Kacof blue print2013

KAKAMEGA COUNTY
BLUEPRINT
KAKAMEGA COUNTY FORUM
(KACOF)
Gerishom Wafula Manase
January 2013

Kakamega County Blueprint
PREFACE
Through the initiative of Kakamega County Forum (KACOF) members, the proposed
Blueprint for Kakamega County was developed. It is a cluster-based plan that will
provide not only the Leadership, but all stakeholders with social-economic and
political development future plan and guide for the County. The document is not
conclusive; there is room for more ideas, proposals and improvement.
Kakamega County Forum (KACOF) was conceived immediately upon the
promulgation of the New Constitution on August 27th
2010 to bring together all
non-state actors within the County in order to chart their social, economic and
political future. KACOF supports an initiative that will raise the well-being of all
residents where the greatest extent possible local needs are met efficiently and
effectively.
Kakamega County is in the Western region of Kenya. Its capital town is Kakamega. It
has a population of 1,660,651 (2009 Census), with the second highest population in
Kenya and an area of 3, 0301.4 square kilometers. Kakamega town is in Western
Kenya lies about 30 km north of the Equator. Local inhabitants are mostly the Luhya
tribe, whose economic activities are mainly farming and fishing.
The cluster plans are: Agriculture and Cooperatives; Health; Education; Infrastructure;
Industrialization Investment and Resource Mobilization and Financial Services;
Infrastructure; Land and Housing; Climate Change. Each of the clusters gives an
introduction, challenges and recommendations on what is to be done to alleviate the
challenges.
We hope this paper will be a wake-up call and challenge to all stakeholders. The
paper indicates a lot of optimism and hope for the County. The challenge is to the
leadership and citizens to make Kakamega the best county in Kenya.
Dr. Machanja Ligabo
PhD (Jurisprudence); LLM (Hon), Diploma Cooperatives
Gerishom Wafula Manase
MBA(Finance), B.Ed (Maths, B/Studies)

Kakamega County Forum (KACOF)
i

ii Kakamega County Forum (KACOF)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We appreciate the contribution of the following cluster
coordinators:-
Mr. Wesechere, Mr. Omutanyi, Mr. Nabwera Makokha, Dr. Gabriel Mukoya, Mr.
Angule, Dan Murwa, Mr. Victor Shiveka, Mrs. Jackline Okanya, Dr. Machanja Ligabo,
Rev. Patrick Maina, Mr. Francis Lutomia, Jeremiah Sunguti, Mr. Mang’ula Alfred, Dr.
Omani Odongo, Tom Shivachi, Mauria Mudeheri, Patrick Nzaywa, Prof Sammy
Kubasu.
Special appreciation goes to Gerishom Wafula and Dr. Machanja Ligabo for making
the initiative to have the blue print realized.
Above all, we appreciate God for giving us the strength and wisdom to accomplish
this noble task.

iiiKakamega County Forum (KACOF)
Contents
PREFACE i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. ii
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................01
KAKAMEGA COUNTY FORUM (KACOF) ...........................................................................01
Registration .......................................................................................................................01
Mandate .............................................................................................................................01
Vision ...................................................................................................................................01
Mission ................................................................................................................................01
Value Statement ..............................................................................................................01
Philosophy .........................................................................................................................01
Membership and Office Bearers ................................................................................02
Organization Structure..................................................................................................02
KAKAMEGA COUNTY PROFILE....................................................................................03
Location ..............................................................................................................................03
Area and administrative units ....................................................................................04
Land .....................................................................................................................................04
CHAPTER ONE: .........................................................................................................................06
AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATIVES..................................................................................06
1.1 Introduction and the Challenge. ........................................................................06
1.2 Possible Interventions/Recommendations ....................................................06
1.3 Cooperative Movement in Kakamega County ..............................................07
1.3. 1 Challenges .............................................................................................................09
1.3.2 Recommendations ...............................................................................................09
CHAPTER TWO ..........................................................................................................................11
2.0 HEALTH ........................................................................................................................11
2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................11
2.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................................11
Referral Hospital ......................................................................................................11
District Hospitals ....................................................................................................12
Dispensaries..............................................................................................................12
Pharmaceutical Factory ........................................................................................13
Production of Herbal Medicines........................................................................13
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................14
3.0: EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ............................14
3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................14
3.2 History of Kenyan Education...............................................................................15
3.2.1. The Earliest Schools in Kenya ..................................................................15
3.2.2. Pre and Postcolonial education..............................................................16
3.3 Formal Education (Public and Private Institutions of Learning)..............17
3.3.1 Early Child Development Education (ECDE) .......................................17
3.2.2 Primary Education........................................................................................18
3.2.4 Secondary Education ..................................................................................19
3.2.5 Life Skills and Vocational Education .....................................................20

iv Kakamega County Forum (KACOF)
3.2.6 University Education ...................................................................................20
3.3. Other Issues in Education.....................................................................................22
3.3.1 Special Needs Education ...........................................................................22
3.3.2 Institutions ......................................................................................................23
3.3.3 Recommendation.........................................................................................23
3.4 Non Formal Education............................................................................................23
3.4.1 Recommendations.......................................................................................23
3.5 Adult and Continued Education .........................................................................24
3.5.1 Incentives ........................................................................................................24
3.5.2 Suggestions ....................................................................................................24
3.5.3 Recommendation.........................................................................................24
3.6. Open and Continued Education........................................................................25
3.6.1 Suggestions and Recommendations ............................................................25
3.7 Research and STI ......................................................................................................25
3.7.1 Recommendation.................................................................................................25
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................27
4.0. INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................27
4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................27
4.1.1. Recommendations......................................................................................27
CHAPTER FIVE ...........................................................................................................................29
5.0 INVESTMENT, MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIALIZATION ............................29
5.1 INVESTMENT ..............................................................................................................29
5.1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................29
5.1.2 Objectives and Goals...........................................................................................29
5.1.2.1. Manufacturing Sector ............................................................................29
5.1.2.2 Tourism Sector ...........................................................................................30
5.1.2.3 Transport and Infrastructure Sector ..................................................30
5.1.2.4 Agricultural Sector....................................................................................30
5.1.2.5 Livestock Sector.........................................................................................30
5.1.2.6 Fisheries Sector ..........................................................................................30
5.1.2.7 Education Sector .......................................................................................30
5.1.2.8 Mineral Resources.....................................................................................31
5.1.2.9 Building and Construction Industry...................................................31
5.1.2.10 Cooperative Development..................................................................31
5.1.3 Level of Investments in Kakamega County .................................................31
5.1.4. Challenges Facing he County in Attracting New Investments............31
5.1.5 Incentives to Attract Investments in Kakamega County ........................32
5.1.6 Priority Areas with Likely Multiplier Effect in the County.......................32
5.1.6.1 Construction of a Referral and Training Health Institution ................32
5.1.6.2 Construction of a Five Star Hotel & Hospitality College..............32
5.1.6.3 Import Substitution Ventures (Poultry, Fishing and Dairy) ........33
5.1.7 Financial Services..................................................................................................33
5.1.7.1 Setting Up Bank.........................................................................................34
5.1.7.2 Strengthening of Financial Service Associations ..........................34

vKakamega County Forum (KACOF)
5.1.7.3 Formation of Saccos.................................................................................34
5.2 Introduction to Manufacturing...........................................................................34
Vision: ..................................................................................................................................35
Mission ................................................................................................................................35
Objectives of the Industrialization Plans: ...............................................................35
5.2.1 Recommendations.......................................................................................36
5.3.1 Proposed Industrial Ventures ..................................................................37
CHAPTER SIX .............................................................................................................................41
6.0 LAND AND HOUSING ..............................................................................................41
6.1 LAND ............................................................................................................................41
6.2 HOUSING .....................................................................................................................41
CHAPTER SEVEN.......................................................................................................................43
7. O CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS, MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION ...............43
7.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................43
7.2.1 SWOT Analysis ...............................................................................................44
7.2.2 PESTEL Analysis .............................................................................................44
7.3 Main Indicators of Climate in the Region ........................................................45
7.4.1 Proposed Short term Strategies ......................................................................46
7.4. 2 Project Model .......................................................................................................46
CHAPTER EIGHT .......................................................................................................................47
YOUTH AND WOMEN IN KAKAMEGA COUNTY.............................................................47
8.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................47
8.2 Youth ............................................................................................................................47
8.3 Women.........................................................................................................................48
8.3.1 Women in Education work and Economic Empowerment ...........49
8.3.2 Economic Empowerment..........................................................................49
8.3.3 Women and HIV/AIDS .................................................................................50
8.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................50
About The Author ...........................................................................................................51

1Kakamega County Forum (KACOF)
INTRODUCTION
KAKAMEGA COUNTY FORUM (KACOF)
Kakamega County Forum (KACOF) was conceived immediately upon the
promulgation of the New Constitution on August 27th
2010 to bring together all
non-state actors within the County in order to chart their social, economic and
political future.
This initiative was premised on the realization that the success of the Devolved
system
of Governance was hinged on an informed and vibrant civil society. It is instructive
to note that the failure of the Majimbo system soon after independence was mainly
attributed to poor preparation and the lack of capacity by the people to manage
their affairs. KACOF founders realized that in order to enjoy the full benefits of
devolution, it is paramount that the people are adequately prepared and properly
organized. This defines the mandate of KACOF.
Registration
KACOF was registered on 25th
March 2011 under the Societies Act (CAP 108). A copy
of the constitution is available. KACOF’s registered office is located on the 1st
floor
of Cooperative House on Kenyatta Avenue in Kakamega Town.
Mandate
To enhance Governance and influence change that will uplift the quality of life and
the socio-economic status of the people of Kakamega County.
Vision
To be the best devolved Government in
Africa
Mission
To harness the full potential of the human and natural resources of Kakamega
County through empowerment, capacity building programmes and projects,
fostering unity, facilitating continuous dialogue, consultation and self evaluation
amongst its stakeholders.
Value Statement
We shall be God fearing, friendly, transparent, respectful, timely, and of highest
integrity in everything we do.

