Diseases of fruit crops in Bangladesh by Dastogeer

1. WELCOME
TO
Diseases of Fruit
Crops
K. M. Golam Dastogeer
Lecturer
Department of Plant Pathology
Bangladesh Agricultural university
Mmensingh-2202

2. DISEASES OF FRUIT CROPS

3. THE MANGOES
Anthracnose, sooty mould,
leaf blight, die back,
powdery milddew, and a
bacterial leaf spot

4. Anthracnose of mango
 On leaves, lesions start as small, angular, brown to
black spots that can enlarge to form extensive dead
areas.
 on panicles small black or dark-brown spots, which can
enlarge, coalesce, and kill the flowers before fruits are
produced.
 Ripe fruits develop sunken, prominent, dark brown to
black decay spots before or after picking.
 sometimes “tear stain” symptom and cracking

5. • Spray Carbendazirn (Bavistin 0.1%) during flowering to
controls blossom infection.
• Spraying copper fungicides (0.3%) to control of foliar
infection.
• Dip treatment of fruits in Bavistin (0.1%) in hot water at 52
C for 15 minutes to control post harvest

6. Stem end rot of mango
 In fruits, the pericarp darkens near the
base of the pedicel.
 The affected area enlarges to form a
circular, black patch which under humid
atmosphere extends rapidly and turns
the whole fruit completely black within
two or three days.
 The pulp becomes brown and softer
• Avoid harvesting immature fruit
• Careful handling to minimize
mechanical injuries.
• Postharvest dip of fruits in
Carbendazirn (0.1%) in hot water at
52 ± 1°C for 15 minutes controls
the disease in storage and transit.

7. Powdery Mildew
 White superficial powdery
fungal growth on leaves, stalk
of panicles, flowers and
young fruits.
 Affected flowers and fruits
drop pre-maturely

8. Control : Following three sprays
of fungicides at 15 days interval
recommended for effective
control of the disease :
• Wettable sulphur 0.2 % (2 g Sulfex / lit.
water).
• Tridemorph 0.1 %( 1 ml Calixin / lit.
water).
• Dinocap 0.1 % (1 ml / g Karathane / lit.
water).

9. Malformation
Misshapen shoots with short internodes
and brittle leaves.
Leaves are signiicantly smaller than
those of healthy plants and re-curve
towards the stem giving a bunchy-top
appearance.

10. • Compact and clustery appearance
• Flower bud transform into vegetative

11. Die Back
• Drying of twigs and branches followed
by complete defoliation
• Gives the tree an appearance of
• scorching by fire.
• Initially it is evident by discoloration and
darkening of the bark. The dark area
• advances and extends outward along
the veins of leaves.
• The affected leaf turns brown and its
• margins roll upwards.
• Exudation of yellowish brown gum
1. Pruning of the diseased twigs 2-3 inches below the
affected portion and spraying Copper
2. Oxychloride (0.3%) on infected trees controls the
disease. The cut ends of the pruned twigs are
pasted
3. with Copper Oxychloride (0.3%).

12. • Black sooty mould on the leaf surface
• Trees turn completely black
• Mealy bug, scale insect, hoppers-honey
dew-fungal growth-photosynthesis
impaired
 Pruning of affected branches and their
prompt destruction prevents the spread of
the disease.
 Spraying of 2 per cent starch is found
effective.
 It could also be controlled by spray of
Nottasul + Metacin + gumacasea (0.2% +
0.1% + 0.3%).

