2. Bones support and protect vital organs of the body and is dynamic (constantly changing)
3. Bones provide anchoring attachments for the skeletal muscles. These muscles then move the bones to allow body movement.
4. Osteology is the study of bones. There is a very good course in osteology offered at this campus.
5. Orthopedics deals with traumatic musculoskeletal injuries (not just broken bones). The name comes from its history—it was established as a means of correcting deformities in children.
19. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS CORRECT ABOUT CARTILAGE? A IS USED TO MAKE FINGERNAILS B IS FOUND IN THE PERITONEAL CAVITY C IS FOUND IN THE MEDIASTINUM D IS FOUND IN THE DORSAL BODY CAVITY E ALL OF THE ABOVE
20. Each bone is an organ because it contains numerous types of tissue, including vascular, nervous, connective, muscular, cartilage, and osseous.
22. Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis) occurs within the active (red) marrow of the adult sternum, vertebrae, pelvis (ossa coxae), and proximal ends of bones of thigh and upper arm.
23.
24. Hematopoiesis in an adult occurs in the red marrow of the skull, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis (ossa coxae), and proximal epiphyses of the thigh bones and upper arm bones.
30. Method of bone marrow biopsy utilizing the posterior pelvis (ossa coxae)
31.
32.
33. Bones are mineral storage deposits for calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and sodium salts. Withdrawals and deposits are constant.
34.
35. Yellow marrow is inactive and is found in the central shaft. Red marrow is active and is found in the spongy bone at the proximal ends of long bones of arm and thigh, etc.
53. Structurally unstable bones of the skull. Read about Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans) in the clinical view in the text.
54. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS FALSE ABOUT LONG BONES? A THEY ARE FOUND IN THE CRURAL REGION B THE DIAPHYSIS IS SURROUNDED BY THE EPIPHYSES C THEY MAY BE ELONGATED WITH AN ILLIZAROV DEVICE D THEY ARE DERIVED FROM A CARTILAGE MODEL E THEY ARE INVOLVED IN HEMOPOIESIS IN INFANTS, BUT NOT IN ADULTS
56. Cross-section through long bone showing medullary cavity Bone consists of organic components (cells, collagen fibers, and ground substance) and inorganic components (calcium compounds, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and fluoride).
57. Bone can be organized as either spongy (cancellous) bone or as compact (dense) bone. Compact bone Spongy bone
58. The spongy bone found between the layers of compact bone in the skull is called diplo ë
59. If only the outer compact bone is broken, the inner layer of compact bone will still protect the brain.
60. Intramembranous ossification (shown in gold) leads to formation of flat bones of skull, zygomatic (cheek) bone, maxilla (upper jaw), mandible (lower jaw), collar bone (clavicle), and sesamoid bones.
61. Most bones develop by endochondral ossification (red areas). The gray areas show bones developing by intramembranous ossification.
78. Blood vessels bring oxygen and nutrients to the metabolically-active bone cells. Nerves also enter the bone and can signal injuries to the bone.
79. Hormones produced by several glands can directly, or indirectly, influence bone growth.
80. Vitamin A stimulates osteoblasts, Vitamin C is needed to synthesize collagen, and Vitamin D aides in the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate.
81. Read about rickets in the clinical view in your text.
82. Paralyzed persons, such as Christopher Reeve, suffer loss of bone mass and weakened bones because of lack of pulling stress on the periosteum.
83. Astronauts suffer loss of bone mass and weakened bones because lack of pulling stress on the periosteum.
84. The Space Administration is trying to develop exercise machines to prevent this from happening on long space voyages.
85. Bears show very little bone loss during hibernation—if we could figure out how they do that it could really help astronauts and also bedridden patients.
86. Read about how bone scans can reveal the health of bones in the clinical view in your text.
87. A fracture is a cracking of the bone. This is a view of a broken bone as viewed in an X-ray image.
94. Open fracture of the femur . Open fractures of the femur, or even closed fractures of the femur, can be associated with life-threatening blood loss.
95.
96.
97. Greenstick fractures are almost exclusively limited to children since their bones are not completely ossified.
101. Nondisplaced spiral fracture of the tibia . Note also the epiphyseal growth plates. This child jumped off the kitchen counter while spinning and then planted her foot on the linoleum floor.
102. Fractures heal best when the bones are returned to proper anatomical position and then immobilized in place.
117. Aging causes bones to become more brittle and they tend to demineralize resulting in insufficient ossification (osteopenia). Aging causes all persons to become slightly osteopenic.
118. Read about osteoporosis in the clinical view in your text