2 Kakamega County Forum (KACOF)
Philosophy
Emphatic and spirited governance and community service.

Flexible and receptive to new ideas
Results driven, strategic in converting opportunities into deliverables.
Model of ethical values and corporate business behaviour.
The above four pollutes summaries the MILEMBE philosophy
Membership and Office Bearers
KACOF membership is in the categories of ordinary, life, Associate and Corporate.
KACOF held its General meeting on July 17th
, 2011 during which its office bearers
and members of various organs of the forum were elected.
Organization Structure
KACOF is structured on a 4-tier hierarchical basis comprising the General meeting
at the apex, the Governing council, the Executive Committee and the Secretariat
which handles the day-to-day affairs. Details about the composition of the various
committees are contained in the Forum’s constitution.

KAKAMEGA COUNTY PROFILE
Kakamega County is in the Western region of Kenya. Its capital town is Kakamega. It
has a population of 1,660,651 (2009 Census), with the second highest population in
Kenya and an area of 30301.4 square kilometres. Kakamega town is in Western
Kenya lies about 30km north of the Equator. Local inhabitants are mostly the Luhya
tribe, whose economic activities are mainly farming and fishing.
Kakamega serves as the headquarters of Kenya’s largest sugar producing firm,
Mumias sugar, located in the village of Mumias. Kakamega was the scene of the
Kakamega gold rush in the early 1930s, fuelled partly by the reports of the geologist
Albert Ernest Kitson.
Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology is a new institution of higher
learning created by Act of parliament in December 2006 which is in the heart of
Kakamega town on the Kakamega-Webuye road. It is expected to spur growth in
this capital of Western Kenya.
Kakamega forest is the main tourist destination in the area. Another attraction is the
crying stone of Ilesi located along the highway towards Kisumu. It is a 40meters
high rock dome resembling a human figure whose “eyes” drop water. Kakamega
area receives a very high amount of annual precipitation and contains Kakamega
Forest, a preserve which is a remnant of a rainforest. The many song birds fill the air
with various birdcalls. Kakamega is also a home to Africa’s largest and most
aggressive cobra, the Kakamega forest cobra. Reputed by locals to spend a lot of time
in the trees, stories abound of fearsome attacks on unsuspecting passers-by. Other
snakes in the area include the forest adder, black mamba and the green mamba.
Location
Kakamega County is one of the 47 counties in the country and is situated in the
western region. It boarders Vihiga County to the south, Siaya to the South West,
Busia to the West, Bungoma to the North and Uasin Gishu and Nandi to the East. The
county covers an area of 3050.4km2.

Area and administrative units
Kakamega County has 12 districts, 25 divisions and 77 locations as indicated in table
1.
Table 1: County’s administrative unites and areas
S/N DISTRICT AREA
1. Kakamega central 244.0
2. Navakholo 173.4
3. Kakamega south 143.6
4. Kakamega east 445.5
5. Kakamega north 427.4
6. Butere 210.5
7. Khwisero 145.6
8. Mumias 314.4
9. Matungu 275.8
10. Lugari 266.3
11. Matete 101.9
12. Lukuyani 302.0
13. Kakamega county 3050.4
Land
The land use in the county depends mainly on the fertility of the land since a greater
percentage is used for agricultural farming. The main farming economic activities
are sugarcane farming as the leading followed by maize and beans.
Mean holding size
The average land holding size in Kakamega County is 1.4 acres. The land has been
subdivided into small uneconomic portions due to the high population in the
county.
Percentage of land with title deeds
It is estimated that 38.6% of the population in the county have title deeds for the
land that they hold. The long land adjudication procedures and cultural beliefs have
hampered the increase of the land titles among the residents.
Incidence of landlessness
There are not many cases of landlessness within the county since settlers are on
ancestral land. However there are few cases of internally displaced persons.
Settlement patterns
The County settlement patterns are varied in the 12 sub-counties. Majority of the
population are rural based. However, there are a few towns like Kakamega, Mumias,

Butere, Malava, Navakholo, Khayega, and Matunda with higher concentrations.
Climate, Physiographic and Natural conditions
The county has high rainfall almost all year round. However, the rainfall is less in
intensity between December and February. The annual rainfall ranges from
1111mm to 3111mm per year. The temperatures range from 18ºC to 29ºC.
Soils in Kakamega County are acidic and nutrient poor. Soil chemical analysis shows
that most parts of Kakamega north and Butere, the soils are acidic. The rest of the
county, the soils are heterogeneous in nature, acidic, strongly weathered and low in
minerals especially nitrogen and phosphorous. However the soils do well with the
application fertilizers.
Kakamega County has a tropical rain forest type of vegetation.
There are two main ecological zones in the county i.e the Upper Medium (UM) and
the Lower Medium (LM): the Upper Medium covers central and southern parts of
the county such as Lurambi, Malava, Lugari, Shinyalu and Ikolomani. Here intensive
maize, beans and horticultural production is mainly by small scale farmers. The
second ecological zone, the Lower Medium (LM), covers a major portion of the
northern part of the county, where the main economic activity is sugarcane
production with smaller area practicing maize, sweet potatoes and cassava growing.
The altitudes of the county range from 1250m to 2000m above sea level. The
southern part of the county is hilly and is made up of rugged granites rising in places
to 1950m above sea level. The Nandi Escarpment forms a prominent feature on
the county Eastern border, with its main scarp rising from the general elevation
of 1700m to
2000m. The North Eastern corner where River Nzoia cuts the scarp, the elevation is
1460m while downstream near Mumias, 45km from the scarp. There are five main
rivers in the county, River Nzoia, Lusumu, Sasala, Viratsi and Isiukhu.

CHAPTER ONE:
1.0 AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATIVES
1.1 Introduction and the Challenge.
Kakamega County is an agricultural county. The 85% of the 1.7 million people
depend on agriculture.
Kakamega County has a high poverty index of 64%. It means 64% of the population
does not earn kshs. 80/= per day so the live below poverty line- low income.
It is also observed that believer the month of February to July – “irotho” is a well
known period of Hunger. The population is always aware of this fact. This is food
insecurity. The above state of affairs in the county is caused by:
• Under utilization of land
• Poor farming methods
• None value added approach to the produce/products/poor entrepreneurship
culture
• Poor diversification of crops and husbandry
• Poor after harvest storage
• Low investment
• Limited source of credits
• Insecurity
• Poor infrastructure
• Negative cultural practices
1.2 Possible Interventions/Recommendations
The county Government will have to draw up a county agriculture policy for 5 years,
10 years, 50 years.
KACOF does propose the following as possible interventions:-
• At least 35% of the county budget should be allocated to Agriculture.
• Farmers be encouraged to use all their land to discourage the under utilization
of land.
• New methods of farming be introduced and new crops.
• Farmers and all citizens of the county be required/requested to practice
proper after harvest storage
• Farmers/citizens be encouraged to diversify crops and keep good/great
amounts
• Farming should be taught in all our schools
• Farmers/citizen be encouraged to take loans and invest in agricultural/
husbandry sectors
• Infrastructure be improved as proposed by the Infrastructure cluster.
• The citizen/farmers should assist the security organs to improve the security

of the county.
There certain negative cultural practices which should be identified by county elders
and should be abolished forthwith.
Cooperatives be encouraged and formed to assist the farmers market to assist the
farmers market and receive credit for farming.
Farmers to call local training clubs to be formed under cooperatives societies to
receive knowledge from the agriculture extension officers.
County Government to encourage the provision of agricultural ex
Land utilization –
Value addition
The farmers/cooperatives be encouraged to form light industries to process the raw
agriculture produce. Please refer to the recommendation given under sub cluster of
manufacturing.
1.3 Cooperative Movement in Kakamega County
Cooperatives are a key pillar of national and international economic and socio
development. As underscored by the International Labour Organization conference
of 2002 in its recommendation number 193, paragraph 7(1), cooperatives have the
following global importance:-
• Creation of jobs
• Mobilization of resources for income – generation
• Enhancing participation in economic and social development
• Contributing to equitable distribution of globalization benefits
• Contribution to sustainable human development
• Combating social exclusion
After independence, the government of Kenya set Africanization of the economy as
one of its objectives. Towards this end, the government gave a lot of support and
close supervision to cooperative movement in the country. This support and
supervision witnessed greater expansion and diversification of cooperative societies
in Kenya in the years preceding 1997 . In 1997 the government in line with
recommendations of the World Bank and IMF changed the policy towards
cooperative development, reducing the support and control of cooperative
societies. These developments lead to general decline in cooperative movement in
Kenya.
Cooperative societies play a leading role in socio-economic development of a
country. They create e m p l o ym e n t ; contribute in creation of wealth and
production and supply of goods and services needed by the population at
cheaper rates. A decline in cooperative movement contributes to increase in
unemployment, deepening poverty, and insecurity, which hampers realization of
the millennium development goals and pose a threat to achievement of Kenya’s
Vision 2010.

