1. Absolutism
Centralized government, bureaucracy, divine
right
EX: Hongwu, Tokugawa, Sultans, Mughal
(Akbar), King Louis XIV, Osei Tutu (Asantehene)
Rise of Europe
Portugal and Spain led the way
Northern Europe looks outward
Search for new trade routes
Gold, God, Glory
Colonization of Latin America
Protestant Reformation/Counter
Reformation
Coercive Labor
Slavery
Serfdom
The Big Picture
1450-1750
Consumerism Mita System
Sugar, Silver, Slaves
Global Trade
Truly global – Americas
Columbian Exchange
Indian, Atlantic, Pacific
Oceans
Atlantic Slave Trade
Mercantilism
Cultural and Intellectual
Developments
Renaissance
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
Humanism
Exploration
Neo-Confucianism
Sailing technology
Printing press
Gunpowder developments
Mining

2. Chinese Timeline
Do Now:
Create a timeline on your handout of
major events in Chinese history
1. Kublai Khan, a Mongol, establishes the Yuan dynasty (1271 AD)
2. Shang dynasty established – oracle bones used (1766 BC)
3. Han Dynasty adopts Confucianism (206 BC)
4. China Experiences a Golden Age – Song Dynasty (907 AD)
5. China develops a feudal system during the Zhou dynasty (1122 BC)
6. The Qin dynasty adopts Legalism (221 BC)
7. The Ming dynasty restores Chinese rule in China (1368 AD)
8. Han Dynasty collapses (220 AD)
9. Tang Dynasty unites China (618 AD)

3. RReeccoovveerryy aanndd RReeppaaiirr
TThhee N Neeww M Miningg D Dyynnaassttyy l oloookkeedd t too i titss p paasstt t too e ennhhaannccee i titss f fuuttuurree!!
• Focus on strong Centralized Government
– Recovered Order
• Focus on strong Centralized Government
– Recovered Order
• Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy,
Civil Service Exam
• Erased all signs of Mongol rule
• Abolished Chief Minister position –
Emperor had Absolute Power!
• Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy,
Civil Service Exam
• Erased all signs of Mongol rule
• Abolished Chief Minister position –
Emperor had Absolute Power!
Reading: What reforms did Hongwu make to root out
Reading: What reforms did Hongwu make to root out
corruption?
corruption?
Zhu Yuanzhang Zhu Yuanzhang

4. Major Events in Chinese History Timeline
0
1766 BC
Shang
Dynasty
established
1122 BC
Feudalism
under Zhou
221 BC
Qin
Dynasty
adopts
Legalism
206 BC
Han
Dynasty
Adopts
Confucianism
907
Song Dynasty
Golden Age
1368
Ming Dynasty
Restores Chinese
Rule
1271
Mongols
Establish
Yuan
Dynasty
220 AD
Han
Dynasty
collapses
618 AD
Tang Dynasty
unites China

5. MMiinngg DDyynnaassttyy CChhiinnaa
1368-1644
PPeerrioiodd 4 4: :1 1445500-1-1775500
•• R Reeccoovveeryry a anndd R Reeppaairir
•• R Reebbuuilidldiningg o of fa a D Dyynnaasstyty
• Emperor Hongwu looked to past Confucianism to bring order
• Emperor Yongle rebuilt Great Wall and Grand Canal to
• •R Reeccoonnnnaaisisssaannccee f ofor ra ann E Emmppiriere
continue power of the dynasty
• Zheng He went on 7 voyages to gain respect and
tribute for Ming China
MMaajojorr C Chhaannggeess
•Focus on sea-based Indian Ocean trade rather than land-based Silk Road
•Creation of northern capital (Beijing) and Forbidden City
•Building of massive naval fleet and arrival of European merchants
•Arrival of Christianity by Jesuit missionaries
CCoonntitninuuitiiteiess
•Use of Confucianism and mandate of heaven, collection of tribute
•Threats from nomads in the north
•Role of Women as inferior (Confucianism)
•Merchants having low status – land ownership = status
•Global need for Chinese goods (Silk, porcelain, tea, sugar, etc)

6. MMiinngg DDyynnaassttyy CChhiinnaa
1368-1644
• •R Reeccoovveeryry a anndd R Reeppaairir
• •R Reebbuuilidldiningg o of fa a D Dyynnaasstyty
• •R Reeccoonnnnaaisisssaannccee f ofor ra ann E Emmppiriere
Period 4: 1450-1750 Period 4: 1450-1750
TThhee RReeeemmeerrggeennccee ooff aann EEmmppiirree

