe abortion is an important medical and public health problems
in Nigeria. Nigeria has a rapid incidence of unwanted pregnancies, unsafe/septic

abortions and incomplete particularly among adolescents in Senior Secondary School
(Ethiopia Journal and Health Development, 2007).
In Nigeria, unlike in some developed and developing countries where abortion is legal,
most abortions are usually done by “quacks” due to an existing abortion law in the
country. Unwanted adolescent pregnancy and its outcomes are of enormous burden to
the family and societies because of the numerous complications that result from it.
Some researches confirm that risky adolescent behavior is associated with secondary
school and tertiary institution students who engage in the use of drugs and alcohol,
have sex with many partners, have abnormal sexual practices, and show a low and
inconsistent use of contraceptives (Global Health Council, 2006).
Research in several countries has shown that high percentage of an adolescent in
secondary schools student were coerced or forced during their first sexual contact.
Several Married adolescent women are especially unable to negotiate sex or condom
use with their husbands who may have extramarital partners, such that most young
adolescent women are several times more inclined than young adolescent men to
contract the HIV/AIDS disease through heterosexual link. Globally, the percentage of
contaminated adolescent pregnancy in senior secondary school has increased from 62%
to 77% in Sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria). This high prevalence of AIDS in Africa is having
a dreadful economical and social impact on the countries in the continent. A woman's
attack to the virus is attributable not only to biological differences, but also to the
deeply unshakeable socio-economic inequalities that further compound her risk (Global
Health Council, 2006).
About 37% of the sexually active secondary school girls Adolescent had knowledge of
STIs/AIDS but a much better knowledge was found among those especially 18 years
who recently received AIDS education. A ten year report (1991-2001) released by the
Communicable Disease Control Centre in 2002 revealed that the percentage of students
who has had sexual intercourse has dropped from 54 to 46% and the condom usage

has increased from 46 to 58%. It is hope that the findings in this study will provide
basis for development of reproductive health of the young females in to the country.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In the Nigerian society, traditional norms control adolescent people’s sexuality and it is
very rare to have an open conversation on sex. This is gradually changing today as
more adolescents now exercise control over their lives and make more independent
decisions about their sexuality (Action Health Incorporated, 1996). Adolescent
pregnancy and abortion has however been a concern in most developing nations.
Adolescents are more susceptible to pregnancies because of common premarital sexual
practices (Bongaart & Westoff, 2000).
Statistically, it is projected that at the turn of the 21st century, there will be 1.7 billion
peoples more than one- fourth of the world’s six billion people are between the ages of
10-19, and the vast majorities 86 % live in less developed countries (PRB, 2000). It is
globally acknowledged that a high proportion of young people are engaged in practices
of abortion. Studies from most parts of Nigeria provide evidence that the incidence is on
the increase.
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