Kakamega County BlueprintAs way of reviving the declining of cooperative s e c t o r in Kenya, the Ministry
of Cooperative Development and Marketing through the 2004 -2008 Strategic
Plan pledged to streamline cooperative societies in Kenya through establishing
appropriate procedures and standards , including cooperative education and
training, which are likely to increase government controls and supervision of
cooperative societies. Thus, it is important to evaluate the role of government in
cooperative societies in Kenya and how the members of the cooperative societies
perceive the involvement of the government in cooperative activities to assist in
future policy formulation. It was in view of this that the research studied role of the
government in development of cooperative societies in Kenya with special focus
on Western Province of Kenya to provide information to guide policy review
on government participation in cooperative movement.
The decade of 1990-1999 marked a watershed in the history of cooperative
development in Africa in response to structural a d j u s t m e n t programmes.
The changes put in place, in line with structural adjustment programmes, paved the
way to liberalization of the cooperatives was effected through the Cooperative
Societies Act Chapter 12 pg 1997. The reforms contained in this Act sought to
reduce the strict state supervision of cooperatives, in order to support the
liberalization of cooperative enterprise (Wanyama, 2009). Wanyama further notes
that the 1997 Act empowered the members to be responsible for the running of
their own cooperatives, through elected management committees. He points out
that cooperative in Kenya had not been prepared for this freedom. The
cooperatives were left without a regulatory mechanism to play the role that the
government had previously played.
Wanyama (200) noted that the immediate consequences of liberalization on
cooperatives were principally negative as the newly acquired freedom was
dangerously abused by elected leaders. Similarly, Gamba and Komo (2008) reported
poor performance for cooperatives in Kenya in the liberalization era, which was the
mergers and splits of various cooperative societies into small uneconomic units,
the split fueled by high levels of mismanagement, fluctuating prices and political
influence/. Manyara (2004) also noted the Government’s withdrawal from direct
involvement in the management of the cooperative societies after liberalization to
have made the cooperative movement to experience many challenges.
While Manyara (2004), Gamba and Komo (2008), and Wanyama (2009) reported
poor performance by cooperatives in Kenya, ILO (2010) noted that in other parts
of the world, cooperatives had survived the market forces of liberalization and had
continued to grow in number, membership and income. As noted by ILO, the
market forces triggered a structural transformation that saw the fading away of the
inefficient cooperatives, including the National Federation and some cooperative
unions, as primary cooperatives sought better service provision, as cooperatives
increasingly diversified their activities and introduced innovative ventures in order
to respond to their members’ needs. ILO noted that the well-adapted cooperatives

Kakamega County Blueprinthad recorded better performance than they did in the era of state control of
cooperatives.

The government of Kenya in response to the difficulties by the cooperative
movement in the liberalization era enacted two key legislations, which re-
introduced some level of government control and supervision of cooperative
movement in the country. In
2004, the government enacted the Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Act of 2004,
which re-enforces state regulation of the cooperative movement through the office
of the Commissioner for Cooperative Development. As noted by Gamba and Komo
(2008), the 2004 Act widened the Commissioners’ powers and scope of regulation
over the cooperative movement to include promotion, inspection, inquiries, auditing,
surcharge, debt collection, liquidation and provision of technical extension services.
In 2008 the government further passed another act, the SAACO Societies Act of 2008
which provided for the licensing, regulation, supervision and promotion of saving
and credit cooperatives by the SACCO Societies Regulatory Authority. The 2008 Act
provided for the establishment of the SACCO Societies Regulatory Authority whose
functions included licensing SACCOs to carry out deposit-taking business as well as
regulating and Supervising SACCOs.
Kakamega County covers the following districts:- Kakamega Central, Kakamega
North, Kakamega East, Kakamega South, Larger Lugari, Larger Mumias and Larger
Butere
In this country we have the following types of cooperatives:
These cooperative (Active) are distributed according to their types as
follows:-
• TYPE NUMBER
• Urban Saccos 26
• Rural Saccos 5
• Dairy Cooperatives 5
• Coffee Cooperatives 9
• Housing Cooperatives 7
• Transport (Matatu) Cooperatives 11
• Development Cooperatives 2
• Other Farmers Cooperative 4
• Multipurpose Cooperatives 7
Share capital of Cooperatives in the county stands at Kshs. 2,507,198,074
1.3. 1 Challenges
The county has not fully utilized its potential in this sector; it only has 107,219 people
as active society members in total currently. This leaves a huge section of the
county’s population still not directly involved in cooperatives activities. There is
inadequate capital which hampers cooperative education and training
1.3.2 Recommendations

• Cooperative societies should target improving capital base and this requires
local resources of CDF local governing bodies.

• The Government should seek ways of availing cheap credit to members of
cooperatives towards this end, the government should use cooperatives
as agencies though which funds like Youth Enterprises fund and Women
Enterprises funds can be used to benefit communities where the Cooperative
operate.
• The Law on Cooperative development should be reviewed to enable women/
youth to play a bigger role in Cooperative Movement Committees.
• Cooperative societies should be encouraged to embrace information
communication technology to modernize their operation and to keep abreast
with the globalization.
• While acknowledging all vital role of government in creating an enabling
and supportive policy and legal frame work, and in facilitating access to
support services and finance cooperative societies should not be subjected to
county government double taxation and licensing by government and local
authorities.
• The county government should continue to work with cooperative and only
leave cooperatives on their own gradually after putting in place an enabling
environment and structures that would cushion cooperatives from abuse.
• Kakamega County should employ highly qualified staff and acquire tools and
equipment for effective supervision and guidance of the modern cooperative
movement.
• Encourage the formation of new cooperatives i.e transport – bodaboda,
wholesale cooperatives, consumer cooperatives, fisheries cooperative, air
broadcast SACCO and Jua kali SACCOS.
• Encourage the matching of weaker cooperatives into one large strong
cooperative
• Each county shall have law in place to allow it register cooperative within
jurisdiction.
• To set-up a commission to study and make recommendation on the way
forward and specifically establish a Kakamega County Cooperative Union.
Please note that this Kakamega Cooperative Union has many assets in
existence.
• To create a Kakamega County cooperative Union, that will embrace all types
of the Cooperatives, and will inherit of the assets of the weak Kakamega
Cooperative Union.
• To take stock of all cooperative properties, with a view of restoring them to
Cooperatives.
• To start new cooperatives or strengthen the existing one in the following
sectors:-
• Fisheries
• Transport(Matatu/bodaboda)
• Housing/construction
• Mining
• Manufacturing(posho mills)
• Dairy and animal husbandry

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 HEALTH
2.1 Introduction
Kakamega County is the second largest county in Kenya and during the last census
(September 2009), it projected to have risen to about 2 million.
The county is located within the Lake Victoria Basin. Since the climate conditions
favour mosquito breeding (the anopheles among others) malaria is bound to be a
major public health problem. Other diseases which are significant include
water- borne diseases such as bacterial and amoebic dysentery, typhoid fever and
worm infestation (round worm, whip worm, thread worm an pin worm) issues
relating to family planning and maternal health are also important. The HIV/AIDS
pandemic is also significant public health problem in the county. Given the high
prevalence of HIV in the County, (6.6% in Western province, KDHS 2008 – 2009), it
must be accorded the attention it deserves. In the provision of health services to our
people, we expect to work in close collaboration with the Ministry of Health as well
as WHO. The following is the proposed Health Care Delivery System for the county:-
Infant mortality rate in the county stands at 65/1000. This is above the national
average of 52/1000. Less than five mortality rate lies at 121 per 100,000 live births.
The national average of 74 per 1000 live births. Maternal mortality stands at 127 per
100,000 births. Proportion of women delivering at health facilities is 29.3%. The
proportion of women at their reproductive age accessing contraceptives is 27%
while 88% if the children are immunized. The proportion of mother who delivers in
the hands of trained personnel is 52.8%.
2.2 Recommendations
Referral Hospital
• Kakamega Provincial General Ho sp i t a l upgraded to t h e c o u n t y
referral hospital.
• The requisite personnel (medical officers in various specialties of clinical
practice), diagnostic laboratories and a well stocked pharmacy.
• To be equipped with high technology diagnostic equipment such as
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) and Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI) machines. Renal dialysis equipment and an ambulance
should be available.
• To be teaching hospital by the Faculty of Medicine, school of health sciences,
Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST) and centre
for training Doctors in conjunction with the MMUST Medical School.