7. EEnndd ooff tthhee YYuuaann DDyynnaassttyy
• Black Death Plague devastated China – 1340s
• Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty suffered defeats in
Japan, Vietnam and Java.
• Kublai Khan’s successors were weak.
• Corruption, high taxes on peasants, forced labor,
piracy and crime increased.
• Many groups emerged to challenge Mongol rule.
• Black Death Plague devastated China – 1340s
• Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty suffered defeats in
Japan, Vietnam and Java.
• Kublai Khan’s successors were weak.
• Corruption, high taxes on peasants, forced labor,
piracy and crime increased.
• Many groups emerged to challenge Mongol rule.
KKuubblalai iK Khhaann
China had a total population of more than 120 million, but a 1393 census
found only 65 million Chinese surviving. Some of that missing population
was killed by famine and upheaval in the transition from Yuan to Ming rule,
China had a total population of more than 120 million, but a 1393 census
found only 65 million Chinese surviving. Some of that missing population
was killed by famine and upheaval in the transition from Yuan to Ming rule,
but many millions died of bubonic plague.
but many millions died of bubonic plague.

8. RReeccoovveerryy aanndd RReeppaaiirr
•Re-established Confucian Patriarchal
social structure – Neo-Confucianism
•Re-established Confucian Patriarchal
social structure – Neo-Confucianism
• Established Confucian schools and
• Established Confucian schools and
exams exams to to select select officials
officials
• • Block Block printing printing led led to to wider
wider
production production of of printed printed materials materials –
–
Novels
Novels
RReeddisisccoovveerreedd t htheeirir I dIdeenntittiyty!!
• Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduced
• Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduced
European technology and beliefs.
European technology and beliefs.
RReeaaddiningg: : D Deessccrribibee t hthee v vaarrioiouuss r rooleless o of fw woommeenn i nin M Miningg s sooccieietyty. .

9. RReeccoovveerryy aanndd RReeppaaiirr
• Focus on agricultural foundation
– Recovery of Population
• Focus on agricultural foundation
– Recovery of Population
• Efficient tax collection. Hongwu ordered
surveys and censuses to collect data
• Active traders in the Indian Ocean – ports of
• Efficient tax collection. Hongwu ordered
surveys and censuses to collect data
• Active traders in the Indian Ocean – ports of
Hangzhou, Guangzhou
Hangzhou, Guangzhou
• Major products were silk, cotton, fine porcelain
• Traded for silver with Europe and Japan
• Major products were silk, cotton, fine porcelain
• Traded for silver with Europe and Japan
• Stressed internal trade
Economic Recovery
• Stressed internal trade
Economic Recovery
• Repaired canals, reservoirs and
irrigation system, planted trees –
Repaired Infrastructure
• Repaired canals, reservoirs and
irrigation system, planted trees –
Repaired Infrastructure
RReeccoovveerreedd s seennssee o of fs statabbiliiltiyty!!

10. RReebbuuiillddiinngg ooff DDyynnaassttyy
PPrrootteeccttiioonn ooff tthhee DDyynnaassttyy
• RReebbuuiilltt && aaddddeedd ttoo GGrreeaatt WWaallll
• RReeppaaiirreedd tthhee GGrraanndd CCaannaall
PPrrootteeccttiioonn ooff tthhee DDyynnaassttyy
• RReebbuuiilltt && aaddddeedd ttoo GGrreeaatt WWaallll
• RReeppaaiirreedd tthhee GGrraanndd CCaannaall
• WWrroottee ““YYoonnggllee EEnnccyyccllooppeeddiiaa”” aa CCoonnffuucciiaann mmaannuussccrriipptt
• WWrroottee ““YYoonnggllee EEnnccyyccllooppeeddiiaa”” aa CCoonnffuucciiaann mmaannuussccrriipptt
EEmmppeerroorr Y Yoonngglele

11. RReebbuuiillddiinngg ooff DDyynnaassttyy
• Established a new capital city,
Beijing, and built magnificent
Imperial residence known as
• Established a new capital city,
Beijing, and built magnificent
Imperial residence known as
the Forbidden City
the Forbidden City
• Government regulation of
trade – production of
• Government regulation of
trade – production of
porcelain
porcelain