13. • Red Rust
• Rusty red spots mainly on leaves and
sometimes on petioles and bark of young
twigs
• Spots are greenish grey in colour and velvety
in texture. Later, they turn reddish brown.
• Circular and slightly elevated spots sometimes
coalesce to form larger and irregular spots.
Control : Two to three sprays of
copper oxychloride (0.3%) is
effective in controlling the disease

14. Bacterial Leaf Spot

15. Anthracnose of Banana
• Infection appears as small, black,
circular specks on the mature &
immature fruits.
• The specks increase, become sunken
and coalesce to form large spots of
black in color.
• In case of severs infection, fruits may be
covered with dark blemishes.
• Immature or young fruits ripen
prematurely and turn black. The skin
shriveled and often cracked. Spraying of Chlorothanlonil (0.2%) and
Bavistin (1 %) four times at 15 days interval
is recommended.
Minimising bruising; proper sanitation of
handling and prompt cooling to 14°C are
essential in minimising the disease in cold
storage

16. Sigatoka/leaf spot of banana
• First appears as small, light yellow spots
parallel to the side veins of leaves.
• Spindle shaped spots with grayish to
ash colored sunken centers surrounded
by dark brown margin and yellowish
haloes.
• several spots may run together to form
large patches, causing the leaf blade to
dry up from the edge-inwards.
• Rapid drying and defoliation of mature Spray Dithane M-45 WP or Tilt
leaves is the characteristic feature of 50 EC @ 0.3% at 10 days
intervals.
this disease.

17. Anthracnose of guava
• Symptoms appear in both green and ripe
fruits.
• Small, pin-head sized spots appear on the
unripe fruits.
• Spots enlarge to form sunken and circular
and dark brown to black
• Minute black stromata appear in the centre
• Spots coalesce
• Infected area of the unripe fruits becomes
harder and corky.
• Scab or canker type symptoms can appear
on young and mature fruits.
• Infected fruits may be malformed and drop
off.

18. Die-back of guava
Young twigs are attacked
Flowers shade before opening and the
twigs become dark.
Gradually spreads downward resulting die-
back of the young twigs and small
branches
Ultimately whole branches die.

19. Papaya mosaic
 top young leaves are much reduced in size
 Show blister like patches of dark green
tissue alternating with yellowish green lamina
and puckering
 Often the leaves are severely curled giving
tendril like appearance.
 stage
Management
2-3 foliar sprays of Phosphamidon (0.05%) at an interval of
10 days starting from 15-20 days after sowing effectively
checks the population of aphids

20. Leaf curl of papaya
 characterized by severe curling,
crinkling, and distortion of leaves
accompanied by vein-clearing and
reduction in size
 Leaves become leathery and brittle
 The most prominent symptom is the
rolling of leaves downward and inward in
the form of an inverted cup and
thickening of veins.
Control
Spray insecticides dimethoate
@ 0.02% for vector control
with 2-3 sprays at the interval
of 8 days.

21. Papaya Ring Spot
 yellowing and vein-clearing of the young
leaves.
 conspicuous yellow mottling of the
leaves and sometimes severe blistering
and leaf distortion.
 Dark-green streaks and rings also
appear in the leafstalks and stems.
 concentric rings and spots or C-shaped
markings, a darker green than the
background-green fruit color.
 on ripe fruit darker orange-brown rings
appear
Control
Aphids can be controlled by 2-3
foliar sprays of Phosphamidon
(0.05%) at an interval of 10 days
starting from 15-20 days after
sowing.

22. Anthracnose of Papaya
• Brown to black depressed spots on the
fruits.
• Centers of these spots later turn black
and then pink when the fungus produces
spores.
• The flesh beneath the spots becomes
soft and watery,
• Small, irregular-shaped water-soaked
spots on leaves.
• These spots eventually turn brown.
Control
Spay Copper Oxychloride
0.3% or Carbendazim 0.1%
at 15 days interval

23. Stem rot / Foot rot
 Water soaked spot in the stem at the
ground level which enlarge and
griddle the stem.
 The diseased area turns brown or
black and rot.
 Terminal leaves turn yellow droop
off.
 The entire plant topples over and
dies.
Control
•Seed treatment with Thiram or
Captan 4 g/kg or Chlorothalonil.
•Drenching with Copper
Oxychloride 0.25 % or Metalaxyl
0.1%

24. Grey leaf spot of coconut/Leaf
spot of coconut
Dark brown to grayish white oval
spots appear scatteredly all over the
leaf lamina.
Margins of the spots are dark brown
with grayish centre surrounded by
yellowish haloes.
In severely infected trees, hundreds
of spots may be found on a leaf
blade, causing blight and withering of
the leaves.