• High school to be encouraged to consider taking up careers in Medicine,
Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing and collaborate with the various Medical
schools in the country for purposes of manpower training.
District Hospitals:
• District Hospitals to be well-constructed and equipped in each of the twelve
(12) constituencies with a medical training centre (MTC) for the purpose of
training nursing staff as well as paramedics such as Medical Laboratory
Technologists, Clinical Officers and Nutritionists. .
• To have specialist medical officers, be equipped with an X-ray machine.
Given that X-ray technology is today a basic tool of radiological diagnostic
technology, it is an essential tool at this level of healthcare delivery.
• Each District Hospital should have a Pediatrician and Gynecologist.
• Each District Hospital should have about 100 beds, 25% of these of which
should be reserved for children less than 5 years of age and 25% for the
maternity wing. Sub district Hospitals may complement services provided by
District Hospitals.
• To have at least three such sub district hospitals.
• To have ambulances for ease of patient transfers, delivery of medical
supplies and other health-sector related activities that may require transport.
• Health Centres
• At least one to be in each divisional administrative unit or to be shared
between administrative locations.
• To have a medical officer as well as a number of clinical officers working with
him/her.
• Emphasis should be laid on laboratory diagnostic services and adequate drug
supplies in the pharmacy.
Dispensaries
• To be in each location.
The dispensary is the most basic facility for health service delivery.
• To have at least one clinical officer and nursing staff under his/her supervision.
Health Insurance Cover
• To have comprehensive health insurance cover for the citizens. This should
be contributory, premium payment of which could be made monthly or
yearly by all adult citizens (anybody aged 18 and above).
• To be implemented in collaboration with Insurance companies in the
Country which provide health insurance cover such as AAR, Resolution Health
Insurance etc.

Special Homes
• To be established to cater for the vulnerable; orphaned children, the elderly
with no one to take care of them and the disabled. Or traditional social
security mechanisms have collapsed and can no longer be relied upon to take
care of the vulnerable. The Kenya Government, on the other hand, had no
institutional mechanism to cater for the vulnerable. Being cognizant of these
realities, it is incumbent upon us to come up with such institutional
structures to take care of the economically disadvantaged in the county.
Pharmaceutical Factory
The county to establish a pharmaceutical factory for the purpose of manufacturing
conventional medicines. Given the large population of the county, we are better off
manufacturing a lot of our basic medicinal requirements such as painkillers
(analgesis), antibiotic, anti amoebic and antihelmintic drugs among others.
Production of Herbal Medicines
• A factory for production of herbal medicinal products could be established
to make use of the abundance of plants that are a source of medicinal
compounds in the Kakamega
• To partner with China for herbal medication and production of viable herbal
medicinal.
• Research geared t o w a r d s d i s c o v e r y of medicinal compounds from
plant materials to be encouraged. Scientists in the Universities and Medical
Research Institutes such as KEMRI should be encouraged to undertake such
research.
•

CHAPTER THREE
3.0: EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Introduction
Education has been defined as the process through which knowledge: skills, attitudes
and values are imparted for the purpose of integrating the individual in a given
society, or changing the values and norms of a society. This is done through
cognitive mapping of reliable access to optimal state of mind.
For individuals, this process is life-long. It begins at birth and ends with death. It is
determined by the level of knowledge, skills and discipline of character acquired in
the process of training for career, livelihoods and profession.
The UNESCO International Standard classified of education defines education as
comprising organized and sustained communication designed to bring about
learning (UNESCO, 1975).
International Education for Sustainable Development (IESD) is an education that:
• Every person benefits from since it promotes d e v e l o p m e n t
t h a t is environmentally sound, socially equitable, culturally sensitive and
economically just.
• Ensures learning about knowledge and also about doing, being, interacting
with others and changing the world for the better of all.
• Makes formal learning enjoyable, hands-on and relevant to life outside school
while addressing the problems of our world.
• Every person benefits from genuine learning opportunities throughout life, in
the workplace, and within the community.
• Has systems which prepare learners to enter the workforce as well as handle
a crisis, be resilient, become responsible citizens, adapt to change, recognize
and solve local problems with global roots, meet other cultures with respect,
and create a peaceful and sustainable society.
In Kenya, as in any other country, this sustained communication is organized
and managed through a coherent system put in place by the Government.
•
Since independence, the Government of Kenya has been committed to the provision
of education to her citizens. Education is seen as the primary means of economic
and social mobility, national cohesion and social and economic development. At
various times in is history the government has mandated the Education Sector to
address major changes to ensure that through the provision of education the
country’s social

and economic goals are realized.
Since the last major set of reforms in 1981, the world and Kenya has experienced
the impact of globalism, increasing inter-dependence between and within states
and the need for people to become responsible citizens both nationally and
internationally. Trade and communications have been revolutionized, whilst human
capital requirements, especially as a result of the ICT revolution have changed out of
all recognition.
3.2 History of Kenyan Education
Historical records from the travels of Johan Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann
reveal that Kenyans had access to education as far back as 1728 with a Swahili
manuscript Utendi wa Tambuka (book of Heraclius) attesting to the fact. The CMS
missionaries interacted with locals in the coastal town of Mombasa and set up one of
the earliest mission schools in the country at Rabai in 1846.
With the expansion o f the railway from Mombasa to Uganda, the
missionaries expanded their work into Kenya’s interior. An attempt to set up a
school and mission at Yatta in 1894 was resisted by the Kamba tribe. The
missionaries then penetrated into western Kenya and set up schools and missions.
The first school in western Kenya was established in Kaimosi in 1902.
During the colonial era, the number of Kenyans with exposure to education steadily
increased and a good number of them were privileged to proceed abroad for further
education. Among those who furthered their education abroad in the colonial era
were Jomo Kenyatta, who attended Woodbrooke College and London School of
Economics, Charles Njonjo, who attended Grays Inn Law School, Peter Mbiyu
Koinange, who attended Columbia University, Mwai Kibaki who attended London
School of Economics, R. Mugo Gatheru who attended Roosevelt University , Tom
Mboya, who attended Ruskin College, Oxford, Masinde Muliro, who attended
University of Cape Town, Julius Gikonyo Kiano who attended Stanford University,
Paul Ngei and Barack Obama Sr., who attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Julius Gikonyo was the first Kenyan to obtain a Ph.D. He returned to Kenya and was
instrumental in establishing a school in Githunguri. The trend steadily rose over
the years and by the time of independence in 1963, 840,000 African children were
attending elementary school.
3.2.1. The Earliest Schools in Kenya
School at Rabai nea Mombasa – established 1846
Friends school Kaimosi, now Kaimosi Friends Primary School, established
1903
Maseno school established 1903
Gevernment Indian School or The Duke of Gloucester School, now Jamhuri
High

Kakamega County BlueprintSchool, established 1906

Tumutumu Mission School, now Tumutumu Girls’ High School established in
1908
European Girls’ School, now Kenya High School established in 1908.
Thogoto School, now Thogoto Teachers’ Training College established
1910
Kaimosi Girls High School, established 1920
Kaimosi Boys High School, established 1921
Mang’u High School, established
1925
Alliance School, now Alliance High School (Kenya) established in 1926
St. Mary’s Yala, established
1927
Highlands High School, now Moi Girls’ High School – Eldoret established
1928
Kisii School, established in 1932
3.2.2. Pre and Postcolonial education
Kenya began a campaign for free primary education after independence in 1963.
Since then, the system of education has undergone transformation twice. Before
independence elementary education was based on the colonial system of education.
In 1967, Kenya, with Uganda and Tanzania, formed the East African Community.
The three countries adopted a single system of education, the 7-4-2-3, which
consisted of 7 years of primary education, 4 years of secondary education, 2 years of
high school and 3-5 years of university education. Under the system, which was
similar to the British system of education, children began their elementary
(primary) education at the age of 7 and completed at the age of 13 after sitting for
a regional examination known as the East African Certificate of Primary Education
(EACPE).
After primary education those who passed very well proceeded to secondary school
ended four years later with the writing of the East African Certificate of Education
Examination (EACE) the highest level of education that qualified one to attend
university was attained after two years of high school at that time distinct from
secondary school with students sitting for the East African advanced certificate of
Education (EAACE).
With the collapse of the East African Community in 1977, Kenya continued with the
same system of education but changed the examination names from their regional
identity to a national identity. The East African Certificate of Primary Education
became the Certificate of Primary Education (CPE), the East African Certificate of
Education became the Kenya Certificate of Education (KCE) and the East African
Advanced Certificate of Education became the Kenya Advanced Certificate of
Education.(KACE).