12. RReeccoonnnnaaiissssaannccee aanndd BBuuiillddiinngg ooff aann EEmmppiirree
• Explore trade opportunities in
“Western Ocean”
• Diplomacy
– Opened relations with 200 new
societies
• Demonstrate strength, Power,
Tribute System:
– Collect tribute, gifts
– Rituals of submission
Admiral Zheng He
• 1405 - Emperor Yongle
commissioned the building of an
enormous fleet for aggressive
maritime expeditions.
• Led by Zheng He, a Muslim Eunuch
PPuurrppoossee

13. Reconnaissance and Reconnaissance and BBuuiillddiinngg ooff aann EEmmppiirree
ZZhheenngg HHee aanndd tthhee TTrreeaassuurree FFlleeeett

14. ZZhheenngg HHee aanndd tthhee TTrreeaassuurree FFlleeeett
The flagship of the fleet was a nine-masted vessel measuring 440 feet, carrying
The flagship of the fleet was a nine-masted vessel measuring 440 feet, carrying
1,000 men. In comparison, Columbus’ St. Maria was eighty-five feet.
1,000 men. In comparison, Columbus’ St. Maria was eighty-five feet.

15. RReeccoonnnnaaiissssaannccee aanndd BBuuiillddiinngg ooff aann EEmmppiirree
Strait of Malacca
Land travel not reliable Land travel not reliable aaftfeter rf afalll lo of fM Moonnggoolsls
.Calicut
Tap into Indian
Ocean Basin Trade

16. End tthhee TTrreeaassuurree FFlleeeett VVooyyaaggeess??
Close: Explain how the decision to destroy the Treasure
Fleet was a major turning point in history!
I. Politics – Arguments for ending voyages
A. Scholar-Gentry saw exploration as a _____________ Eunuch
project
B. Exploration was just one man’s interest (Emperor Yongle) not the push
of an entire civilization.
Costly
C. Trips were extremely ____________________.
Self-Sufficient
D. Some Chinese believed China was already _______________ and there
was no need for exploration.
E. Suspicious of outside trade – could cause instability and undermine
authority – creates problems, not opportunity.
F. Scholar-Gentry thought money and focus should be on protecting the
northern border from _M__o_n__g_o_l_ invasions.

17. End tthhee TTrreeaassuurree FFlleeeett VVooyyaaggeess??
II. Culture – Arguments for ending voyages
A. Scholar-Gentry believed ________ land
was primary form of wealth
B. Farming was more noble than trading.
Family Shrine
1. Merchants could not keep up a ________________
2. Merchants could not perform religious rituals for ancestors
overseas
3. Merchants live off other people’s hard work – parasites
C. Scholars thought that inferiors should seek superiors
D. Neoconfucianism did not have _______________ impulse of Christianity
or Islam.
Missionary

18. E. Role of Women – did not want women in
market place
1. Strict role for women as homemakers
2. Practiced ______________ Footbinding on elite women

19. Fall ooff tthhee MMiinngg aanndd RRiissee ooff tthhee QQiinngg
PPeerrioiodd 4 4: :1 1445500-1-1775500 1644-1911
After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were
dismantled and banned from being used. Government
sponsored voyages ceased and all official records of
Zheng He’s travels were destroyed!
The Ming Dynasty discontinued the Treasure Ship voyages
mainly due to their Confucian ideals. However, despite the
short term financial and military benefits, China’s absence
in world trade would allow Western Europe to dominate
the region in the long term.

20. Fall ooff tthhee MMiinngg aanndd RRiissee ooff tthhee QQiinngg
PPeerrioiodd 4 4: :1 1445500-1-1775500 1644-1911
After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were
dismantled and banned from being used. Government
sponsored voyages ceased and all official records of
Zheng He’s travels were destroyed!
Why do you think the Chinese isolated themselves and
discontinued the Treasure Fleet voyages?
Beginning of Ming Isolation
• Ming heavily restricted foreign trade and travel
• Foreign merchants allowed to trade only at few ports, during certain times
• Sought to preserve Chinese traditions
• Policies impossible to enforce; smugglers carried out brisk trade with foreign merchants

21. RRiissee ooff tthhee QQiinngg
1644-1911 Defense Defense efforts efforts costly, costly, Led
Led
to high taxes
to high taxes
Weak Rulers led to
increased corruption
Weak Rulers led to
increased corruption
Famines,
hardships led
to Peasant
Revolts
Famines,
hardships led
to Peasant
Revolts
Qing hired Manchu warriors
to put down peasant revolts
Qing hired Manchu warriors
to put down peasant revolts
By 1644, the Manchu swept into
Beijing and claimed the Mandate of
By 1644, the Manchu swept into
Beijing and claimed the Mandate of
Heaven – Qing Dynasty!
Heaven – Qing Dynasty!