25. Bud rot of coconut
Pale yellowish discoloration of the heart leaf.
Basal tissues of this leaf become rotten and this leaf can
easily be pulled out from the bud.
With the progress of the disease, brown lesions develop
at the base of all the young leaves.
Dead leaves drop off till the whole crown is lost and a
mere stem is left standing.
The soft, infected portion rots, degenerates to a slimy
mass and emits a foul smell.
Young nuts fail to develop and fall. Brown rotten area is
seen at the base of the young nuts.
Apply fytolan @ 0.5% to young
leaves of affected and nearby
healthy plants.

26. Scab of citrus
 Irregular, corky spots on the leaves, twigs and fruits.
 They become warty, erupted with cracks and scabby.
 On the leaves, the spots are found more often on the lower
surface than on the upper.
 On the fruits, the warty growths are surrounded by yellowish
or chlorotic haloes. The color of the spot turns from yellow to
orange brown and finally black.
 Several spots run together to form large patches of corky
outgrowths. The leaves sometimes crinkle due to the
occurrence of several spots on them.

27. Citrus canker
• Lesions appear as yellowish spots on
leaves, twigs, petioles, branches, fruit
stalks, fruits and other parts including
thorns.
• The spots enlarge gradually raised,
rough and corky and are surrounded by
yellow halo.
• The lesion on fruit looks similar to those
on leaves except the yellow halo is
usually absent and crater-like
appearance is more noticeable.

28. Die back of citrus
In the early stages, symptoms are restricted to one or two limbs but ultimately the
whole tree is involved. The symptoms begin with die-back of small branches and
twigs, yellowing of leaves and heavy bearing of' small fruits. Midrib and lateral veins
of old, mature leaves turn yellow with interveinal areas along the veins showing
diffuse yellowing. As the disease progresses, the symptoms intensify, resulting in
severe chlorosis and mottling, reduction in leaf size and number, and wilting. Leaves
may fall with onset of summer or autumn and the die-back of twigs commences up to
down. This is followed by secondary growth consisting of short, upright, small, weak
shoots showing a variety of discoloration of leaves. Minute dot like structures (called
acervuli) are produced on the discolored tissues of the twigs. Often the small leaves
have green veins or green blotches. Occasionally, small, circular, green spots appear
on yellow tissues in younger most leaves. The die-back of weak shoot continues.
']'here is extesive and premature flowering. The fruits show conspicuous sun
blotching. The cropping declines, foliage reduces, die-back of twigs extends,
secondary fungal wood rot advances and finally the tree is completely destroyed.
When the roots of such plants are examined, the feeder roots are also observed to be
dead, the bark of the larger roots, distorted and brittle, and dry rot symptoms are seen,
in many lateral roots. After 7 or 8 years the plants may die, by which time, there may
be no leaf formation, the branches get dried up and the plants appears wilted almost
completely. When the trunk root is affected most of tile altered roots are involved in a
severe dry rot and the feeder roots are also dead.

29. Jacfruit Diseases
Diseases of importance include pink disease, Pelliculana
(Corticium) salmonicolor, stem rot, fruit rot and male
inflorescence rot caused by Rhizopus artocarpi; and leafspot due
to Phomopsis artocarpina, Colletotrichum lagenarium, Septoria
artocarpi, and other fungi. Gray blight, Pestalotia elasticola,
charcoal rot,Ustilana zonata, collar rot, Rosellinia arcuata, and
rust, Uredo artocarpi, occur on jackfruit in some regions.

30. THANKS TO
ALL