In 1985 President Daniel Arap Moi, introduced the 8-4-4 system of education, which
adopted 8 years of primary education, 4 years of secondary education and 4 years
of university education. With the introduction of the 8-4-4 system CPE became KCPE
(Kenya Certificate of Primary Education) while KCE became the Kenya Certificate of
Secondary Education (KCSE). Since 1985, public education in Kenya has been based
on an 8-4-4 system, with eight years of primary education followed by four years of

secondary school and four years of college or university.
Some private schools, however, offer a system of education similar to the British
system of education with ordinary level exams, “0-levels” taken at the end of 4 years
of secondary school and advanced levels “A-levels”, taken after two years of high
school. Out of all children in Kenya about 85 percent attend primary school.
75 percent of those who completed primary education proceed to secondary
schools and 60 percent of those who complete secondary school proceed to higher
institutions of education which include business and vocational institutions, national
polytechnics, public and private universities within the country. Over 950,000
Kenyans have furthered their education abroad with a majority of graduates from
India, UK, Canada, the United States, Russia, and Uganda.
3.3 Formal Education (Public and Private Institutions of
Learning)
ECDE (County Government)
Primary
Secondary
Youth Polytechnics (County Government)
Institutes of Technology
Other Professional Colleges (Teachers, Medical and
Agricultural) Universities
Special Needs Education
Non Formal Education
Informal Education (Open and Continued Education)
3.3.1 Early Child Development Education (ECDE)
This has been the most neglected level of education in spite of being the foundation
of quality learning for all humanity. It has been in the hands of parents and few
benefactors to run ECDE programmes making it subject to many forms of
exploitation. Gross enrolment rate at this level has been about 54%. Learning
competency evaluation, child care support services, medical services and nutritional
requirement for effective learning are taken care of at this level of education.
The government has in the recent past designed a curriculum to be used for training
educators at this level and for use in teaching following funding from partners.
The new constitution puts ECDE in the hands of the County Government. The forum
recommends that Kakamega County Government to:
• Have an expanded access to quality early child development education fully
paid for by the county government (subsidize for those in Private schools).
• Make enrolment and completion of ECDE compulsory for registration in

Primary.
• Provide ECDE facilities, meals and learning/teaching materials
• Employ all teachers in public ECDE centres
• An ECDE centre for every Primary school be mandatory
• Early exposure to some ICT skills and tools at this level
3.2.2 Primary Education
The constitution allocates the responsibility of Primary education to the central
government. It shall still be the duty of stakeholders and the Government to ensure
sustainability in the provision of free quality primary education. The available
Primary 950 schools enable the gross enrolment rate to be about 70% having
dropped from over 100% when Free Primary Education (FPE) was announced.
High poverty index led to low retention of learners in primary schools of Kakamega
County. Most left due to:
• Other levies not considered under the Free Primary Education.
• Meagre Free Primary Education resources t h a t c o u l d not last a year e.g.
exercise books
• Lack of school uniform
• Hunger after enjoying the feeding programme in the ECDE centres.
• Over enrolment in the classes making it impossible for the teacher to give
individual attention.
It is recommended that:
• Only those recommended from ECDE Centres be interviewed and allowed to
join primary
• The county Government to t a k e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f ensuring
quality performance by all at this level.
• Meals and other learning materials be provided for in primary education.
• Support bursary for the poor to buy uniform and food.
• There be equity, quality and enough teacher deployment in all public
primary schools
• Opportunities for qualified volunteers be availed.
• The county Government to set measures that would ensure access,
completion and continuity
• Employ more teachers to serve in the primary schools
• Build more classes in addition to other materials provision and use of two
schools day
• Design systems that monitor to ensure quality learning that is accountable
• Employ Information Communication Technology (ICT) to reduce on teacher
dependency and defray costs.
• Proper law be instituted to guard against:
• Child labour
• Negative cultural practices

• Marginalization
• Holiday tuition be on private basis between parents and teachers to ensure
quality use of time in the schools should be abolished
• Connect electrical power and water to all primary schools.
3.2.4 Secondary Education
This is now the level from where one could be assured of quality training for
effective service to self and community. Kakamega County has a gross enrolment
rate of 25%. And a dropout rate of 10%.
Stakeholders and the Kakamega County Government should establish sustainability
in the provision of free quality secondary education to combat low enrolments at
this level.
The current county and national schools in the county be challenged to operate
at the mean grade rate of above 8.5B, a minimum of 20 students with grade A in
KCSE and 50% qualification to university. Those with limited supply of resources be
challenged to operate at mean grade 6C, minimum of 5 students with As in KCSE
and
30% qualification to university. This should form the basis of agreement between
the schools BOGs and stakeholders in education
We recommend:
• Adequate staffing and equitable teacher distribution to all schools in all
subjects.
• Making of secondary education free as basic education for all in the county
• The establishment of a two schools day with additional allowance to the
teachers to improve on the transition rate.
• Constrains to access and quality education to be firmly addressed. This are:
• Child labour and early marriage
• HIV and AIDS
• Drugs and substance abuse
• Street urchins increase
• Dropout stigma
• Guarding against appointments and disappointments that are not
professionally vetted for quality decision making
• In servicing of teachers to enable the use of project based learning or
thematic teaching in line with the UNO (UNESCO) and the designs of
Education for Sustainable Development (ESD).
• Establishment of one quality secondary school to serve each village starting
with the ward
• Establishing of ICT hubs in every secondary school and resource centres to
enhance technological education
• There be constructed institutions that would serve as science academies in
each ward of constituency to address the fear of sciences

• Every new management in a school be mandated to design, share and work
on it vision within six months of appointment
3.2.5 Life Skills and Vocational Education
To be used to create quality human resource for self-employment and job market.
Life skill and vocation education will reduce on resource wastage; enable further
access and continuity in education. The County Government to ensure full use of
the resources listed below by designing courses that respond to local and global
needs.
• Village Polytechnics (Youth Polytechnics NB one in each village)
(responsibility of County governments)
• Youth Learning, cultural and empowerment centres
• Community learning and information centres (CLIC)
• Small scale production units that address entrepreneurship and biodiversity
(Pottery and Mukombero)
• Environmental sustainability education centre in Kakamega forest and
tourism training
• Open training points at industrial, working and construction stations.
• Jua Kali Workshops
• Sugar Industries and cooperative skills
• Demonstration farms
• Banks
• Hotels, tourism and hospitals
• Public Works
• Fish farms
• Research skills units and centres in the university, KARI and KEFRI
• Kakamega County Government to facilitate upgrading of many youth
polytechnics to technical institutes, technical institutes to polytechnics and
polytechnics to university through mentorship programmes. Target having a
university campus and a polytechnic in each constituency, a technical
institute in each ward and a village polytechnic in each village of Kakamega
County.
• All learning institutions be used to runs workshop on ethics, community
service, volunteerism, etiquette and international award schemes e.g.
Presidents Award Scheme (this is not
presidential award scheme)
3.2.6 University Education
There is a strong yearning for
university education that calls upon
all to ensure expansion of
opportunities to University Education

Kakamega County Blueprintin Kakamega County. Gross
enrolment rate and

transition rates now stand at 0.03% as reflected in the Development plans. A number
of universities have opened campuses within the county and a number are due to
come.
Long distance learning opportunities may be provided if technology is improved
and memoranda signed with strategic Universities guided by the Kakamega County
Government
Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology
Should open its doors wider to take lead in ensuring proper use of the capable human
resource within Kakamega County in the creation of an exemplary knowledge
county as a vision of KACOF.
Some short courses should be designed to respond to the local needs (two weeks to
several months or years).
• Open access centres within learning institutions or room can be obtained.
• Mentor Sigalagala and Bukura Agricultural Institutes into universities offering
special courses.
• Ventures into provision of virtual courses as it strengthens linkage with
UNESCO and The Commonwealth of learning.
• Every Professor to work with at least three associate professors. Each
associate professor to work with at least five Doctors.
• Each doctor to mentors 10 scholars with masters. Each masters scholar to
mentor 20 graduates and let the process flow as each build another in the
knowledge system.
3.3. Other Issues in Education
3.3.1 Special Needs Education
It involves people with disabilities e.g. mentally handicapped, the deaf, the blind, the
lame and the speechless people.
The Government has a department of S.N.E in the Ministry of Education and funds
are allocated for the same to run the institutions. Teachers are trained to handle
these children from ECD to any level they can go. The institutions are categorized
according to the disabilities. The deaf learn together with their teacher
specialized in sign language. The blind learn together using brailer machines to do
the brailer writing that is enabling the children with such disabilities to write and
read the information in brailer. The machines are provided by the ministry of
education through the SNE education fund.