22. DDooccuummeenntt IInntteerrpprreettaattiioonn DDoorrggoonn’s’s D Deeccrreeee t oto t hthee P Peeoopplele o of fP Peekkiningg ( B(Beeijiijningg))
1644 Top Source: The fall of the Imperial China.
1644 Top Source: The fall of the Imperial China.
New York: The Free Press. 1975: 81.
New York: The Free Press. 1975: 81.
“We now occupy [the empire]. On behalf of
your dynasty we took revenge upon the
enemies of your ruler-father. We burned our
bridges behind us, and we have pledged not
to return until every bandit is destroyed. In
the counties, districts, and locales that we
pass through, all those who are able to shave
their heads and surrender, opening their
gates to welcome us, will be given rank and
reward, retaining their wealth and honor for
generations. But if there are those who
disobediently resist us when our great armies
arrive, then the stones themselves will be set
ablaze and all will be massacred”.
How will Dorgon and the Manchus rule China?
Which words from the document support your
How will Dorgon and the Manchus rule China?
Which words from the document support your
findings?
findings?

23. TThhee QQiinngg DDyynnaassttyy
As foreign invaders, the
Manchus faced years of
resistance from Chinese subjects
still loyal to the Ming!
• Qing bureaucracy and court
ceremonies similar to Ming
• Continued Confucian rituals
and allowed Ming officials to
keep their positions
QQiningg G Goovveerrnnmmeenntt
• Continued civil service exams and
were generous patrons to the arts
• Lowered taxes and state labor
demands.
• Repaired infrastructure – roads,
bridges, dikes, canals, irrigation works

24. •Expansion was
seen as a defensive
necessity against
nomadic invaders
•Signed Treaty of
Nerchinsk (1689)
•Expansion was
seen as a defensive
necessity against
nomadic invaders
•Signed Treaty of
Nerchinsk (1689)
that marked
Chinese-Russian
that marked
Chinese-Russian
border
border
•Expanded the Empire to include
Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan and
•Expanded the Empire to include
Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan and
Manchuria
Manchuria
•Controlled Korea and Vietnam as
•Controlled Korea and Vietnam as
Vassal tributary states.
Vassal tributary states.
A Chinese Empire?

25. TThhee QQiinngg DDyynnaassttyy
“Lose your hair, or lose your head!”
Qing Society
• Manchus made up less than 2% of the population – Manchus prohibited from marrying Chinese
• Men had to wear hair in traditional Manchu style called a queue – form of submission
• Women remained confined to the household – footbinding and female infanticide was common

26. The Reign of
Emperor Kangxi
11666611-1-1772222
• Created encyclopedia
and a dictionary of
history and thought
• Wanted to be
benevolent Confucian
ruler – lowered taxes,
expanded empire
• Tolerant of Christians
and interested in foreign
ideas and technology
• Strong and effective 61 year
reign kept tensions low
• Kangxi was a significant
Confucian scholar
• Patronized arts, opened
Confucian schools and a
national library
Could compare to Kublai
Khan, Emperor Hongwu,
and King Louis XIV
Could compare to Kublai
Khan, Emperor Hongwu,
and King Louis XIV

27. Ethnocentrism and IIssoollaattiioonn lleeaaddss ttoo ddeecclliinnee
PPoortr tc citiyty o of fM Maaccaaoo
1724 – Emperor banned
Christianity when the Pope
condemned Confucianism
• By 1750, Qing Dynasty was declining– corruption, crime and banditry – rising population
• Emperor Qianlong continued Ming policy of isolation, restricting foreign trade – some merchants,
compradors, became wealthy and influential
• Manchu saw Chinese civilization, products, as superior, expected foreigners to trade on China’s terms

28. TThhee QQiinngg DDyynnaassttyy
• Brought Stability to China – peace and
prosperity
• Expanded borders and dominated region
Portrait of a scene from Famous Qing novel,
The Dream of the Red Chamber, mid 1700s
Portrait of a scene from Famous Qing novel,
The Dream of the Red Chamber, mid 1700s
• Great rule of Kangxi led to golden age
• Continued policy of isolation and strict
economic regulation