• The deaf are provided with hearing gadgets and at the same time taught sign
language so that they are able to communicate with the rest of the world. The
instruments are provided for by the SNE EDUCATION FUNDS.
• The lame and the mentally handicapped are also provided various apparatus
to enable them to learn e.g.
• Wheel chairs, learning materials to enable the mentally challenged to lame
and comprehend faster
• The blind fellows, apart from learning brailers, they are also provided with
walking while sticks to help them get direction and be identified quickly by
the road users.
3.3.2 Institutions
In Kakamega County like any other part of Kenya, every primary school has been
directed to have the SNE section to handle the requirements of this nature of people.
Initially it was difficult to start the programme in some schools due to parents’ lack
of sensitization because of that fear of exposing their children with disabilities.
3.3.3 Recommendation
The Kakamega County Government on its inspection must take greater consideration
of allocating funds for S.N.E Education. The schools are not well established and
most parents still hide children at home for fear of exposure.
Sensitization should be done to parents so that more children who have various
disabilities to be enrolled in this schools so that the County Government can provide
funds for the same.
3.4 Non Formal Education
This one applies to the children who have dropped out of schools due to:
• Early pregnancy
• Lack of basic needs
• Frustrations/poverty
• Death of both parents
This type of education has not taken root due to lack of enforcement and
sensitization. In Kakamega generally there are many boys and girls who have
dropped our of school due to the above-mentioned reasons. Taking a survey within
Kakamega town one is able to identify only one unit (this is at Shitaho) and may be a
few places in BUTSOTSO otherwise there is need for non formal education and this
requires a joint effort by the Government NGO’s, the church and any other
organization which can sensitize the fellows convince to come and continue their
learning after dropping out of school. Here is where the County has to allocate
funds to facilitate the formation of non- formal education learning centres.

A department to handle this section should be established in the County
Government in order to facilitate and come up with a programme for the same.
Funds have to be set aside so that many of these fellows can be brought forward.
3.5 Adult and Continued Education
Research and statistics show that there are still a number of people who are either
illiterate or semi-literate.
The Government may be trying its best to conduct Adult education classes in various
church centres but on a very small scale as compared to the number of people who
need to learn. This is because most people who come to attend these classes are
mostly women, with whom men fear to mix and learn. Sensitization should be carried
out and separation of learning to be done, so that men have their classes and women
separate. This will encourage men to come in large numbers than it is at present.
3.5.1 Incentives
Incentives to be introduced in order to encourage attendance. The incentives
should be brought in as a competition to fast truck the learning ability of each
individual. I may suggest that in Adult and Continued Education, the learning should
be diversified in a way that it geared to learning vocations/skills – examples can be:
• Tailoring
• Masonry
• Carpentry
• Bakery
• Social workers etc.
It is believed this can change the mood and the style of learning than concentrating
on academics. The same can be extended to even Non Formal Education. This is
leading to people acquiring knowledge that can be applied directly or indirectly in
JUA KALI ARTISANS. This is in itself empowering people in the county with wider
knowledge. They can read, write and do arithmetic and apply the same to
practical activities. Emphasis to be put on adult and continued education and
money be allocated to cater for this.
3.5.2 Suggestions
However, currently people of this category are taking initiative to sponsor themselves
for degree work but this is on a minimal scale. I suggest that when the county
Government comes in force, should do something tangible to ensure that all
diploma holders in respective fields are trained to a higher level in order to ensure
trained manpower in plenty in our country.

The County Government should be able to have a department and allocate funds
for the same. Schools and village polytechnics can be used to facilitate the learning
of Adults and continued Education. The Head of this section should be recruited to
oversee the department in the County.
3.6. Open and Continued Education
This applies to people who have gone to school and have acquired certain professions
at certificate level or diploma for that matter.
They need to be given opportunity to carry on their Education to University level.
This can be done through loan funding because most of these people are working
class fellows, but they need to be given a boost in their finances in order to learn.
3.6.1 Suggestions and Recommendations
Kakamega County Government should set aside a revolving fund to facilitate and
enable this people in specialized fields to further their education to a higher level.
Very many people are denied such chances due to lack of funds and yet they could
make useful members of the society.
Currently we have many people with diplomas in various fields – electrical, clinical
medicines, plumbing, accounts, teachers, etc, whom if given an opportunity can be
highly qualified.
3.7 Research and STI
This is a very important section of all the above discussed topics on SNE, NFE, Adult
Continued Education and Open Continued Education. With research one can come
up with many innovative ideas. With research our institution of higher learning are
able to come up with latest findings in various fields. Our County (Kakamega)
requires research in Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture, Education
Science Technology Innovation, without which then the County Government
will not be functional.

The following institutions in Kakamega County require and need a research fund to
be set aside to facilitate research in them as follows:
• Agriculture
• Clinical medicine
• Education
• Science
• Youth Development
• E.C.D Education
• Tourism
• Cooperatives & Marketing
• Engineering (civil and Mechanical Engineering) etc
This section requires a substantial amount of funds to run research departments.

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0. INFRASTRUCTURE
4.1 Introduction
Major modes of transport are roads, air transport and railway transport and railway
networks. Motor vehicles, tricycles, motor cycles, and bicycles are the predominant
means of transport on the roads. The Kakamega airstrip also was refurbished with
regular flights by fly 540. Rail transport is rarely used with a small coverage in Butere
sub-county.
The county is well served with reliable water for domestic use, livestock and
irrigations. Most households in the county are accessible to water and the average
nearest distance to water point is about 500 m. The sources of water for the
residents in the county are mainly from the shallow wells, roof catchments and the
protected and unprotected springs. 5.9% have access to piped water while 29.5%
have access to portable water. This makes a larger population vulnerable to water
borne diseases. On average it takes 44.2% and 28.1% of the population 5-14 and 1-4
minutes respectively to fetch water. 16.7% of the population takes between 15-29
minutes
The majority of the people in the County rely mainly on biomass as a source of
energy for cooking and lighting. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind,
and river/ dam water have not been optimally exploited
4.1.1. Recommendations
• The County government to hire consultants to draw up county master plan.
Highway
s
• Kakamega city to have by-passes stretching from Lubao-Shikusa-Muranda
and connect to the main road to Khayega
• Sigalagala down to shimanyiro connected to Mumias road.
• Kakaunga-Lukume-Ingotse-Makunga connect to Mumias road
• Street lighting in the entire county.
Link-roads to connect all sub-counties
• Rural (gravel roads) to be constructed in all counties.
• All weather roads to connect all sub-counties including bridges, bix culverts
and drainage works.
• Tourists’ roads to be constructed.
• Tea roads to be constructed where tea is grown.
• Sugarcane roads to be constructed where cane is grown.

• Modern roads construction and maintenance of equipment to be availed.
• Motor graders, Bulldozers, Excavators, Compactors, Rollers, Concrete mixers,

Water boozers, Poker vibrators, Tippers, Flat beds, Pickups (land cruisers,
station wagons, salon cars, motor bikes), Compressors, Mobile workshop
fully equipped for maintenance etc.
Personnel for Road Maintenance:
• The county to hire suitable/qualified Road construction and maintenance
staff.
• The county to set up maintenance yards at sub-counties.
Airports
• Current airstrip at Muranda to be upgraded to International status.
Water supply/Irrigation
• All residents in Kakamega County to be connected with piped water supply
as there are enormous rivers flowing down to Lake Victoria and Irrigation
projects to be constructed where rainfall is not sufficient to allow
sustainable food for the county and for export
Rain Water Harvesting:
• To be introduced and encouraged.
Sewerage
• Sewerage system to be constructed in Kakamega town and In sub-counties.
Energy/Hydro power
• Hydro-power station to be constructed on Nzioa
• Biogas to be introduced in all counties
• Utilization of wind and sun
• Power Supply
• Electricity should be connected to all residents in the county.
• Firefighting equipment and vehicles to be equipped in all counties.
• Mining
• Minerals like gold and others to be exploited in the entire county by private
entities.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 INVESTMENT, MANUFACTURING
AND
INDUSTRIALIZATION
5.1 INVESTMENT
5.1.1 Introduction
Investment refers to money committed or property acquired for future income. It
can also be looked at as trade-off between risk and reward aiming for incremental
gain and preservation of the invested amount (principal).
The two main classes of investment are:
• Fixed income investment such as:-
• Bonds
• Fixed deposits
• Preference share
• Variable income investment such as:
• Business ownership
• Property ownership
5.1.2 Objectives and Goals
• To list key areas which offer investment opportunities in the County.
• To determine the level of investment in the County.
• To establish the challenges facing the County in attracting new
investments.
• To come up with key incentives to attract investments in the County.
Kakamega County occupies a vast area and has favourable condition with both long
and short rain seasons. The vast natural resources and a population of 1.65 million
in the County can provide many investment opportunities. The following are the
investment opportunities in the County:
5.1.2.1. Manufacturing Sector
• Development of Small and Medium Enterprises Parks (due to proximity to
high potential agricultural area.
• Agro-processing industry e.g processing of white refined industrial
sugar, processing of fruit concentrates vegetable oil processing industry.
• Chemical industry e.g manufacturing of fertilizers, dyes for textiles industries,

sheet glass production

• Motor vehicle components manufacturing – there is a big market for vehicles
in the EAC and COMESA regions.
• Iron and steel industry-Kakamega County is endowed with unexploited iron
and steel for commercial ventures.
• Manufacture of aluminum cans – we need a plant to cater for the country,
Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi.
• Pharmaceutical plants
5.1.2.2 Tourism Sector
• Development of Resort Centres
• Construction of International Hotel Chains
• Investment in Conference Facilities
• Entertainment Options – Amusement P a r k s , Clubs, Casinos, Theatres and
specifically Restaurants.
5.1.2.3 Transport and Infrastructure Sector
• Development of airport infrastructure and services
• Development of road sub sector
• Concessioning – Kenya Roads Act (2007) allows for private sector
participation in road sector improvements.
• Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
5.1.2.4 Agricultural Sector
• Sugarcane Development
• Value addition industries
• Marketing infrastructure
• Horticultural Development
• Poultry farming
5.1.2.5 Livestock Sector
• Development of Disease free Zones
• Meat industry
• Animal feeds
• Dairy Industry
• Hides, Skins and Leather Industries
5.1.2.6 Fisheries Sector
• County residents need to be encouraged to take up fish farming.
5.1.2.7 Education Sector
• Construction of new schools and universities - an existing college like Bukura

Agricultural College can be upgraded to offer degrees.
5.1.2.8 Mineral Resources
Kakamega County has untapped gold, iron and steel. We need investors who can
undertake exploration and mining.
5.1.2.9 Building and Construction Industry
Kakamega County has a shortage of housing units and therefore bo t h local and
foreign investment in this sector is welcome.
5.1.2.10 Cooperative Development
Residents of this county should be encouraged to form cooperative movement
which will ensure that economies of scales are enjoyed in purchase of inputs and
enhance bargaining power in marketing the outputs.
5.1.3 Level of Investments in Kakamega County
The level of investment in the County is still very low. This has contributed to the
high poverty levels and unemployment in the county. Concerted efforts are
required to make the County attractive for both local and foreign investors. We need
investments which can create both backward and forward linkages which in turn
will create multiplier effect in the County.
5.1.4. Challenges Facing he County in Attracting New
Investments
• Poor roads and lack of infrastructure – Most of the roads in the County are in
poor condition and the infrastructure is not well developed.
• Political interference – Politics in the various constituencies has played a
negative role in attraction of investors. A good example on how politics has
affected investor confidence is found in the Butali – West Kenya Factories
fiasco.
• High level of Bureaucracy – The current government approval procedures
for new investments are not investor friendly. New investors are subjected to
stringent licensing process which amount to what is commonly referred to as
red tape.
• Poor Purchasing Power - Though the County has the second largest
population numbers, the majority of it still live below the poverty line.
There is lack of market for some industrial goods.
• Poor development manpower – Investors wish to locate
t h e m s e l v e s in areas where there is cheap skilled labour. The County
lacks adequate skilled

manpower for some industries.
• Poor art of Savings – The level oc investment is directly related to the level of
savings. The culture of savings is not well developed among the residents of
the County and hence low level of investment by the locals.
• Lack of transparency and accountability – Foreign investors go to countries
which carry on business above board. Our current national government has
not eradicated corruption and therefore we lack transparency and
accountability in our dealings.
5.1.5 Incentives to Attract Investments in Kakamega County
• Improve our road network and revamp our infrastructure
• Improve on our politics such that it should be issue based and not hiccup to
development.
• Licensing procedures need to be reviewed to cut down on red tape.
• New investments in the County will result into creation of employment
opportunities which will improve the purchasing power of the local
community. We need to look for market opportunity beyond the boundaries
of the County.
• There is need to increase middle level colleges to train a pool of
skilled manpower which can be relied upon in the local industries.
• The culture of savings needs to be inculcated into the County residents
through seminars and barazas in order to create local resources for
investment.
• Kakamega County should be declared corruption free zone and must cultivate
the culture of transparency and accountability.
5.1.6 Priority Areas with Likely Multiplier Effect in the County
5.1.6.1 Construction of a Referral and Training Health
Institution
Kakamega County has a population of over 1.65 million which remain untapped.
With establishment of a referral and training institution in the County, we expect to
train health professionals who will be utilized within the county and the excess
exported either to other counties or abroad. Recent survey, indicate that there is a
shortage of health personnel worldwide and therefore we need to take advantage
by training people to fill this gap.
With establishment of such institution we anticipate a lot of employment
opportunities to be generated either directly or indirectly. The institution will
employ staff and will create need for housing and food. This kind of institution will
create multiplier effect in the economy of the County.

5.1.6.2 Construction of a Five Star Hotel & Hospitality College
• Kakamega County is rich with various tourist attractions. This is a home of
original equatorial forest with over 400 species of birds. The forest is also rich
with cobra snakes which are tourist attraction. We have unique features such
as the crying stone and various pastimes such as bull fighting, cockfighting
and isukuti dancers.
• Construction of a five star hotel with facilities that go with it will make the
county tourist attraction dest i nat i on and this will earn the county
foreign exchange. The institution will create employment opportunities
by direct employment and indirectly by creating a market for farm produce.
This will also create need for housing which the County residents can take
advantage of.
• The hospitality college will create manpower to be utilized within the county
and for export.
5.1.6.3 Import Substitution Ventures (Poultry, Fishing and
Dairy)
• Kakamega County is net importer of poultry, fish and dairy products. There
is urgent need to assist the residents to go into active production. We need
to reverse the trend of relying on the other counties on goods which can be
produced locally. We therefore need to partner with micro finance institutions
such Financial Services Associations to disburse low interest finance to our
entrepreneurs.
• In-case of poultry farming, a farmer will be supplied with chicks and
foodstuffs till such time the farmer is stable and able to start repayment.
For farmers who wish to venture in fish farming, we get the ponds made, fish
supplied and foodstuff for fish. For dairy farmers all we need is to encourage
the farmers to put up the shelter for the cow and the FSA then finances the
purchase of the animal.
• With the production in the three fields we shall aim to be self sufficient and
to export the excess. As the position stands, we rely on eggs from Nakuru and
even South Africa and yet this can be produced locally. The three activities
will create employment, spur economic growth and help reduce or eradicate
poverty.
From the above, we urgently need to strengthen the Financial Service Associations
by carrying out an audit of their operations and management capacity. We shall
therefore need to ensure that every constituency has put in place an FSA.
5.1.7 Financial Services
Access to rural financial services has a potential to make a difference in agricultural
productivity, food s e c u r i t y and p o v e r t y r e d u c t i o n . In Kakamega
County, lacks of an efficient, sustainable and widely accessible rural financial
system remain a development challenge.

Kakamega County has large population that is not accessible to financial services.
Banking services for example, is concentrated in Kakamega town in Lurambi
constituency and Mumias town in Mumias constituency. The other seven
constituencies namely Butere, Khwisero, Ikolomani, Shinyalu, Matungu, Malava and
Lugari do not have banking institutions.
Financial service associations have emerged in some constituencies such as
Mumias,Butere, Khwisero and Malava which offer minimum financial
services.
A recent survey indicates that the region receives a lot of money through M-pesa
services and the few banks in the area handle large deposits. The area receives a lot
if funds such as CDF, LATF, Youth Development Fund, School funds for free
education which are all handled through mainstream banking institution.
Kakamega County must therefore move with speed to consider the following:
5.1.7.1 Setting Up Bank
The Kakamega County Forum had hatched an idea to start a regional Bank through
sale of shares to members. As Kakamega county government will need to explore
further on possibility of starting a regional bank in tandem with the wishes of the
council of elders. We shall therefore examine the new law framework to ensure that
we comply with it on formation of a bank.
5.1.7.2 Strengthening of Financial Service Associations
Kakamega County w i l l need to s t r e n g t h e n financial services
a s s o c i a t i o n s by supporting them. Every constituency has to put up an FSA in
place and the County government will disburse project funds for poverty eradication
through FSAs. These will include funds for poultry, fish, dairy and other productive
activities aimed at making the County self sufficient in food and to be a net
exporter.
5.1.7.3 Formation of Saccos
Kakamega County will need to sensitize the residents to form Saccos in various sub
sectors. This will ensure that economies of scales are enjoyed in buying inputs and
selling the output.
5.2 Introduction to Manufacturing
There are no heavy-duty manufacturing facilities in the County. However,
industrialization of a given area can be very involving since it depends upon many
varying factors which include availability of the relevant raw materials for the
planned industry in its vicinity, existing and potential markets (marketing
strategy) for the expected products, plant capacity, etc. In the absence of heavy
duty manufacturing industries in the area, it is impossible to process the most

Kakamega County Blueprintwidely used ferrous engineering raw materials for the further manufacture into
industrial goods.

The various light duty manufacturing plants available are spread over the towns,
town councils/townships and trading centres o f the county. Among these
production facilities are micro-to-small workshops at which diverse products from
steel, timber, PVC materials, etc a r e m a n u f a c t u r e d . Predominant among the
manufacturing processes most commonly applied are the welding and fabrication
processes that are widely employed in the informal manufacturing sector, popularly
known as Jua Kali. Metal-cutting processes such as machinery, drilling, grinding,
etc are not as widespread in the informal sector as the heat-joining processes.
However, metal- cutting, fitting; and assembly processes are widely carried out at
the few existing formal sector workshops.
The above mentioned manufacturing facilities are simply inadequate for the
production of sufficient industrial goods for sale in order to effect economic growth
for this expansive and populous county. Therefore, further industrialization of the
manufacturing industry is essential for faster development of the area.
In many manufacturing light industries of the county there is no direct relationship
between marketing and plant capacity of the same enterprise. This is basically due
to the fact that such industrial projects were created without prior professional
planning. As a result manufacturing activities are usually carried out and goods
produced without tangible marketing plans and sales programmes. If the
entrepreneurs running such enterprises want to boost their sales income, then they
will have to accept some professional corrective measures.
An existing enterprise is expected to have established reliable markets for its
products, so that the promotion of the sales income can be concentrated on demand
and market study for future manufacturing operations. Field research
f i n d i n g s indicate that some plant owners/managers do not even keep up to
date records of their business transactions. It is vital to maintain such records for
future reference and research into possible market penetration for a particular
product(s).
Vision:
To identify and analyze existing manufacturing enterprises in the county to enable
further planning for the promotion of sales programmes of the plants, plan for
short- term upgrading and expansion of some of them, and draw up long-term plans
for the creation of new additional ones for possible diversification of production
programmes.
Mission
To establish the exact data including numbers, types, sizes, etc of the existing
plants, design short-term plans for the promotion and expansion of a few better
organized among these plants, and finally draw up long-term plans for the creation
of new additional manufacturing facilities for possible introduction of diversified of

production programmes.

Objectives of the Industrialization Plans:
The objectives and the goals they are intended to achieve can be very challenging in
a developing county/state such as Kakamega/Kenya if not adequately planned. It is
therefore necessary to split the goals into the following two units of general
objectives and a specific objective for the purpose of a more effectives and a specific
objective for the purpose of a more effective analysis of the industrialization agenda.
General objectives:-
• To plan for the implementation of more intensive manufacturing activities
at all existing production facilities of the county for the purpose of higher
productivity and the corresponding improved sales income;
• To prepare short-term plans under which some of the enterprises mentioned
above can be promoted and/or expanded in the foreseeable future in order
to upgrade their manufacturing output for better returns on their
investment;
• To draw up long-term plans affecting the industrialization process throughout
the county.
• In order to overcome the stiff competition that is evident at the welding and
fabrication sheds of the informal manufacturing industry, it is advisable for
this category of manufacturers to adjust the current production programmes.
• To achieve high returns on investment in the shortest time possible, the
production manager of a given manufacturing enterprise have to introduce
intensified programmes for the manufacture of popular products, thus
increasing the production rate and reducing downtime.
• Plan for the introduction of manufacturing programmes that will enable the
manufacture of diverse products in both the formal and informal production
industries. This requirement calls for the expansion of some of the existing
plants and the creation of new ones across the county.
• Draw a comprehensive long-tem plan for the transformation of Kakamega
town from a relatively little developed poor area to a medium – to – highly
developed “welfare county” comparable to certain countries in continental
Europe which in the 1960s and 1970s were popularly referred to as WELFARE
STATES owing to their strong economic performance then.
• To apply corrective measures by introducing modern marketing and
sales programs into some of the existing manufacturing enterprises;
• To match up the marketing strategies of individual production facilities with
the corresponding plant capacities;
• To include the conceptual plans stated under vision, mission and objectives
into the industrialization process for the county;
• To select an effective research methodology for the preparation of industrial
feasibility studies for purposes of industrialization;
• Develop infrastructure such as all-weather road networks;, three-phase power
supply, water supply systems, railway etc should be considered and put in

place before any meaningful industrialization process can be effected.
• Develop effective and reliable techniques o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g ,
modern technology, suitable civil engineering works and well qualified
and experienced manpower.
• Detailed researches have to be carried out to determine the availability of
raw materials in different areas. Feasible and viable projects to be
implemented in accordance with the systematically pre-planned schedules.
The following are some of the more obvious potential areas of
industrialization within the County.
• Glass manufacturing plant – Museno – Shinyalu
• Steel manufacturing from iron ore – Shimanyiro Of Ikolomani
• Fertilizer manufacturing
• Sign stones (tiles) – Ilesi
• Posho millers – Lugari
• Sun flower/palm trees cooking oil – Lugari
• Animal feeds
• Avocadoes (for diesel)
• Molassess processing plant (Kakamega)
Note: The three areas of industrialization that require immediate researches are the
following:-
• Glass manufacturing industry
• Steel processing industry
• Molasses processing industry
• Motor vehicle component manufacturing.
• The polytechnics - Sigalagala, Shamberere, and Bushiangala have
the necessary equipments to produce the motor vehicle
components.
5.3.1 Proposed Industrial Ventures
Fruit and Vegetable Plant
The proposed edible Oil Plant will produce refined oil for human consumption from
ground nuts, cotton seed, sunflowers and simsim. By-products will also be produced
from the plant, i.e oil cake and fatty acids to be used by the animal feed industry.
The construction of the proposed industry will promote the cultivation of
sunflowers, simsim and ground nuts and will increase income earning opportunities
in the region. Small and medium scale processing plants can also be established
to produce preserved fruits and cordials, dried vegetables, and tomatoes and
chilly sauces. Dehydration will extend the shelf life of vegetables without affecting
its taste and nutritional value. The plant will solve the produce fruit juices from
mangoes, pawpaw, avocado, passion, oranges, guavas, pineapple, banana, etc.

Tannery Plant
Both climate and culture practices within the county favour the rearing of cattle,
sheep and goats. The large number of hides and skins produced ensures adequacy
and viability of a tannery plant in the main objective of the plant will be to process
hides and skins to create income earning opportunities and employment to the
community. The plant will produce leather and split leather from hides and skins
for making of belts, bags and shoes. Currently the hides and skins produced in the
province are taken to distant tanneries including Kitale, Nakuru and Nairobi.
Maize milling plant.
Maize is the main foodstuff as well one of the major cash crops for the people in
Kakamega County. The one of the major producers of maize in the country. With
good marketing system, farmers will be encouraged to grow more maize. The
current production levels in the county can support a maize milling plant. From the
plant, sifted maize meal will be produced. The by-products, maize germ and maize
bran can be used in oil processing and animal feeds factory, respectively.
Animal feeds
One problem which has hampered the rapid exploitation of the region’s livestock
and fishery resources has been shortage of livestock and fish feeds. The animal feed
available is little and expensive. The animal feed plant will use maize, sunflower,
simsim and cotton cakes as base materials. The feed plant will also manufacture
feeds for all other types of livestock that are reared in the region.
The whole of Kakamega County depends on commercial livestock feeds from
outside the province, yet there are local raw materials that can be used to
produce the feeds. The sugar factories in the county produce molasses and
bagasse which can supplement to other available materials like maize, sunflower,
simsim, etc.
Poultry Development Plant
The project is intended to increase production and consumption of poultry and
encourage poultry keeping by providing broilers and day old chicks. The project will
include the establishment of a hatchery, a slaughter house, and animal feed plant.
Confectionery Industry
Kenya’s confectionery p l a n t s producing d i f f e r e n t kind sweets are mainly

Kakamega County Blueprintlocated in Nairobi. Besides the regional demand in ‘there are considerable
O p p o r t u n i t i e s for regional export. Sugar as the main raw material for the
confectionery industry accounts for about 95% of the total raw material input
requirements. The proposed industry will further improve the economic situation of
the sugar sector in the county.
Building materials Plant
Rock and soil formation in the province are ideal for extraction of building materials.
Exposed rocks of different kinds are common in the province. Plant ballast on large
scale in the county can generate employment and incomes to the expanding labour
force. Rock outcrop formations are wide spread. Apart from producing ballast,
blasted rocks can also be cut and polished and used as ornamental slabs in the
building industry.
The crushed stones can also be used to make cement blocks with cement and ballast
as the raw materials. The red clay in the province can also be used to prepare bricks
and roof-tiles.
The establishment of small-scale brick plants i s proposed to initiate
i ndust ri al promotion in the province. Red clay for brick production is available at
many places in Western province. Several brick making technologies exist but one
that will be appropriate for the province will be a simple, labour intensive
technology. Clay-brick pressing machines are appropriate, as they are labour-
intensive. They will increase employment and incomes. The manufacture of roof
tiles would be an additional line for the brickeries. There is an increasing demand of
roof tiles especially in the major market centers. A third production line would be
the manufacture of air-cured, fired and glazed floor tiles also made from red clay.
Engineering and Service
Centre
The establishment of Technical Service Centre in Kakamega County is considered
important for a broader economic development. Although some repair facilities, e.g
for motors, pumps and electrical equipment, are available in major urban centres in
the province they are relatively less technological than the ones found in major towns
like Nairobi, Nakuru and Eldoret. For superior and advanced repairs the province
turns primarily to workshops in Kisumu, Nakuru, Eldoret and Nairobi. The technical
service centre will need to be established to cater for the service demand in the area.
The Service Centre will provide valuable support t o repair sector especially radio
and watch repair, bicycle repair, and garages. Since the tools and equipment are
unfortunately poor the majority of the shops do only simple repair work. Services are
frequently combined with some kind of retailing.
The plant can also produce simple machines that are usually used in the small-

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